• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.205-212
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• 1997

Forty-five holstein calves (average liveweight 150kg) were used to investigate the effect of combination of tall fescue and white clover cultivars on liveweight gain and feed efficiency into animal product in pastures. Daily gains per head for 3 years in T1, T2 and T3 (TI : Fawn, tall fescue + Regal, white clover + orchardgrass + perennial ryegrass, T2 : Roa, tall fescue + Regal, white clover + orchardgrass + perennial ryegrass, T3 : Roa, tall fescue + Tahora, white clover + orchardgrass + perennial ryegrass) were 0.27, 0.37 and 0.35kg, respectively, while average daily weight gains per ha were 3.54, 4.47 and 4.43kg, respectively. Animals grazing on mixed pasture with Roa tall fescue and Regal or Tahora white clover were showed a higher liveweight gain than those grazed on pastures with Fawn tall fescue and Regal h i t e clover. There was no significant difference among treatments (TI = 5.0kg T2 = 4.8kg T3 = 4.9kg) in herbage intake but feed efficiency into animal product was showed higher in T2 and T3 in comparison with T1(7.9% in T2 and 8.0% in T3 vs 5.97% in TI). In conclusion, association with Roa tall fescue and Regal white clover in mixed pasture can obtain higher animal product under continuous grazing system than that with Fawn tall fescue and Regal white clover.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.75-79
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• 1992

Fourteen Sahiwal ${\times}$ Friesian crossbred heifers were used in a 10-wk feeding trial to determine maintenance energy requirements and efficiency of gain. The heifers were individually fed with a diet consisting of 30% dry grass and 70% concentrates at either 110, 140 or 180% of the anticipated maintenance requirement ($494kJ\;ME/kg^{0.75}/day$). Liveweight of individual heifers was measured weekly to calculate diet requirements and average daily gain (ADG). Diet digestibility was determined for all heifers to determine ME intake. Retained energy (RE) of individual heifers was determined from changes in total body fat and protein using a TOH isotope dilution procedure and, assuming calorific values of 39.3 and 23.6 kJ/g for fat and protein respectively. The estimated ME for maintenance was 433 and $470kJ/kg^{0.75}/day$ by liveweight (ADG) equilibrium and energy (RE) equilibrium analysis respectively. ME requirement for one g of liveight gain was 28 kJ.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.435-438
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• 1997

Twelve newborn goat kids born of philippine does (3.5 and 5 years old) were used in this study. Four mother (candidate) doe goats were randomly allocated to each group. The mother does were infected orally with three levels (0, 15,000 and 30,000 larvae) of infective Haemonchus contortus larvae. Before infection all animals were housed in individual pens with concrete floors. They were provided with a uniform management. Estrus of does were synchronized using PGF2 alpha. All the animals were bred naturally by the same buck. Baby goat born of infected mother goats were divided into three groups. $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$), respectively, from mother treatment groups. Birth weight and growth of goat kids born from H. contortus infected mother goats were determined. Birth weights of kids of $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ were 1.9, 1.5 and 1.2 kg, respectively. No significant (p > 0.05) differences in birth weight of kids for the 3 treatment groups were found. However, significant (p < 0.05) effects of stomach worm infection and duration of infection on liveweight gain of kids were observed. After second and third week of birth, respectively, the kids of groups 3 and 2 registered lover liveweight gains than the kids in control group. However, no significant (p > 0.05) difference in liveweight gain was found between the kids of infected mother does. Fecal egg counts of the infected mother does showed patent infections which also indicated by postmortem worm counts. However, no worm egg was found in the feces of the test kids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.495-498
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• 1995

Records taken on 372 young beef bulls tested at the Ellerslie Bull Test Station, Alberta, Canada from November 1981 to April 1987 were analyzed to quantify the effects of age of dam, on-test age, on-test liveweight and herd of origin of bull on feed efficiency (feed/gain, kg/kg) in the test period (n = 231) and ultrasonic measurement of bakcfat thickness (mm) at the end of the test (n = 372). The reduction in $R^2$ due to each influencing factor (i.e. the variation accounted for by the factor) was used to indicate the importance of the influencing factor. Age of dam and on-test age of bull were not important factors on feed/gain and ultrasonic backfat thickness, as they accounted for less than 0.5% of the variation in feed/gain and ultrasonic backfat thickness, respectively (p > 0.1). On-test liveweight had some influence on feed/gain and ultrasonic backfat thickness, accounting for 3.5% (p < 0.01) and 0.4% (p < 0.05) of the total variation, respectively. The regression coefficients of feed/gain and ultrasonic backfat thickness on on-test liveweight were 0.016 (kg/kg)/kg and .013 mm/kg, respectively, both being significant (p < 0.05), indicating that lighter bulls entering the test were generally more efficient in feed utilization in the test period and had less backfat at the end of the test than heavier entering bulls. Herd of origin of bull accounted for a substantial amount of the total variation (> 16%) in feed/gain and ultrasonic backfat thickness (p = 0.08), indicating that a prolonged aqjustment period was needed to reduce the influence of herd of origin when assessing aggregate genetic merit of beef bulls for growth rate, feed efficiency and lean meat production using a central station performance testing program.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.155-164
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• 1996

