• 설비공학논문집
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.563-571
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• 2003

The forty vapor-liquid equilibrium data of the binary system, HFC125＋Propane, were measured between 273.15 and 313.15 K at 10 K interval and the composition range 0.2∼0.75, respectively. Experiments were performed in a circulation type apparatus in which the vapor phase was forced through the liquid phase. The composition at equilibrium were mea-sured by gas chromatography, and its response was calibrated using gravimetrically prepared mixtures. Vapor-liquid equilibrium data were calculated by using CSD equation of state and compared with the experimental data.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.289-299
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• 2013

Objectives: For the field application of the dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor, scale-up of the plasma reactor is needed. This study investigated the possibility of inactivation of microorganisms in sewage using pilot multi-plasma reactor. We also considered the possibility of degradation of total organic carbon (TOC) and nonbiodegradable matter ($UV_{254}$) in sewage. Methods: The pilot plasma reactor consists of plasma reactor with three plasma modules (discharge electrode and quartz dielectric tube), liquid-gas mixer, high voltage transformers, gas supply equipment and a liquid circulation system. In order to determine the operating conditions of the pilot plasma reactor, we performed experiments on the operation parameters such as gas and liquid flow rate and electric discharge voltage. Results: The experimental results showed that optimum operation conditions for the pilot plasma reactor in batch experiments were 1 L/min air flow rate), 4 L/min liquid circulation rate, and 13 kV electric discharge voltage, respectively. The main operation factor of the pilot plasma process was the high voltage. In continuous operation of the air plasma process, residual microorganisms, $UV_{254}$ absorbance and TOC removal rate at optimal condition of 13 kV were $10^{2.24}$ CFU/mL, 56.5% and 8.6%, respectively, while in oxygen plasma process at 10 kV, residual microorganisms, $UV_{254}$ absorbance and TOC removal rate at optimal conditions were $10^{1.0}$ CFU/mL, 73.3% and 24.4%, respectively. Electric power was increased exponentially with the increase in high voltage ($R^2$ = 0.9964). Electric power = $0.0492{\times}\exp^{(0.6027{\times}lectric\;discharge\;voltage)}$ Conclusions: Inactivation of microorganisms in sewage effluent using the pilot plasma process was done. The performance of oxygen plasma process was superior to air plasma process. The power consumption of oxygen plasma process was less than that of air plasma process. However, it was considered that the final evaluation of air and oxygen plasma must be evaluated by considering low power consumption, high process performance, operating costs and facility expenses of an oxygen generator.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.347-364
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• 1994

Airlift bioreactors are extensively used in the fields of aerobic fermentation, animal and plant cell cultures. This review article evaluates the present research activities in the field of airlift bioreactors. The published research works on the design parameters such as types, location and properties of gas sparser, hydrodynamic properties such as phase holdups mixing, liquid circulation rate, mass and heat transfer rates are summarized. Also, recommendations are presented for designing airlift bioreactors.

• 한국초전도저온공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국초전도저온공학회 1999년도 제1회 학술대회논문집(KIASC 1st conference 99)
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• pp.177-181
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• 1999

Cold Neutron Source(CNS) facility comprises moderator circulation system, helium cooling system, neutron guide and auxiliary sistems. To increase the amount of cold neutron, the thermal neutron should pass cold moderator at cryogenic temperature. As cold moderator in Hanaro, the liquid hydrogen or liquid deuterium will be used and the temperature in operation will be used and the temperature in operation will be maintained to be $250^{\circ}C$ below zero. To maintain the moderator at this cryogenic temperature. He refrigerator is used to cool it down in thermosiphon having natural circulation. As a part of the conceptual design of Hanaro CNS, study on the characteristics of moderators, design of moderator chanmber and cooling method were done through the collaboration of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute and Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute. During the collaboration, a program for the design of moderator cooling system design concept through the parametric study using this program. In the parametric study, the effect of the moderator type on the design parameters was investigated. Also, the requirements on the performance test for the cooling system, which will be made before the basic design, were investigated.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.947-954
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• 2015

Dielectric barrier discharge plasma is a new technique in water pollutant degradation, which that is characterized by the production of chemically active species such as hydroxyl radicals, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, etc. If dissolving of plasma gas generated in the plasma reaction has increased, it is possible to increase the contaminant removal capacity. In this study, the improvement on the dissolving performance of plasma gas was evaluated by the indirect method measuring the overall oxygen transfer coefficient. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of nozzle type, distance from water surface, air supply rate and liquid circulation rate. The experimental results showed that the $K_{La}$ value of the 3-prong nozzle is 2.67 times higher than the diffuser. The order of $K_{La}$ value with nozzle type ranked in the following order: 3-prong nozzle (inner diameter, less 1 mm) > circular nozzle (inner diameter, 1.5 mm) > ellipse nozzle (short diameter 1 mm, long diameter 2.5 mm) > circular nozzle (inner diameter, 3 mm). Optimal liquid circulation rate was appeared to be 1.7 L/min, the value of $K_{La}$ was 0.510 1/min. The value of $K_{La}$ with increasing air supply rate was revealed in the form of an exponential such as $K_{La}=0.3581e^{0.2919^*air\;flow\;rate}$.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2005

