• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.149-163
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to present a plan to activate the production and consumption of environmently friendly agricultural products through an analysis on the understanding degree, the level and inclination of consumption, the satisfaction degree of consumption, and the comprehension degree of production and circulation process of the environmently friendly agricultural products. 1 reviewed the literature and did survey In this study. The results are as follows : (1) As a result of an analysis on the understanding degree of the environmently friendly agricultural products, it is shown to get 6.37 points out of 10 and also, there is a difference between age, educational background, and income level. (2) In the case of research on the method to distinguish the environmently friendly agricultural products from others, it is proved that consumers have a strong faith on quality guarantee marks and there is a difference between gender, income level, and consumption period. (3) It is also shown that consumers purchase environmently friendly agricultural products for the family member's health in the survey on the motivation for purchasing them. And also, there is a difference between men and women. (4) The result of the survey on the consumption scale of the environmently friendly agricultural products shows that 94 people(60.3％) spend more than 50％ of their gloss foodstuffs cost purchasing them and 20 people(12.8％) spend 30-50％. (5) In the survey on the amount and the frequency of the purchasing items of the envirounently friendly agricultural products, respondents count livestock products mostly in amount while point out main cereals and a kinds of soy and pastes in frequency. (6) Consumers ask that the price of environmently friendly agricultural products is a little expensive or reasonable and there is no differences between individual groups. (7) In the case of the purchase of foreign environmently friendly agricultural products, there are more people who want to purchase domestic ones than those who want foreign ones. Therefore, it is shown that environmently friendly agricultural products have a counterpower after the market-open to import. (8) As a result of the analysis on the quality of environmently friendly agricultural products, it is proved that they have better quality than general agricultural products and also, it is found out that women feel larger differences than men in quality. (9) In the analysis on the satisfaction degree of the environmently friendly agricultural products, it is proved that respondents trust the safety and nutrition of them whereas they are not satisfied with the external shape of them. (10) It is analyzed that tile conversion of consumer's consciousness is the most critical factor for development of environmently friendly agriculture. (11) The factors to activate the consumption of environmently friendly agricultural products are proved in order of the enlargement of direct transaction, the conversion of consumer's consciousness, the easiness of purchase, activating consumers'unions, and publicity.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.149-155
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to analyze data from the planned national serological monitoring program for Aujeszky's disease (AD) using a simulation model to evaluate probable outcomes expected in the sample derived from the simulated herds at predefined within-herd prevalence and herd prevalence. Additionally, prevalence at animal- and herd-level estimated by the stochastic simulation model based on the distributions of the proportion of infected herds and test-positive animals was compared with those of data from a national serological survey in 2006, in which 106,762 fattening pigs from 5,325 herds were tested for AD using a commercial ELISA kit. A