• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.352-357
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• 2017

Consumption of liquid digestive medicine has continually grown in recent years. This present study was designed to evaluate the capability of liquid digestive medicine to erode dental enamel, relating the pH and titratable acidity of liquid digestive medicine. Three commercially available liquid digestive medicines were chosen these were Gashwalmyeungsu, Saengrokchun and Wicheongsu. The liquid digestive medicines were evaluated in respect to pH, titratable acidity and concentrations of calcium and phosphate, respectively. This measure was carried out three times for each digestive medicine and was recorded the data as mean (standard deviation). Bovine enamel specimens measured microhardness at base line and then were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 10 each. The specimens were immersed into each liquid digestive medicine for 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes and then evaluated each time by VHN. All digestive medicines had a pH of less than 3.7. Wicheongsu had the lowest pH 2.93 and Gashwalmyeungsu had highest pH 3.63. In pH 5.5, titratable acidity of Wicheongsu was 1.27 ml. Gashwalmyeungsu was 0.63 ml. Saengrokchun was 0.60 ml. All liquid digestive medicines showed low concentration of calcium and phosphate. The microhardness of specimens after immersion into liquid digestive medicines was continuously reduced in all digestive medicines. After 30-minute treatment in liquid digestive medicines, Wicheongsu containing low pH and high tiratable acidity was shown to be lowest microhardness value ($207.80{\pm}15.52$). The three liquid digestive medicines caused surface softening of enamel erosion. We conclude that drinks, commonly consumed by functional dyspepsia patient can cause erosion of enamel.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Reports
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.56-60
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• 2020

In recent years, liquid biopsy has received immense attention. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive method used for obtaining biological fluids including urine, pleural fluid and, mostly, peripheral blood. Liquid biopsy involves various targets including circulating tumors cells (CTCs), circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA), and microRNA (miRNA). Colorectal cancer (CRC), like other solid tumors, shed tumor cells into the bloodstream. Analysis of these CTCs, as well as ctDNA is the primary objective of the liquid biopsy. Evaluation of CTC or ctDNA offers information about early tumor release, development of tumor metastasis and also about mechanisms involved in tumor resistance to treatment.

• The Korean journal of helicobacter and upper gastrointestinal research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.150-156
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• 2018

Precision medicine stands for 4Ps - precise, preventive, participatory, and personal; in which "precision" is important because the current modern medicine starts from "trial and error," and "one does not fit all". Current targeted therapies for cancer have changed treatment approaches and led the precision medicine; however, clinical use of liquid biopsy, using blood or other liquid specimens to characterize circulating tumor cells (CTC) or tumor genes instead of biopsies of tumor tissues, still awaits availability of more information regarding non-invasive cancer detection and characterization, prediction of treatment response, monitoring the disease course and relapse possibilities, identification of mechanisms of drug resistance, and newer pathogenesis. In this review, we will introduce the basic concept of CTC, circulating cell free DNA, and exosomes and their possible application for gastric cancer relevant with Helicobacter pylori infection.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.85-99
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• 2004

Purpose: This study observed the changes in the telomerase activity, it's developmental regulation, PCNA expression, and their correlation in rat's upper digestive organs during growth and aging. Materials and Methods: Upper digestive organs(buccal mucosa, gingiva, palate, submandibular and parotid glands, and tongue) were aseptically removed from Sprague-Dawley rats of fetal(gestational 20 days), growing(1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 weeks after birth) and adult(12 week old). Samples for telomerase activity were frozen on liquid nitrogen immediately after sacrifice, and stored until the use at $-75^{\circ}C$ in order to measure it. Telomerase activity was measured by a PCR-based telomeric repeat amplication protoco(TRAP) assay and quantitated with Photometric Telo TAGGG Telomerase PCR ELISA plus(Roche Diagnostics GmbH. Mannheim. Germany). PCNA expression were measured immunohistochemistry with anti PCNA Ab-1, Clone PC10(NeoMark. California. USA). Results: 1. Telomerase activities in buccal mucosa, palate and gingiva were the highest in fetus and decreased gradually or rapidly after birth and then diminished, but In salivary gland and tongue were the highest in fetus and also high at 1 week and then decreased rapidly. 2. PCNA expression in buccal mucosa, gingiva, Tongue and salivary gland was the highest in fetus and decreased gradually and then diminished. but only in palate decreased rapidly after birth and then diminished. Conclusion: The highest telomerase activity of embryonic stage decreased rapidly after birth in rat's upper digestive organs. There may be a developmental regulation of telomerase activity, but not a tissue-specific. This telomerase activity seems correlated closely with PCNA expression in rat's upper digestive system.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 2022

