• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2019

Background: Camellia sinensis L.(CS) is a perennial evergreen species of plant whose leaves are used to produce tea. In this plant species, the parts used are the leaves, sub-branch parts are thrown out. Methods and Results: Ethanol extract of sub-branch parts was used for isolation of major compounds by column chromatography. Structures were identified as caffeine (1), (-)-epicatechin (2) and (-)-epicatechin gallate (3) by interpretation of spectroscopic analysis, including $^1H$- and $^{13}C$-NMR. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used to compare the quantitative level of marker compounds in various extraction solvents of sub-branch parts of CS. The content of caffeine, (-)-epicatechin, and (-)-epicatechin gallate in 30% ethanol extract showed higher value with $3.28{\pm}0.57mg/g$, $5.53{\pm}0.88mg/g$, and $1.29{\pm}0.24mg/g$, respectively. Conclusions: These results indicated that not only leaves parts but also sub-branch, could be a good source for the functional material and pharmaceutical industry.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.96-107
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• 2019

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, and the content of two major phenolic acids, caffeic and rosmarinic acids, of 45 Perilla accessions collected from Russia. Methods and Results: A total of 45 accessions of the genus Perilla were used in this study. The antioxidant activities of these accessions were analyzed using a spectrophotometer, and their caffeic and rosmarinic acid contents were determined using a reversed-phase ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system. The Perilla seed oil was recovered using hexane in a soxhlet extraction method. The fatty acid compositions were analyzed using a Shimadzu QP2010 gas chromatography-mass spectoroscopy system. The results showed that accessions IT226732 and IT274300 had the highest content of caffeic and rosmarinic acid, respectively. A cluster analysis based on antioxidant assay results and concentration of phenolic acids led to the categorization of Perilla accessions into three major groups. The accessions in Group I were characterized by higher caffeic and rosmarinic acid content and antioxidant activity, compared to the accessions in the other two groups (p < 0.05). The total oil content ranged between 28.39 and 46.89%. The compositions of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid ranged from 11.83 to 19.55%, 11.92 to 16.71%, and 59.19 to 67.28%, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that accessions IT274300, IT226732, IT274293, IT235818, and IT235820 could be used as a source of functional materials.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1193-1201
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• 2021

Objective: According to market demand, meat duck breeding mainly includes 2 breeding directions: lean Pekin duck (LPD) and fat Pekin duck (FPD). The aim of the present study was to compare carcass and meat quality traits between 2 strains, and to provide basic data for guidelines of processing and meat quality improvement. Methods: A total of 62 female Pekin ducks (32 LPDs and 30 FPDs) were slaughtered at the age of 42 days. The live body weight and carcass traits were measured and calculated. Physical properties of breast muscle were determined by texture analyzer and muscle fibers were measured by paraffin sections. The content of inosine monophosphate (IMP), intramuscular fat (IMF) and fatty acids composition were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, Soxhlet extraction method and automated gas chromatography respectively. Results: The results showed that the bodyweight of LPDs was higher than that of FPDs. FPDs were significantly higher than LPDs in subcutaneous fat thickness, subcutaneous fat weight, subcutaneous fat percentage, abdominal fat percentage and abdominal fat shear force (p<0.01). LPDs were significantly higher than FPDs in breast muscle thickness, breast muscle weight, breast muscle rate and breast muscle shear force (p<0.01). The muscle fiber average area and fiber diameter of LPDs were significantly higher than those of FPDs (p<0.01). The muscle fiber density of LPDs was significantly lower than that of FPDs (p<0.01). The IMF of LPDs in the breast muscle was significantly higher than that in the FPDs (p<0.01). There was no significant difference between the 2 strains in IMP content (p>0.05). The polyunsaturated fatty acid content of LPDs was significantly higher than that of FPDs (p<0.01), and FPDs had higher saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid levels (p<0.05). Conclusion: Long-term breeding work resulted in vast differences between the two strains Pekin ducks. This study provides a reference for differences between LPD and FPD that manifest as a result of long-term selection.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.326-338
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• 2021

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was used to assess the hordein protein fraction of malting barley. C-hordeins (barley prolamins) were extracted with 70% ethanol (EtOH) and 55% isopropyl alcohol (IPA, 2-propanol), and B-hordeins were extracted with the same alcohols in 1.0% dithiothreitol (DTT). High molecular weight (HMW) prolamins (D-hordeins) were extracted with 50% IPA with 1M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0). The same protein patterns were observed in both the experimental extraction solutions (EtOH and IPA). However, the patterns of hordein, extracted with EtOH and IPA containing 1.0% DTT, differed slightly. C- and B-hordeins extracted from those solutions were analyzed. Twenty-six malting barley varieties developed in Korea were analyzed using UPLC. The varieties were divided into seven groups according to hordein patterns of retention time 16 min to 18 min, and 20 varieties showed unique patterns.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.474-480
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• 2021

