• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2021

A kraft recovery boiler produces steam for power generation by the combustion of black liquor from the kraft pulping process. Since saturated steam became superheated in a superheater above the furnace, it is important to increase the heat exchange efficiency for the superheated steam production and power generation. A nose arch at the bottom of the superheater is important for blocking radiation from the furnace which causes corrosion of the superheater. But the nose arch is the main reason for creating a recirculation region and then decreasing the heat exchange efficiency by holding cold flue gas after the heat transfer to saturated steam. In this study, the size of recirculation region and the temperature of flue gas at the outlet were analyzed by the nose arch structure using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). As a result, when the nose arch angle changed from 106.5° (case 1) to 150° (case4), the recirculation region of flue gas decreased and the heat exchange efficiency between the flue gas and the steam increased by 10.3%.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.534-538
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• 2009

Japanese apricot (Prunus mume) "Okboseok" was released from a cross between "Nanko" and "Yoseibai" in 1993 at the Pear Research Station of National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration. It was preliminarily selected in 2001 and named in 2006. It produces high yield with a flesh about average 88.3% of fruit, although the fruit size is small (approximately 14.0g). Horticultural and physiological harvest time of this cultivar is mid and late June respectively. It has single flowers with pink petal color and its flowering time is about 4 days later than that of "Nanko". Its fruit is tolerant to bacterial shot hole (Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni) and pear scab (Venturia nashicola). "Okboseok" has abundant pollen grains (about 96 mg/100 flowers), thus it could be a pollinizer. To obtain stable yields, however, its compatibility with major cultivars is needed to be confirmed as pollinizer cultivar. "Okboseok" is recommended for being preserved in sugar and liquor.

• Clean Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.190-197
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• 2021

Kraft lignin is a by-product of the pulp and paper industry, obtained as a black liquor after the extraction of cellulose from wood through the Kraft pulping process. Right now, kraft lignin is utilized as a low-grade boiler fuel to provide heat and power but can be converted into high-calorific biofuels or high-value chemicals once the efficient catalytic depolymerization process is developed. In this work, the multi-functional catalyst of Ru-Mg-Al-oxide, which contains hydrogenation metals, acid, and base sites for the effective depolymerization of kraft lignin are prepared, and its lignin depolymerization efficiency is evaluated. In order to understand the role of different active sites in the lignin depolymerization, the three different catalysts of MgO, Mg-Al-oxide, and Ru-Mg-Al-oxide were synthesized, and their lignin depolymerization activity was compared in terms of the yield and the average molecular weight of bio-oil, as well as the yield of phenolic monomers contained in the bio-oil. Among the catalysts tested, the Ru-Mg-Al-oxide catalyst exhibited the highest yield of bio-oil and phenolic monomers due to the synergy between active sites. Furthermore, in order to maximize the extent of lignin depolymerization over the Ru-Mg-Al-oxide, the effects of reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, time, and catalyst loading amount) on the lignin depolymerization were investigated. Overall, the highest bio-oil yield of 72% and the 3.5 times higher yield of phenolic monomers than that without a catalyst were successfully achieved at 350 ℃ and 10% catalyst loading after 4 h reaction time.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.282-289
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• 2019

Gastritis is an inflammatory disease involving the stomach and is caused by several factors, including stress, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, liquor, and Helicobacter pylori. In Korea, Leonurus japonicus Houttuyn (LJW) has been used as traditional medicine for vaginal bleeding, hematuria, and bruise. Previous studies have reported that LJW exhibited hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-hyperlipidemic effect. However, the effect of the water extract of LJW on gastritis was not elucidated. Thus, we evaluated the anti-gastric effect and genotoxicity of LJW. LJW effectively prevented the degeneration of surface mucous cells and glandular epithelial cells and vascular congestion induced by HCl/EtOH. Micronucleus assay indicated that the rate of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes/polychromatic erythrocytes was not significantly different compared that of the control. Further experiments are required to determine the role of LJW in the gastric injury process such as cyclooxygenase signaling pathway and the secretion of mucus in the stomach.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.215-226
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the alcohol volume consumed and alcohol dependancy according to multiple rounds of drinking. Sectional data collected in 2012 as part of an International Alcohol Control Study were used, and 855 of 1,789 drinker aged 19 to 64 were conducted. The proportion of multiple rounds drinking were significantly higher in males(χ²=37.607, p<.001), students(χ²=52.466, p<.001), single(χ²=34.205, p<.001), smoking experience and stressed(χ²=40,09, p<.001; χ²=21.66, p<.001) among drinkers. In particular, the alcohol volume consumed of unmarried people, smokers, and stress groups were significantly higher than married people, non-smokers and no-stress group. The highest alcohol intake in the first, 2nd and third rounds was found in bars in the liquor trade (F=67.8g, p<0.001). The total alcohol intake increased as the number of rounds increased (F=209.993, p=0.001) and the number of drinkers who tested positive for alcohol dependency increased, using the tests RAPS4 and DSM-IV(F=129.836, p<0.001; F=94.669, p<0.001). The OR of alcohol dependancy in males was 2.3(95% CI: 1.745-3.057), unemployed was 3.2(95% CI: 1.053-9.838), smokers was 3.9(95% CI: 1.230-12.292), and stress group was 2.1(95% CI: 1.561-2.768) compared to females, employed, non-smokers, and no-stress group respectively. In conclusion, it suggests that those consuming multiple rounds drinking can become more vulnerable to alcohol harms due to its relation to smoking, stress and increased dependence on alcohol.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2023