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of liquefied digestive medicines on the composite resin surface. Methods: Three types of liquefied digestive medicines (Gashwalmyeongsu, Wicheongsu, and Saengrokcheon) were selected as experimental groups, Samdasoo and Chamisul as negative controls, and Trevi as positive controls were selected to measure pH and titratable acidity. The samples filled with resin at acrylic were made total 300, 50 per group. To evaluate the erosion risk of the composite resin, the specimens were immersed in a liquefied medicine for 1, 3, 5, 15, and 30 minutes, and then the surface microhardness was measured using the Vickers Hardness Number, and the surface change was observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: The average pH of the three liquefied medicine was 3.75±0.30, the Saengrokcheon was the lowest at 3.45±0.01, and the Trevi was 4.66 and Samdasoo and Chamisul were 7.40 and 8.58, respectively. The amount of NaOH reaching pH 5.5 and 7.0 was the lowest in the order of Trevi, Gashwalmyeongsu, Wicheongsu, and Saengrokcheon. The largest surface hardness reduction value was shown in Gashwalmyeongsu (-11.85±3.73), followed by Saengrokcheon (-9.79±3.11) and Wicheongsu (-8.28±2.83), and Samdasoo (-0.84±1.56) and Chamisul (-6.24±0.42) had relatively low surface hardness reduction values. However, Trevi (-16.67±5.41), a positive control group containing carbonic acid, showed a higher decrease in surface hardness than the experimental group. As a result of observation with SEM, experimental group and positive control group, showed rough surfaces and irregular cracks, and negative control groups showed smooth patterns similar to before immersion. Conclusion: The liquefied digestive medicine with low pH could weaken the composite resin surface, and the carbonic acid component could more effect on the physical properties of the composite resin than pH.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2015

Objectives l: This study is to investigate the emergence of herbal medicine during Japanese colonial period by reviewing newspaper advertisements and brochures about patient medicine of Chosun Maiyak Corporation. Methods : 69 kinds of patent medications and 584 newspaper advertisements are throughly reviewed to investigate dosage form, drug effect, sales unit and method, price, and advertisement pattern. Results : Lyungsinwhan represented more than half of the total advertisements, followed by Yungmihwan, Sahyangsohabwon, Yeollyeonggobondan, and Chiljehyangbuhwan. Lyungsinwhan was advertised mostly in spring and summer whereas Yungmihwan and Yeollyeonggobondan were advertised in spring and fall. Dosage form included pill(丸), mixture(膏), powder(散), and liquid(水, 液), while pill and mixture prevailed over other forms. Drug effect included dermatological, pediatric, digestive, and gynecological effects in the increasing order of drug numbers. Sales unit and price were found to vary significantly. Sales method included nationwide network distribution of medicine through postcards and stores. Conclusion : Herbal medicine during the colonial period was distributed in various kinds of forms with different effects and advertisement patterns through diverse sales unit and price.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2023