초임계 상태의 질소 유동 환경에서 헵탄 액적의 기화 특성을 수치적으로 연구하였다. 더불어 실기체 효과와 액적 내부 순환, 다양한 열역학적 물성치 및 고압 효과를 고려하였다. 또한 헵탄 액적 바로 근처에서의 저속 유동 문제를 풀기 위하여 예조건화 스킴을 적용한 시간 전진법을 수치 코드에 적용하였다. 주위 유동 속도와 주위 압력을 변화 시켜가면서 액적의 거동을 살펴보았다. 유동 속도 증가로 인한 레이놀즈수의 증가에 따라 액적의 변형이 활발히 이루어졌고, 동일한 레이놀즈수에 대해서는 압력이 높아질수록 액적의 변형이 약화되었다.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2004년도 제22회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.186-191
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• 2004

The reactive flowfield of the transverse injecting combustor has been studied using Euler-Lagrange method in order to develop an efficient solution procedure for the understanding of liquid spray combustion in the transverse injecting combustor which has been widely used in ramjets and turbojet afterburners. The unsteady two-dimensional gas-phase equations have been represented in Eulerian coordinates and the liquid-phase equations have been formulated in Lagrangian coordinates. The gas-phase equations based on the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy have been supplemented by combustion. The vaporization model takes into account the transient effects associated with the droplet heating and the liquid-phase internal circulation. The droplet trajectories have been determined by the integration of the Lagrangian equation in the flow field obtained from the separate calculation without considering the iterative effect between liquid and gas phases. The reported droplet trajectories had been found to deviate from the initial conical path toward the flow direction in the very end of its lifetime when the droplet size had become small due to evaporation. The integration scheme has been based on the TEACH algorithm for gas-phase equation, the second order Runge-Kutta method for liquid-phase equations and the linear interpolation between the two coordinate systems. The calculation results has shown that the characteristics of the droplet penetration and recirculation have been strongly influenced by the interaction between gas and liquid phases in such a way that most of the vaporization process has been confined to the wake region of the injector, thereby improving the flame stabilization properties of the flowfield.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.82-85
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• 2022

Traditionally, most cases of nicotine poisoning have been due to ingestion of nicotine pesticides. However, the increasing use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has resulted in both intentional and unintentional exposure to concentrated liquid nicotine or "e-liquid" leading to an increase in nicotine poisoning cases. However, fatalities following the ingestion of the e-liquid are extremely rare. We report a rare case of cardiac arrest and severe encephalopathy following the intentional ingestion of e-liquid. We present the case of a 20-year-old woman who intentionally ingested liquid nicotine intended for e-cigarette use. She was found in asystole and experienced a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after undergoing approximately 46 mins of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Her plasma nicotine levels were >500 ng/ml. Despite aggressive supportive care, she was found to have encephalopathy consistent with severe anoxic brain injury on magnetic resonance imaging. In recent times, there have been some reports of deaths following liquid nicotine ingestion. Our case illustrates the potential for fatal nicotine toxicity from ingestion of e-cigarettes.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.28-35
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 학교 식당에서 배출되는 음식물류 폐기물을 준 회분식 액순환 건식 혐기성 소화를 이용해서 메탄가스를 생산하였다. 두 시스템이 운전되었는데, 각 시스템은 생물반응조와 액 저장조로 구성되었다. 각 생물반응조 바닥은 스크린이 설치되어 있어 2.5L의 분리된 액체는 액 저장조로 30분 동안 이송되고 이송이 끝나자마자 이송된 액은 반응조 상부로 투입된다. 이 같은 순환은 고농도의 VFAs를 가지는 액체를 반응조 상부로 공급하는 역할을 한다. 실험 초기에는 음식물류 폐기물/식종 미생물의 부피 비는 2:8이고 이는 9g VS/L의 유기물 부하로 나타낼 수 있다. 음식물류 폐기물 투입은 2주에 한번이었고, 평균 수분, 휘발물질, 회성분은 각각 65.91%, 32.73%과 1.36%로 파악되었다. 두 개의 고형물 부하가 연구되었는데, 각각 3.51g VS/d (System A)와 3.86g VS/d(System B)이다. 음식물류 폐기물 당 메탄 발생량은 각각 $6.30m^3CH_4/kgVS{\cdot}d$(System A)와 $4.94m^3CH_4/kgVS{\cdot}d$(System B)이다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2010

This study was conducted to find the capability of comparison of overall oxygen transfer coefficient in the membrane coupled high performance reactor (MPHCR) in treating high organic loading wastewater. Effluent quality had been analyzed while the influent organic loading rate was changed from 2 to $7kg\;COD/m^3{\cdot}day$. The oxygen transfer coefficients had been investigated using two-phase nozzle for operating variables which were internal circulation flowrate (5~8 L/min), air flow rate (0.0125~0.2 L/min), liquid temperature ($10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$), and pure-oxygen flow rate (0.0125~0.2 L/min). The overall oxygen transfer coefficient was increased with flowrate of internal circulation and air and high temperature. Especially, internal circulation flow rate showed distinct effect on overall oxygen transfer coefficient due to an increase of gas holdup and air-liquid contract area by two-phase nozzle. In the high range of organic loading rate from 4 to $7kg\;COD/m^3{\cdot}day$, the removable efficiency of COD was 91%. Conventional activated sludge process usually treat organic loading from 0.32 to $0.64kg\;COD/m^3{\cdot}day$ however, the MPHCR can treat 10 to 20 times higher if it would be compared to the conventional activated sludge process. Foaming problem often happened and caused biomass wash out of the reactor, therefore, the foaming should be controlled for the enhanced operation.