The objective of this study was to estimate the investment limit in equipment capital by Capital Recovery Method. The data used was collected from 23 Hanwoo(Korean Native Cattle) farms in 1994. The necessary time for herd size expansion was average 5 years from opening(9.7 heads) to 50 heads, 4 years from 50 to 100heads, 3 years from 100 to 150 heads, and 2 years from 150 to 200 heads, respectively. It took 14 years from opening to 200 heads of herd size. The debts for fattening cattle farms were 15.2million won for the size of 50 heads, 37.1 million won for the size of 100 heads and 89.0 million won for the size 200 heads, respectively. Average rates of debt interest were 5.1 % 7.2 and 10.8, correspendingly. As the hear size increased, debt interest rates also increased due to government funds limit. The investment limits in equipment capital perfarm household were 77.7 million won for 50 heads, 135.1 for 100 heads, and 294.3 for 200 heads for 5,500 won per kg liveweight, 70.7 million won for 50 heads, 122.6 for 100 heads and 269.3 for 200 heads for 5,000 won per kg liveweight, 63.6 million won for 50 heads 110.0 for 100 heads and 244.2 for 200 heads for 4,500 won per kg liveweight.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.653-658
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• 1992

Crossbred dairy does were fed a roughage diet (IVOMD 56%, N 2.27%) ad libitum, and supplemented with urea-molasses (3% W : W) (UM) at levels on an air dry basis of 1.5% or 3% of liveweight or an iso-energetic, iso-nitrogenous mixture of cottonseed meal and molasses (25 : 75 w : w) (CM). Eight does, four lower-producers and four higher-producers (1.9 and 2.5 kg/day respectively in week 7 of lactation) arranged in two Latin Squares, received each of the four diets for three weeks. Dry matter, digestible organic matter and N intakes were higher for high-producers and high levels of supplement but did not differ between nitrogen sources. Milk production was higher by high-producers; interactions were significant between level of supplement and production group and between level of supplement and N-source, with maximum production by high producers on high levels of CM. The main effects of level of supplement were only significant for production or composition. and total solids; N-source did not have significant effects on liveweight, milk production or composition. We conclude that does of moderate capacity for milk production, receiving a diet of two-thirds moderate quality roughage, one third urea-molasses, will not respond to increased level of supplementation or to replacement of urea with cottonseed meal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.177-182
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• 1990

A reproductive potential trial using randomized complete block design with $3{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial, was conducted on 84 Baluchi yearling ewes. Ewes grazed on rangeland dominated by Artemisia maritime and Holoxylon grifthii with or without flushing and supplementation of barley grain (BG) and cotton-seed-cake (CSC) during premating, late pregnancy and lactation of 90 days. Analysis of variance revealed that conception rate which ranged 64.28 to 85.71, was significantly greater (p<.05) in ewes flushed with CSC followed by ewes under BG or control feeding regimes. During the gestation period, liveweight of ewes changed from 31.24 to 21.2 kg. A loss of 32% of initial body weight was observed at lambing. Losses in live weight of ewes, regardless the supplementation, were uniform and non-significantly different. Live weight of ewes at lambing and weaning were also similar. Birth weight of lambs was significantly different at p<.05. Lambs born to larger ewes seemed to be heavier than lighter ones. Lambs suckling to ewes with losses in body weight during lactation gained more weight which was significantly different at p<.05. In the paper, factors affecting the conception rate, changes in liveweight of ewes during gestation and lactation and subsequently growth of lambs are discussed.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.286-293
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• 1993