fixed value of 95% was used for test sensitivity, and the specificity was modeled with a minimum, most likely and maximum of 95, 97 and 99%, respectively. The within-herd prevalence and herd prevalence was modeled using Pert and Triang distributions, respectively with a minimum, most likely and maximum point values. In all calculations, population size of 1,000 was used due to lack of representative information. The mean number of infected herds and true test-positives was estimated to be 27 herds (median = 25; 95% percentile 44) and 214 pigs (median = 196; 95% percentile 423), respectively. When testing 20 pigs (mean of 2006 survey) in each herd, there was a 3.3% probability that the potential for false-positive reactions due to less than 100% specificity of the ELISA test would be detected. It was found that the model showed prevalence of 0.21% (99% percentile 0.50%) and 0.5% (99% percentile 0.99%) at animal- and herd-level, respectively. These rates were much similar to data from the 2006 survey (0.62% versus 0.83%). The overall mean herd-level sensitivity of the 2006 survey for fattening pigs was 99.9%, with only a 0.2% probability of failing to detect at least one infected herd.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.20-32
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• 1982

보급초기(普及初期)에 있는 농용(農用)트랙터의 농가이용실태(農家利用實態)를 조사분석(調査分析)하여 정부(政府)의 농업기계화시책(農業機械化施策)의 기초자료(基礎資料)로 활용(活用)하고자 8개도(個道) 32개군(個郡)을 대상(對象)으로 설문(設問)과 기장조사(記帳調査)를 통(通)하여 '80년(年) 1월(月)부터 12월말(月末)까지 트랙터의 농작업이용실태(農作業利用實態) 및 농가특성(農家特性)을 조사분석(調査分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 가. 트랙터는 수도작농가(水稻作農家)에 71.5%, 축산농가(畜産農家) 17.0%, 과수농가(果樹農家) 7.0%, 기타농가(其他農家) 4.5%의 비율(比率)로 분포(分布)되어 있으며, 이중 64.3%는 대형(大型)트랙터이었고 35.7%가 소형(小型)트랙터(19~23ps)이었다. 나. 부착작업기(附着作業機)중 쟁기와 로타베이터는 대부분(大部分)이 보유(保有)하고 있었으나 소형(小型)트랙터의 트레일러는 보유율(保有率)이 70.6%로, 농작업(農作業)에서 운반작업(運搬作業)이 차지하는 비중(比重)을 감안할 때, 비교적(比較的) 낮았으며, 기타(其他) 작업기(作業機)는 균평작업기(均平作業機)를 제외(除外)하고는 보급률(普及率)이 극(極)히 저조(低調)하였다. 다. 트랙터소유농가(所有農家)의 대당평균(臺當平均) 경작면적(耕作面積)은 수도작농가(水稻作農家) 3.9%, 축산농가(畜産農家) 13.9%, 과수농가(果樹農家) 7.4(ha)이었으며 이러한 규모(規模)는 트랙터의 부담가능면적(負擔可能面積)에 훨씬 미달(未達)하는 규모(規模)이었다. 라. 트랙터 운전자(運轉者)의 연령(年齡)은 20,30대(代)가 약(約) 70%이었고, 90%이상(以上)이 중졸이상(中卒以上)의 학력(學歷)을 가졌으며, 학력수준(學歷水準)이나 경력(經歷)에 비(比)하여 정비기술(整備技術)은 아주 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 마. 현(現) 보급기종(普及機種)의 마력규모(馬力規模)나 성능상(生能上)의 별 다른 문제점(問題點)은 발견(發見)되지 않았으나 농민(農民)의 마력성향(馬力生向)으로 보아 앞으로 20-30마력범위(馬力範圍)의 소형(小型)트랙터 수요(需要)가 증가(增加)될 것으로 예측(豫測)된다. 바. 트랙터의 각종(各種) 농작업이용시간(農作業利用時間)은 연간(年間) 약(約) 100일(日)에 400hr로 나타났으며 수도작농가(水稻作農家)가 412.4hr로 가장 높고 과수농가(果樹農家)가 377.7hr로 가장 낮았다. 사. 연간이용시간중(年間利用時間中) 운반작업(運搬作業)이 47.3%, 경운정지작업(耕耘整地作業)이 41.6%이었으며, 운반작업(軍搬作業)은 축산농가(畜産農家), 경운정지(耕耘整地) 및 평균작업(均平作業)은 수도작농가(水稻作農家), 기타작업(其他作業)은 과수농가(果樹農家)가 가장 많았다. 마력별(馬力別)로는 운반(運搬), 정지(整地) 및 방제작업(防除作業)은 대형(大型)트랙터 보다는 소형(小型)트랙터가, 경운(耕耘), 균평(均平), 로다작업(作業)은 대형(大型)보다 소형(小型)트랙터가 많았다. 아. 월별(月別) 이용시간(利用時間)은 5월(月)에 가장 높은 피크현상(現象)을 가졌으며, 자가이용시간(自家利用時間)이 경영형태(經營形態)에 따라서는 현저(顯著)한 차이(差異)를 가졌으나 마력별(馬力別)로는 별차(別差)가 없었던 반면(反面)에, 총이용시간(總利用時間)은 정반대(正反對)의 현상(現象)으로 마력(馬力)에 따른 차이(差異)는 현저(顯著)하나 경영형태(經營形態)에 따른 차이(差異) 별로 없는 것으로 나타났다. 자. 운전자(運轉者)의 학력수준(學力水準)이 높고 연령(年歷)이 많을 수록 이용시간(利用時間)은 감소(減少)되었으며 이는 학력(學歷)이 높고 연령(年歷)이 많은 경우(境遇) 임작업(賃作業)을 기피(忌避)하는 현상(現象)때문인 것으로 사료(思料)되었다. 차. 대당평균(臺當平均) 연간(年間) 임작업시간(賃作業時間)은 171.3hr으로 이중 균평작업(均平作業)이 35.4%로 가장 높았으며, 임작업율(貨作業率)은 수도작농가(水稻作農家)가 63.7%, 축산농가(畜産農家) 31.7%, 과수농가(果樹農家) 22.4%이었으며 작업별(作業別)로는 균평작업(均平作業)의 임작업율(賃作業率)이 78.2%로 가장 높았다. 카. 임작업료(賃作業料)는 경운정지작업(耕耘整地作業)은 ha당(當) 40,000선(線)이었으며 지역(地域)에 따라 영남지방(嶺南地方)이 가장 비싸고 중부지방(中部地方)이 비교적(比較的) 싼것으로 나타났다. 다. 경운작업능률(耕耘作業能率)은 논에서 소형(小型)은 7.8hr/ha, 대형(大型)트랙터는 4.3hr/ha이었으며, 정지작업능률(整地作業能率)은 각각(各各) 6.5, 4.3hr/ha이었다.

• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국발생생물학회 2001년도 발생공학 국제심포지움 및 학술대회 발표자료집
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• pp.37-43
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• 2001

