• Asian review of World Histories
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2014

This paper examines the historical relationship between the Little Ice Age and the Anthropocene, which has not yet been studied. The Little Ice Age is the coldest multi-century period in the Holocene. The reforestation of huge farmlands, abandoned due to pandemics in the Americas, aggravated the cooling weather of the Little Ice Age. It was in the long and severe cold of the Little Ice Age that the transition from renewable energy to non-renewable energy was completed in Britain in the latter part of the eighteenth century, and when the pattern of linear growth in greenhouse gas concentrations was forged in the ecosystems of the Earth. The Little Ice Age forced humans to depend on fossil fuels while the advent of warmer and more stable climate in the Holocene enabled them to start agriculture in an energy revolution 11,000 years ago, thus making the coming of the Anthropocene possible.

• 대기
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.261-271
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• 2010

Carbon isotopic compositions of the YC-2 stalagmite in Yongcheon Cave were analyzed to delineate paleoclimatic variations near Korean peninsula for the past historical period. The YC-2 stalagmite is about 68 mm long and annual growth laminae are distinctively identified. Because the number of growth laminae is at least 242, the stalagmite can be estimated to be at least 241 years old. At about 15 mm from the bottom, one thick brown growth lamina is observed, and this lamina was likely to have been formed when the stalagmite ceased to grow, making the hiatus. High resolution, carbon isotope data indicate past fluctuations of East Asia monsoonal intensity (intimately related to the amount of precipitation). Based on the carbon isotope trend, the stalagmite can be divided into three stages (Stages I, II and III). The highest carbon isotopic compositions of Stage I (${\delta}^{13}C$=-3.3~0.4‰, PDB) indicate that the stalagmite grew during the Little Ice Age when cold and dry climate prevailed with less vegetation. Stage II is characterized by a transitional period from cold and dry to warm and wet climate with a increasing trend of carbon isotopic compositions (${\delta}^{13}C$=-9.6~-0.6‰) and this period indicates the weakening of the Little Ice Age climate. This decreasing trend also suggests that Little Ice Age was terminated near middle 1870's around Korean peninsula. Relatively low carbon isotopic compositions during Stage III (${\delta}^{13}C$=-11.0~-8.0‰) indicates that the climate was changed to warm and wet conditions which are similar to the present.

• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제18권2호통권23호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2004

Temperature variations, and carbon dioxide and methane concentrations are summarized during the past 400,000 years. Atmospheric temperature varied approximately within $10^{\circ}C$ during the past 400,000 years. Most of the time during the past 400,000 years, temperature was lower than today except 410000, 320000, 250000, and 125000 years ago. Temperature was slightly higher or at least similar to today during the time period of 410000. 320000, 250000, and 125000 years ago. The carbon dioxide concentration varied between 180 and 300 ppm, and the methane concentration varied between 40 and 700ppb. The present atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is 375 ppm and methane is 1750 ppb. Temperature was 5-$7^{\circ}C$ lower than today during the Last Glacial Maximum(18,000 years ago) and the Younger Dryas(10,000 years ago). Temprature was varied within $1^{\circ}C$ during the past 10,000 years. Especially Middle Holocene Climatic Optimum(6,000 years ago), Medieval Warm Period (500-1,000 years ago), and Little Ice Age(100-500 year ago) were global climatic events. In general, mechanism for the Middle Holocene Climatic Optimum, Medical Warm Period, and Little Ice Age can be explained by the solar insulation, however their exact mechnism is not well known. Carbon dioxide concentration during the past 400,000 years never reached the current value of 375 ppm. Furthermore, the current methane concentration never reached during the past 20Ma. However, current temperature value has happened several times during the past 400,000 years. The implication of this is unsolved question so far. This should be challenged in the near future.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.390-395
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• 2011

The main purpose of ice model basin is to assess and evaluate the performance of the Arctic ships and offshore structures because the full-scale tests in ice covered sea are usually very expensive and difficult. There are various ice conditions, such as level ice, brash ice, pack ice and ice ridge, in the real sea. To estimate their capacities in ice tank accurately, an appropriate model ice sheet and prepared ice conditions copied from actual sea ice conditions are needed. Pack ice is a floating ice that has been driven together into a single mass and a mixture of ice fragments of varying size and age that are squeezed together and cover the sea surface with little or no open water. So Ice-class vessels and Icebreaker are usually operated in pack ice conditions for the long time of her voyage. The most ice model tests include the pack ice test with the change of pack ice concentration. In this paper, the effect of pack ice size and channel breadth in pack ice model test is conducted and analyzed. Also we presented some techniques for the calculation of pack ice concentration in the model test. Finally, we developed a new model test methodology of pack ice condition in square type ice tank.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2006