본 시험은 톨 페스큐가 우점된 방목초지에서 소비구(T$_1$; 120-100-100 kg/ha), 보비구(T$_2$: 280-200-240kg) 및 보비+보파구(T$_3$)등 3개 처리에 3원 교잡종 육성우를 이용하여 1991년 4월 16일부터 11월 1일까지 199일 동안 계절별 목초 생산량에 따라 방목두수를 증.감 조절하여 보충사료 급여없이 계속방목 방법으로 수행되었던 바 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 처리별 식생은 소비구(T$_1$)에서 tall fescue가 60~70% 크게 우점된데 비해 보비구(T$_2$)에서 tall fescue는 40~50% 다소 낮았고 보비+보파구(T$_3$)에서는 tall fescue, orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass등이 각각 30.5%. 23.8%, 21.4%를 나타냈다. 2. ha당 목초 건물수량은 소비구(T$_1$)가 11.952kg인데 비해 보비구(T$_2$) 13,277kg, 보비+보파구(T$_3$) 14,431kg으로 각각 11%. 21% 증수되었다. 3. 처리별 ha당 일평균 방목두수(AU)는 T$_1$이 2.4 AU인데 비해 T$_2$가 3.0 AU, T$_3$가 3.3 AU로 높았으며 어느 처리에서나 봄철에 높은 방목두수를 보였다. 4. 년간 ha당 총 방목일수(animal unit day; AUD) 는 T$_1$이 481 AUD인데 비해 T$_2$가 559 AUD, T$_3$가664 AUD로 각각 24%, 38%의 높은 방목일수를 나타냈다. 5. 년 평균 두당 일당 증체량은 T$_1$이 0.64kg, T$_2$ 0.64kg, T$_3$ 0.68kg으로 처리간 큰 차이는 없었으나 어느 처리에서나 봄철에 높은 증체량을 나타냈다. ha당 1일 평균 증체량은 T$_1$이 3.0kg, T$_2$ 3.8kg, T$_3$4.4kg로 T$_3$가 높은 증체량을 보였다. 6. 연간 총 ha당 증체량은 T$_1$가 601kg인데 비해 T$_2$ 762kg. T$_3$ 877kg으로 각각 27%, 46%의 높은 증체량을 보였다. 7. 방목축 100kg당 1일 목초 채식량은 처리간 큰 차이 없이 4.0~4.5kg 이었으나 어느 처리에서나 여름철에 가장 낮은 채식량을 나타냈다. 8. 처리별 목초내 조성분 함량에서 조단백질은 T$_1$이 다른 처리에 비해 낮은 반면 조섬유 함량은 다소 높게 나타냈다. P, K, Ca 함량 등도 T$_1$에서 다소 낮은 함량을 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.389-396
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• 1996

In the first of two experiments, liveweight gain responses and carcass characteristics were investigated using two breeds of growing male goats, local (Dhofari) and exotic (Cashmere), fed on a whole pelleted-high fiber date by-products' based diet at 32.5% level (As-fed) supplemented with 12% fish (sardine), (HF-Fish) and a commercial concentrate diet (conc.). The (HF-Fish) diet was formulated to be iso-nitrogenous to the (conc.) diet, supplying 14% CP (DM-basis). Both diets together with Rhodes grass hay (Chloris Guyana) were fed ad libitum. The experimental design was a complete random arranged in a $2{\times}2$ factorial with breeds and diets as the main factors, using six animals per treatment. The experiment lasted for 84 days and goats were penned individually. At the end of the feeding trial, three animals from each treatment group were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. In experiment 2, diets' digestibility and N-balance were determined using 3 sheep per diet. The (HF-Fish) diet significantly(p < 0.05) improved liveweight gain. There was also a significant difference(p < 0.01) between breeds, with Cashmere gaining more than local goats. Feed conversion efficiency, dressing percent and longissimus dorsi area were not significantly affected by diet or breed(p > 0.05). Digestibility of the proximate components and N-balance for both diets were similar and not significantly different(p > 0.05). Fish supplementation greatly improved the digestibility of CF, ADF, NDF, cellulose and hemicellulose. Meat production ost was decreased by 31% due to feeding of the (HF-Fish) diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.305-312
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• 1990

The seasonal changes in production, the systems of management and the seasonal climatic and feeding conditions are described for three farms representative of the major areas for growing fine-wool sheep in northern China. At all farms, summer and autumn were seasons of rapid liveweight gain and wool growth. In the winter and spring, during lactation, liveweight declined wool growth decreased by approximately 70%, and fibre diameter by 4 to 8 microns. The wool produced was characterized by a very low clean wool yield (39-51%). Greasy fleece weights ranged from 4.5 to 8.0 kg and average diameter of wool fibres from 20.5 to 23 microns. The number of lambs born per 100 ewes mated ranged from 79 to 95, lamb weights ranged from 3.8 to 4.5 kg, and weaning weights ranged from 17 to 25 kg. Overall, the patterns of sheep production were similar to those found in seasonally arid environments (such as in the mediterranean climatic zone). Yield of clean wool and therefore clean fleece weights were far below those in most other fine-wool producing areas of the world.