1. About fifty thousand of cattle embryos were transferred and 16000 ET-calves were born in 1999. Eighty percents of embryos were collected from Japanese Black beef donors and transferred to dairy Holstein heifers and cows. Since 1985, we have achieved in bovine in vitro fertilization using immature oocytes collected from ovaries of slaughterhouse. Now over 8000 embryos fertilized by Japanese Black bull, as Kitaguni 7~8 or Mitsufuku, famousbulls as high marbling score of progeny tests were sold to dairy farmers and transferred to their dairy cattle every year. 2. Embryo splitting for identical twins is demonstrated an useful tool to supply a bull for semen collection and a steer for beef performance test. According to the data of Dr. Hashiyada(2001), 296 pairs of split-half embryos were transferred to recipients and 98 gave births of 112 calves (23 pairs of identical twins and 66 singletons). 3. A blastomere-nuclear-transferred cloned calf was born in 1990 by a joint research with Drs. Tsunoda, National Institute of Animal Industry (NIAI) and Ushijima, Chiba Prefectural Farm Animal Center. The fruits of this technology were applied to the production of a calf from a cell of long-term-cultured inner cell mass (1988, Itoh et al, ZEN-NOH Central Research Institute for Feed and Livestock) and a cloned calf from three-successive-cloning (1997, Tsunoda et al.). According to the survey of MAFF of Japan, over 500 calves were born until this year and a glaf of them were already brought to the market for beef. 4. After the report of "Dolly", in February 1997, the first somatic cell clone female calves were born in July 1998 as the fruits of the joint research organized by Dr. Tsunoda in Kinki University (Kato et al, 2000). The male calves were born in August and September 1998 by the collaboration with NIAI and Kagoshima Prefecture. Then 244 calves, four pigs and a kid of goat were now born in 36 institutes of Japan. 5. Somatic cell cloning in farm animal production will bring us as effective reproductive method of elite-dairy- cows, super-cows and excellent bulls. The effect of making copy farm animal is also related to the reservation of genetic resources and re-creation of a male bull from a castrated steer of excellent marbling beef. Cloning of genetically modified animals is most promising to making pig organs transplant to people and providing protein drugs in milk of pig, goat and cattle. 6. Farm animal cloning is one of the most dreamful technologies of 21th century. It is necessary to develop this technology more efficient and stable as realistic technology of the farm animal production. We are making researches related to the best condition of donor cells for high productivity of cloning, genetic analysis of cloned animals, growth and performance abilities of clone cattle and pathological and genetical analysis of high rates of abortion and stillbirth of clone calves (about 30% of periparutum mortality). 7. It is requested in the report of Ministry of Health, labor and Welfare to make clear that carbon-copy cattle(somatic cell clone cattle) are safe and heathy for a commercial market since the somatic cell cloning is a completely new technology. Fattened beef steers (well-proved normal growth) and milking cows(shown a good fertility) are now provided for the assessment of food safety.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.237-242
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• 2002

본 연구는 만경강 유역의 수질 보전을 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 만경강 본류와 이에 유입되는 지천을 선정하여 2001년 5월부터 11월까지 매월 수질 모니터링을 실시하였다. 만경강 유역내 본류 및 지천의 유기물과 영양염류 함량을 조사한 결과, 본류의 T-N은 3.78$\sim$12.68 mg/L였으며, 지천중 축산폐수가 유입되는 익산천의 농도가 가장 높았다. 본류의 T-P와 BOD는 각각 0.043$\sim$0.864 mg/L와 2.59$\sim$13.29 mg/L였으며, 지천중 익산천이 가장 높았다. 본류의 COD는 12.9$\sim$l19.5 mg/L였으며, 지천중 도시생활하수가 유입되는 추천이 가장 높았다. 만경강 유역 수질저하의 주 원인은 축산폐수였으며, 도시생활하수가 그 다음으로 중요한 원인으로 평가되었다. 만경강 본류의 T-N과 T-P는 하천의 유량이 증가하는 홍수기인 7$\sim$8월보다 장마전 갈수기인 5$\sim$6월에 높았고, COD는 장마전 갈수기보다 홍수기에 높았으며 장마가 완전히 끝난 영농후 갈수기인 9$\sim$11월에도 수질저하가 지속되었다. 만경강에 유입되는 지천중 전반적으로 수질오염이 심각한 익산천과 추천은 영농후 갈수기에 수질이 가장 저하되었고 상대적으로 홍수기에는 양호하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.167-179