Sodium alginate is the sodium salt of alginic acid, commonly used as a food additive for stabilizing, thickening, and emulsifying properties. A relatively simple and universal analysis method is used to study sodium alginate due to the complex pretreatment process and extended analysis time required during the quantitative method. As for the equipment, HPLC-UVD and Unison US-Phenyl column were used for analysis. For the pretreatment condition, a shaking apparatus was used for extraction at 150 rpm for 180 minutes at room temperature. The calibration curve made from the standard sodium alginate solution in 5 concentration ranges showed that the linearity (R²) is 0.9999 on average. LOD and LOQ showed 3.96 mg/kg and 12.0 mg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the average intraday and inter-day accuracy (%) and precision (RSD%) were 98.47-103.74% and 1.69-3.08% for seaweed jelly noodle samples and 99.95-105.76% and 0.59-3.63% for sherbet samples, respectively. The relative uncertainty value was appropriate for the CODEX standard with 1.5-7.9%. To evaluate the applicability of the method developed in this study, the sodium alginate concentrations of 103 products were quantified. The result showed that the detection rate is highest from starch vermicelli and instant fried noodles to sugar processed products.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.685-699
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) has long been known as a medicinal herb effective in various diseases, including bronchitis and asthma, but is still more widely used for food. Fermentation methods are being applied to increase the pharmacological composition of PG extracts and commercialize them with high added value. This study examines the hydrolyzed and fermented PG extract (HFPGE) fermented with Lactobacillus casei in RAW 264.7 cells, and investigates the effect of amplifying the immune and the probable molecular mechanism. MATERIALS/METHODS: HFPGE's total phenolic, flavonoid, saponin, and platycodin D contents were analyzed by colorimetric analysis or high-performance liquid chromatography. Cell viability was measured by the MTT assay. Phagocytic activity was analyzed by a phagocytosis assay kit, nitric oxide (NO) production by a Griess reagent system, and cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytokines were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, whereas MAPK and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation were analyzed by Western blots. RESULTS: Compared to PGE, HFPGE was determined to contain 13.76 times and 6.69 times higher contents of crude saponin and platycodin D, respectively. HFPGE promoted cell proliferation and phagocytosis in RAW 264.7 cells and regulated the NO production and iNOS expression. Treatment with HFPGE also resulted in increased production of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand10, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and the mRNA expressions of these cytokines. HFPGE also resulted in significantly increasing the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results imply that fermentation and hydrolysis result in the extraction of more active ingredients of PG. Furthermore, we determined that HFPGE exerts immunostimulatory activity via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.139-151
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• 2023

Sulfonylurea herbicides are widely used in agriculture because they have a long residual period and high selectivity. An analytical method was developed using QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) technique for simultaneous determination of sulfonylurea herbicide residues in agricultural products by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and for establishment MRL (Maximum Residue Limit) of those herbicides in Korea. Extraction was performed using acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid with MgSO₄ (anhydrous magnesium sulfate) and NaCl (sodium chloride) and the extract was cleaned up using MgSO₄ and C₁₈ (octadecyl). The matrix-matched calibration curves were composed of 7 concentration levels from 0.001 to 0.25 mg/kg and their coefficients of determination (R²) exceeded 0.99. The recoveries of three spiking levels (LOQ, 10LOQ, 50LOQ, n=5) were in the range of 71.7-114.9% with relative standard deviations of less than 20.0% for all the five agriculture products. All validation values met criteria of the European Union SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines and Food and Drug Safety Evaluation guidelines. Therefore, the proposed analytical method was accurate, effective, and sensitive for sulfonylurea herbicide residues determination in agricultural commodities.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.415-421
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• 2006

The following concentrations of some PAHs were investigated; [benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, indeno (1,2,3-c,d)pyrene] in vegetables(n=160) and fruits(n=50). The food samples were purchased at the local markets in Seoul, Chuncheon, Daejeon, Kwangju and Pusan. The samples were radish, onion, bean sprouts, welsh onion, chinese cabbage, spinach, young pumpkin, garlic, cucumber, carrot, lettuce, sesame leaf, tangerine, persimmon, apple, pear and banana. The methodology involved ultrasonic extraction with dichloromethane, clean-up on Sep-Pak florisil cartridges and determination by HPLC/FLD (High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Fluorescence Detector). Overall method recoveries for 8 PAHs spiked into these products ranged from 95 to 102%. The mean level of the following PAHs were determined; benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene in vegetables and fruits was N.D., 0.014 ng/g, 0.031 ng/g, 0.016 ng/g, 0.019 ng/g, 0.091 ng/g, 0.016 ng/g and N.D., respectively.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 2009

The following concentrations of some PAHs were investigated; [benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo (b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g, h, i)perylene, indeno (1,2,3-c,d)pyrene] in fish(n=168) and shellfish(n=40). The methodology involved saponification and extraction with n-hexane, clean-up on Sep-Pak Florisil Cartridges and determination by HPLC/FLD (High Performance Liquid Chromatograph/Fluorescence Detector). Overall method recoveries for 8 PAHs spiked into these products ranged from 88 to 112%. The mean level of benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k) fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene in cooked fish was ND, ND, 0.0009, ND, 0.01, ND, ND, ND and in cooked shellfish was 1.84, 3.51, 0.81, 0.38, 0.39, 0.04, 0.20, ND, respectively.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.535-542
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• 2008

A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS) method was developed for the determination and confirmation of clenbuterol in bovine muscle and milk. Clenbuterol and clenbuterol-D9 using as an internal standard in samples were extracted with ethyl acetate after hydrolysis and evaporated to dryness. The extracts were dissolved in 20% methanol and cleaned using HLB solid-phase extraction cartridge. The analytes were detected by LC-ESI/MS/MS on a $C_{18}$ column. Mass spectral acquisition was done in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in positive ion mode to provide a high degree of sensitivity. Using MS/MS with SRM mode, the transitions (precursor to product) monitored were m/z 277${\rightarrow}$203 for clenbuterol, and m/z 286${\rightarrow}$204 for internal standard. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) and mean recoveries of clenbuterol in bovine muscle were $0.2{\mu}g/kg$ and 84.3~91.1%, respectively. The LOQ and mean recoveries in milk were $0.05{\mu}g/kg$ and 87.7~98.3%, respectively.