Objectives: Noni fruit juice (NFJ) is liquor extracted from Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit and has been used as an herbal remedy in many countries. However, the NFJ's anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory effects on adipocytes are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the commercially standardized NFJ effects on lipid accumulation throughout 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiation and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Methods: Cellular lipid accumulation and triglyceride (TG) content in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were assessed subsequently via the Oil Red O staining and AdipoRed assay. MTS assay was used to examine NFJ cytotoxicity in (differentiating) 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Immunoblotting and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis were used to measure the expression levels of target protein and mRNA in (differentiating) 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, respectively. Results: NFJ treatment at 150 μL/mL led to a substantial reduction of fat accumulation and TG content during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis with no discernable impact on the cell viability. Of note, while NFJ treatment (150 μL/mL) largely inhibited the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β (PPAR-β) protein expressions, it did not influence PPAR-γ in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Of interest, treatment with IL-1β at 20 ng/mL for 4 hours elicited in firm induction of iNOS mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. However, NFJ treatment at 100 or 200 μL/mL greatly attenuated the IL-1β-induced iNOS mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Conclusions: NFJ has anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory effects on (differentiating) 3T3-L1 preadipocytes which are in part intervened via control of the expression of C/EBP-α, PPAR-β, and iNOS.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.85-108
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• 2014

This study provides the information about size, financial structure, profitability and growth of franchisors using financial data(asset, liability, equity, sales volume, operating income and net income) in uniform franchise offering circular of fair trade commission. The data were collected from 1,050 franchisors in various business fields: fast food, family restaurant, bakery, agriculture & fishery and liquor shop in the uniform franchise offering circular in 2012 and 2011. Results of this study are as follows: For company size, median of total assets was KRW 675 million and the accumulated median assets rate was 0.48%, but the accumulated median company numbers were 49.9%, which showed small size. For financial structure, 525 companies were below 200% debt ratio, while 314 (29.9%) companies were in over 200% debt, and 211 (20.1%) companies were impaired in capital. These also showed financial structure was vulunerable. For profitability, median of ROA for total companies were only 4.72%, which showed low profitability. For growth, median of growth rate for sales were 7.57% per year, which showed mature industry. In overall, the results showed franchisors should improve their financial status.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.653-664
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• 2007

This study intends to consider about the food culture during the latterly Chosun Dynasty through the genre paintings which are depicted realistically about the total food life figures for example not only the foods, but also that people who eat and drink the food and eating implements, eating methods. There are 9 pieces of works Kim hong-do's which are the best appraisal on the incorporated Korean emotion and on the real life of general public. Those are selected for this study's characteristics through the literature consideration. The characteristics of the tableware pottery and food culture are following things. The first is a white porcelain's development and popularization. In the latterly Chosun Dynasty period, the development of the agriculture and commerce made been connected to the affluent food cultures, these made increase the porcelain's use of upper classes and these made been connected to the development of the porcelain's cultures. The second is the development of various pottery with a dark brown glaze manufactures. The development of agriculture and economy power made bring the development of the kinds of sauces and Kimchi culture with an inflow of foreign crops and these made making the large an earthenware pot or jar which could store something during the long time. The third is the development of the small dining table on the eating the bread of idleness. In the Chosun dynasty period, the food style was been unified to he eating the bread of idleness and been lowered. These made developed of various small dining table through the underfloor heating system's generalization. The fourth is the development of the spoon with the soup culture. It is the East Asia called that the spoon culture boundary, this show the characteristic that we use the spoon mainly compare with another countries. Finally, it is universal use of the fixed quantitative implements. They could live quantitative life with the scales which are jar of soy sauce, liquor jug, jar, scoop leading a set of tableware.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.59-79
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• 2008

This study explores ways in which Korean companies manage a brand to become a long-run success. In particular, this study focuses on Chamisul, analyzing its marketing strategy, examining its brand life-cycle in terms of introduction, growth, and renewal. Chamisul, first introduced in 1998, has occupied the Korean liquor market as a leading brand for almost a decade. Chamisul's long-run success, in fact, depends upon a number of reasons; first, it has consistently and continuously keeps its own core brand concept and identity. Second, it has built its brand asset by strengthening its emotional ties with customers. The emotional connection that Chamisul has built is based upon the trust between the company who produces the product and the customers who recognize the benefit of drinking Chamisul. Third, the company creates various brand differentiation programs, thereby allowing its customer to get familier with the brand. Finally, the company sets up a clear management standard in Korean liquar market in order to maintain the vitality of the brand, managing Chamisul in accordance with the standard. Seen in this light, Chamisul's success reflects the marketing activities and strategies that play a fundamental role in creating and maintaining a long-run brand. Similarly, its success can be seen to be a model for brand management, telling us how to become a market leader through an effective brand management.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.101-114
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• 2006

This study was examined the effective nonverbal behavior cues of detecting suspects' lies in the investigation scene. In order to search the suspects who drank the alcohol liquor without a permission, 18 soldiers were interviewed. 8 solders had drunken alcohol and had lied when was asked(lie group). The other 10 soldiers hadn't drunken alcohol and had told the truth(truth group). The mean frequencies of nonverbal behaviors were compared lie group with truth group. The following behaviors were measured by frequency: vocal characteristics (high pitch of voice, speech hesitations, speech error, frequency of pauses, period of pauses, latency period), facial characteristics (gaze, smile, touching face, blinking, facial micro-expression), body movement (illustrators, hand and finger movement, leg and foot movement, head movement, trunk movement, shifting position). As results, this study found that deception cues were periods and frequencies of pause, micro-expression, head movements. The lie group had less periods and frequencies of pause, and more micro-expression, head movements than truth group. But, this study didn't found Othello's error cues.