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to create a set of microsatellite markers with high polymorphism for the genetic monitoring and genetic structure analysis of local goose populations. Methods: Novel microsatellite markers were isolated from the genomic DNA of white Roman geese using short tandem repeated probes. The DNA segments, including short tandem repeats, were tested for their variability among four populations of geese from the Changhua Animal Propagation Station (CAPS). The selected microsatellite markers could then be used to monitor genetic variability and study the genetic structures of geese from local geese farms. Results: 14 novel microsatellite loci were isolated. In addition to seven known loci, two multiplex sets were constructed for the detection of genetic variations in geese populations. The average of allele number, the effective number of alleles, the observed heterozygosity, the expected heterozygosity, and the polymorphism information content were 11.09, 5.145, 0.499, 0.745, and 0.705, respectively. The results of analysis of molecular variance and principal component analysis indicated a contracting white Roman cluster and a spreading Chinese cluster. In white Roman populations, the CAPS populations were depleted to roughly two clusters when K was set equal to 6 in the Bayesian cluster analysis. The founders of private farm populations had a similar genetic structure. Among the Chinese geese populations, the CAPS populations and private populations represented different clads of the phylogenetic tree and individuals from the private populations had uneven genetic characteristics according to various analyses. Conclusion: Based on this study's analyses, we suggest that the CAPS should institute a proper breeding strategy for white Roman geese to avoid further clustering. In addition, for preservation and stable quality, the Chinese geese in the CAPS and the aforementioned proper breeding scheme should be introduced to geese breeders.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2017

Purpose - The structural changes of Korean agriculture are complex due to heterogeneous production processes and farms' features. This study analyzed trends of dualism in Korean agriculture over the period 2000-15 based on farm-level data to clarify the specific trends of dualism in terms of farm income, farm-size, and farm operators' age. From the results of this study, we would be able to understand the features of structural changes in Korean agriculture more profoundly. Research design, data, and methodology - We incorporated farm-level data in South Korea: Agricultural census and Farm household economy survey. As measures of inequality, we used size-weighted quantiles, and normalized Gini coefficients as well as mean and conventional quantiles. The size-weighted quantiles are more robust to changes in the number of small farms, but they are more sensitive to changes in the distribution of farm-size. Thus, they would be more useful to identify trends of dualism of Korean agriculture. Results - The results show that the farmland distribution of crop farms became more skewed and dispersed. However, the herd distribution of livestock farms became more concentrated. To be specific, their mean and 1st quantile increases more rapidly than their size-weighted 2nd quantile and size-weighted 3rd quantile. Gini coefficients of livestock farms regarding their herd distribution decreased by 0.1 on average. In the case of income distribution, the results indicate that the polarization regarding farm household/agricultural/non-agricultural income became more severe. However, we also found that the