19세기말부터 진행된 지구온난화를 규정하기 위해서는 기상관측목적의 지표대기온도(Surface air temperature; SAT) 측정이 시작된 19세기말 이전의 온도 자료가 필요하다. 다행히 과거의 지표온도(Ground surface temperature; GST)가 지중으로 전파되어 기록된 시추공 온도자료로 일반적으로 과거 약 1,000년 전까지의 기온변화에 대한 정보를 얻을 수 있다. 시추공 온도자료로부터 복원된 과거의 기온변화의 정보는 19세기말부터 시작된 지구온난화를 규정하고 또한 그 이전에 있었던 소빙하기(Little Ice Age)와 중세온난기(Medieval Warm Period) 같은 기후변화를 알아내는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있다.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.37-49
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• 2021

Analysis and prediction of storm surges are very important because the global warming has raised sea levels and increased the frequency of massive typhoons, accelerating damage of coastal flooding. However, the data for storm surge prediction is lacking due to the short history of observation in South Korea. The purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial and temporal characteristics of the previous surges and tsunamis based on the historical documents published during the Joseon Dynasty. In addition, we tried to evaluate the damage and spatial extent of such disasters, using the expressions about surge records including heights and number of administrative divisions. As a result, a total of 175 records of surges and tsunamis were compiled from 1392 to 1910: 145 events were extracted through the analysis of the ancient documents, and 30 events were from the previous research. Most of the strorm surges occurred along the west coast during summer season. More than half of the total surges were concentrated for 120 years from the mid 1600s to the mid 1700s, which was estimated to be highly relevant to the climate conditions in East Asia during the Little Ice Age. Hazardous areas by storm and tidal surges were also extracted, including Asan, Ganghwa, and Siheung during the Joseon Dyanisity period.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2020

Coastal dunes play an important role in coastal defense. The Moraeul dune in Daecheongdo Island is representative in this regard. However, there is little knowledge, concerning the morphology, grain size, and formation timing of the dune. This study investigated the geomorphological characteristics of the Moraeul dune using topographic surveys, grain size analyses, and OSL dating. The dune was classified as 'single accreted foredune', which was developed under dense vegetation cover and efficient sand trapping. The dune consisted of fine to medium sand with 1.6Φ of mean grain size, and was covered with pine trees (> 100 years old). The samples from the upper part of the dune yielded quartz OSL ages ranging 0.5 ~ 0.7 ka. Therefore, it is likely that the dune developed at least before the Little Ice Age and became what it is today about one century ago.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.69-83
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• 2014

점봉산 습지를 포함하여 정족산 무제치늪, 대암산 용늪, 오대산 질뫼늪, 지리산 왕등재늪 등 한반도 고산습지의 화분조성에서 고산 지역의 식생변천과 기후변화를 검토하였다. 약 2,000년간의 역사시대 동안 고산습지에서는 충적평야에 형성되는 저층습원과 달리 인간의 간섭이 적었다. 이들 다섯개 고산습지의 화분분석에서 Pinus와 Quercus 우점시기, 화분조성과 역사서에 근거하여 약 2,000~1,000년 BP, 약 1,000~400년 BP, 그리고 약 400년 BP부터 현재까지의 세 시기별 식생변화와 기후변화를 논의하였다. 약 1,000~400년 BP에 가장 온난했으며, 약 2,000~1,000년 BP보다 고온이었다. 약 400년 BP 이후에는 역사 시대에 가장 한랭했던 소빙기의 특징을 보인다. 역사시대 한반도 고산습지의 화분조성과 식생환경의 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫째, Quercus 속이 우점한다. 둘째는 NAP/AP 값이 지속적으로 낮아서 삼림이 울창하였다. 셋째, 해안충적평야에 비해 화분대 구분이 뚜렷하게 세분된다. 넷째, 식생에 대한 인간 간섭이 400년 BP 이후 본격적으로 이루어졌으며, 저층습원에 비해 적어도 1,500년 내지 2,000년 늦었다.

• Asian review of World Histories
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.85-116
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• 2013

The theory of terrestrial impact which has been developed by the astronomy scientists since 1970s is employed for this article in a new angle that atmospheric conditions of our planet should be adopted in the interpretation of the history of mankind. Large and small terrestrial impacts must be acknowledged as key tasks in terms of the study of 'world history'. The Society of Interdisciplinary Studies has already advocated that the 'Bronze Age Civilization' was strongly influenced by the long term terrestrial impact phenomena. Based on historical materials from Korea, the present study was able to identify the years 680-880, 1100-1220, 1340-1420, and 1490-1760 as periods in which territorial impacts occurred.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2006

흑점수와 오로라의 관측 자료를 과거로 연장해 보면 dynamo 이론과 태양의 활동 그리고 기후간에 상당한 관계가 있음을 알 수 있다. 특히 흑점이 거의 나타나지 않았던 Maunder 극소기가 이상 혹한기였던 유럽의 소빙하기와 일치하고, 흑점의 출현과 오로라 발생 사이에 밀접한 관계가 있다는 사실이 알려졌다. 이에 따라 Maunder 극소기 시기의 흑점과 오로라의 관측 자료들을 간접적 solar proxy 자료들과 함께 조사하고, 이 시기에 나타난 태양 활동의 모습과 특징을 기후변화의 관계와 함께 알아보았다.