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers and is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Based on the current screening guidelines by the American Cancer Society and Korean multi-society expert committee, CRC screening is recommended in asymptomatic adults starting at the age of 45 years. Fecal immunochemical test-based screening programs reduce the development of CRC and related mortality in the general population. However, this most popular CRC screening strategy demonstrates a crucial limitation due to modest diagnostic accuracy. Colonoscopy may be considered as an alternative primary method for CRC screening; however, its implementation can still be challenging due to concerns regarding invasiveness, low adherence, cost-effectiveness, and quality assurance. To overcome the limitations of current screening tests, innovative noninvasive tests for CRC screening have been developed with advances in molecular biology, genetics, epigenetics, and microbiomics for detecting CRC, which may enhance the approach to CRC screening and diagnosis in clinical practice in the near future. This review explores the emerging screening methods and discusses their potential for integration into current practice.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.59-63
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• 2018

Over the past decade, circulating tumor cell have received tremendous attention as new biomarkers and basic research subjects.In recent years, research on circulating tumor DNA, exosomes and microRNAs has also been actively conducted.These circulating tumor markers have the potential to become the basis of precision medicine, such as determining the genome / immune profile, monitoring response and tolerance, and selecting therapeutic agents beyond the early diagnosis and prognosis prediction.In this article, we introduce the diagnostic methods, efficacy, meaning, and applicability of various circulating tumor markers.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2010

Biomphalaria alexandrina snails play an indispensable role in transmission of schistosomiasis. Infection rates in field populations of snails are routinely determined by cercarial shedding neglecting prepatent snail infections, because of lack of a suitable method for diagnosis. The present study aimed at separation and quantification of oxalic, malic, acetic, pyruvic, and fumaric acids using ion-suppression reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to test the potentiality of these acids to be used as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. The assay was done in both hemolymph and digestive gland-gonad complex (DGG) samples in a total of 300 B. alexandrina snails. All of the studied acids in both the hemolymph and tissue samples except for the fumaric acid in hemolymph appeared to be good diagnostic biomarkers as they provide not only a good discrimination between the infected snails from the control but also between the studied stages of infection from each other. The most sensitive discriminating acid was malic acid in hemolymph samples as it showed the highest F-ratio. Using the Z-score, malic acid was found to be a good potential therapeutic biomarker in the prepatency stage, oxalic acid and acetic acid in the stage of patency, and malic acid and acetic acid at 2 weeks after patency. Quantification of carboxylic acids, using HPLC strategy, was fast, easy, and accurate in prediction of infected and uninfected snails and possibly to detect the stage of infection. It seems also useful for detection of the most suitable acids to be used as drug targets.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.145-154
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• 2010

Objective : Licorice has been used for treating digestive disorder and also recommended as a detoxification agent. Liquiritigenin, a component of licorice, has been reported to have various biological activities. In this study, we aimed to establish the analytical method for liquiritigenin content in licorice and the processing method for the enhancement of liquiritigenin content in licorice. Methods : Processing was accomplished by roasting licorice at $250^{\circ}C$ for indicated time periods (5-20 min). Analysis of liquiritigrnin from roasted licorice was conducted using UPLC(Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography). Results : We established UPLC method for the analysis of liquiritigenin using water : acetonitrile gradient as mobile phase. Furthermore, we standardized the processing condition of licorice to enhance liquiritigenin content using UPLC method. Processing of licorice was accomplished by roasting at $250^{\circ}C$ for indicated time periods (5-20 min) and by pretreating with 50% of acetic acid or 30% ethanol for 24 h. By roasting licorice, the liquiritigenin contents in the licorice were increased. The best roasting time of licorice was 6 min, while roasting for the time above 8 min resulted in diminishing liquiritigenin contents. Moreover, pretreatment with 50% of acetic acid or 30% ethanol picked up liquiritigenin contents in roasted licorice. Conclusion : The adequate processing condition of licorice for the enhancement of liquiritigenin contents was obtained by pretreating licorice with 50% of acetic acid or 30% ethanol for 24 h and then by roasting at $250^{\circ}C$ for 6 min.