distribution of transfer income became concentrated continuously. The results imply that transfer income including subsidies would decrease farm income polarization. Lastly, during the study periods, Korean farms were aging over time, and age distribution of them more concentrated. Conclusions - The structure of Korean agriculture has been changing, even though the absolute size of it decreased over time. Land (herd) distribution became more dispersed (concentrated). Inequality regarding agricultural income became more severe, and it made farm household income more polarized even though transfer income would decrease income gaps among farms. Lastly, farms continue to age regardless of farm types and this might affect the structural changes in Korean agriculture in the future.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회 논문지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.73-78
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• 2009

생업 및 삼림보호에 대한 시민들의 인식을 알아보기 위하여 2007년 치트완의 100가구를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 생업에 관한 질문에 대해 다중 응답이 가능하였고 조사 결과 대상 가구 중 98%가 농작물 수확을, 92%가 낙농업을 통해 주로 생계를 유지함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 대상 가구의 전체 수입에 대하여 37%가 농업 및 벌목에, 20%가 해외송금에 의존하고 있었다. 나아가 분석 결과는 토지소유 크기 분포에 대한 Gini 계수가 0.37이었던 반면 수입 분포에 대한 Gini 계수는 0.25로 일치함을 보여주었다. 그러나 가구당 1인의 평균 수입은 국가 기준보다 낮았고 33%의 가구가 빈곤 가구의 기준 및 빈곤 지수인 0.0945보다도 낮은 수치를 보였다. 한편 응답자의 85%가 현재 숲이 퇴화하였음을 확신하였는데 전체 가구 중 82%가 삼림관리에 대하여 낮은 인식을 가지고 있어 83%가 삼림관리를 위한 활동에 참여하고 있지 않음을 확인하였다. 이런 결과는 과거 삼림 자원이 과도하게 파괴되어 왔으며, 또한 현재 남아 있는 삼림 자산도 실제로 이용 가능한 부분이 점차 줄어들고 있음을 보여준다. 따라서 삼림에 의존하던 추세도 영세 규모 농업이나 다른 생업, 이를 테면 지역 상업이나 서비스업으로 점차 이동하고 있다. 한편 이러한 정보는 지역 가구의 생계를 유지하기 위한 나은 대안의 계획 및 의사결정뿐만 아니라 지속가능한 삼림의 보존 전략 수립 등에 활용될 수 있으리라 본다.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2001년도 발생공학 국제심포지움 및 학술대회 발표자료집
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• pp.37-43
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• 2001

1. About fifty thousand of cattle embryos were transferred and 16000 ET-calves were born in 1999. Eighty percents of embryos were collected from Japanese Black beef donors and transferred to dairy Holstein heifers and cows. Since 1985, we have achieved in bovine in vitro fertilization using immature oocytes Collected from ovaries of slaughterhouse. Now over 8000 embryos fertilized by Japanese Black bull, as Kitaguni 7 -8 or Mitsufuku, famousbulls as high marbling score of progeny tests were sold to dairy farmers and transferred to their dairy cattle every year. 2. Embryo splitting for identical twins is demonstrated an useful tool to supply a bull for semen collection and a steer for beef performance test. According to the data of Dr.Hashiyada (2001), 296 pairs of split-half-embryos were transferred to recipients and 98 gave births of 112 calves (23 pairs of identical twins and 66 singletons). 3. A blastomere-nuclear-transferred cloned calf was born in 1990 by a joint research with Drs.Tsunoda, National Institute of Animal Industry (NIAI) and Ushijima, Chiba Prefectural Farm Animal Center. The fruits of this technology were applied to the production of a calf from a cell of long-term-cultured inner cell mass (1998, Itoh et al, ZEN-NOH Central Research Institute for Feed and Livestock) and a cloned calf from three-successive-cloning (1997, Tsunoda et al.). According to the survey of MAFF of Japan, over 500 calves were born until this year and a half of them were already brought to the market for beef. 4. After the report of "Dolly", in February 1997, the first somatic cell clone female calves were born in July 1998 as the fruits of the joint research organized by Dr. Tsunoda in Kinki University (Kato et al, 2000). The male calves were born in August and September 1998 by the collaboration with NIAI and Kagoshima Prefecture. Then 244 calves, four pigs and a kid of goat were now born in 36 institutes of Japan. 5. Somatic cell cloning in farm animal production will bring us an effective reproductive method of elite-dairy- cows, super-cows and excellent bulls. The effect of making copy farm animal is also related to the reservation of genetic resources and re-creation of a male bull from a castrated steer of excellent marbling beef. Cloning of genetically modified animals is most promising to making pig organs transplant to people and providing protein drugs in milk of pig, goat and cattle.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2014

Purpose - The Korean government has revised the distribution industry development law to regulate large-scale retailer operations to protecting medium- and small-scale retailers and traditional markets. According to the revised law, large-scale retailers must follow regulations on operating hours and compulsory store closures two days per month. Based on the revised distribution industry development law, most local governments regulate operation hours and they have adopted compulsory closure programs for large-scale retail stores. However, it is argued that fresh food producers suffer from a decrease in sales based on the compulsory closure of stores operated by large-scale retailers. Large-scale retailers reduce their fresh food orders from agricultural and fishery producers because of the compulsory store closures. Fresh food producers also suffer from a decrease in prices because reduced orders lead to a decrease in auction prices based on the availability of excess goods in wholesale markets. This paper investigates the effects of operation regulations for large-scale retailers on agricultural producers by surveying agricultural and fishery producer organizations. Research design, data, methodology - A survey was conducted on 117 producer organizations of fruits and vegetables, cereals, fisheries, and livestock products from September 10 to October 4, 2012. Survey items are annual sales, shares of sales accounted for by large-scale retailers, reduction of orders and prices from large-scale retailers, methods to deal with the sales reduction, unfair trade practices of large-scale retailers, opinion of the large-scale retailer regulations, and so on. The average sales of the sampled producer organizations are 13.7 billion won and the average share of sales accounted for by large-scale retailers is 35.4%. Results - Survey results show that the sample producer organizations' sales decreased 10.1% because of the compulsory closures of stores operated by large-scale retailers. It is estimated that the total sales of producer organizations decreased 371.2 billion won because of the regulations on the operation of large-scale retailers. In addition to the direct effect of a sales decrease due to order reduction, agricultural and fishery producer organizations suffered from the secondary effect of price reduction in wholesale markets. When orders from large-scale retailers decreased, most agricultural and fishery producer organizations shipped redundant products to wholesale markets, decreasing auction prices. It was estimated that the price received decreased 21.9% when sold in other marketing channels. As producer organization sales decreased, it was reported that the labor force employed by producer organizations also decreased by 15.1%. Therefore, we can conclude that the regulations for large-scale retailer operations resulted in negative impacts on agricultural producers. Conclusions - Although the sales reduction due to the regulations for large-scale retailer operations are not great, the cumulative effects due to the continued compulsory closure of stores operated by large-scale retailers could be great. This paper suggests governmental programs that could help agricultural producer organizations to find new and effective marketing channels such as direct marketing, farmers' markets, exports, Internet shopping, and so on.