• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.317-327
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• 2012

The changes in the proximate compositions, lipid classes, and fatty acids of muscle and dripped lipids, and the amino acid compositions and mineral content were studied in Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius muscle cooked using a frying pan, oven, and microwave oven. The moisture content was high in the raw sample (65.7%) and decreased with cooking, decreasing the most with frying pan method (54.5%). Conversely, the protein, lipid and ash contents increased significantly with cooking (P<0.05). The dripped lipid content from the cooked muscles was the highest with the frying pan sample (0.81%) and was approximately half this level in the oven (0.46%) and microwave oven (0.34%) samples. The percentage of non-polar lipid (NL) in the total lipid content exceeded 95% for the muscle lipids (13.9-17.6 g/100 g sample) and 99% for the dripped lipids (0.34-0.81 g/100 g sample). The prominent fatty acids were 18:1n-9, 16:0, 22:6n-3, 16:1n-7, and 20:5n-3 in the muscle and dripped lipids. The frying pan muscle lipid contained high levels of saturates and monoenes such as 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1n-9, and low levels of polyenes compared with other muscle lipids. The fatty acid compositions of the dripped lipids were similar with all three cooking methods. The prominent total amino acids in Spanish mackerel muscle were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, leucine, and arginine, and their proportions were similar (45.49-45.82%) in all samples. The potassium and phosphorous contents increased significantly with cooking (P<0.05), and while no heavy metals were detected in any sample. These results indicate that the change in nutritional components, especially the lipid content, was lower with the microwave oven and oven methods compared with the frying pan method.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.585-593
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• 1988

다수계 품종인 남풍, 밀양 23호와 일반계 품종인 화성, 진흥을 각각 현미, 백미, 겨로 구분하여 준비한 12가지 시료의 지질 성분을 비교하여 보고자 총 지질의 함량, thin layer chromatography(TLC)를 이용한 중성지질의 조성, gas chromatography(GC)를 이용한 각 지질의 지방산 조성을 살펴 보았다. 1. 다수계 2품종, 일반계 2품종을 각각 현미, 백미, 겨로 구분한 12종류의 시료에서 추출한 총 지질의 함량은 현미가 평균 2.65%, 백미가 1.09%, 겨가 20.24%였으며, 품종, 다수계, 일반계 간에 통계적으로 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 중성지질의 함량비는 현미가 평균 83.53%, 백미가 87.72%, 겨가 91.06%로 겨의 중성지질 비율이 높았으나 통계적으로 유의적인 차이는 아니었다. 당지질은 현미가 12.39%로 가장 높았고. 백미와 겨는 같은 수준이었다. 인지질의 함량비는 겨가 가장 낮았는데 그중에서도 일반계는 다수계 보다 인지질 함량비가 높았으며, 백미에서도 같은 경향이었다. 2. 중성지질의 조성은 thin layer chromatography(TLC) 상에 7가지가 분리 되었고 그 중 6가지 종류의 중성지질을 표준품의 Rf치와 비교하여 확인하였다. 그 결과 triglyceride(TG) 함량이 현미 56.73%, 백미 52.48%, 겨가 36.42%로 가장 높았고. 다음이 free fatty acids(FFA), steryl esters(SE) 순이었다. 현미와 백미에 비해 겨의 TG함량은 매우 낮은 편이고, FFA는 32.49%로 현미의 17.63%, 백비의 24.39%에 비해 높은 편이었다. 3. 총지질의 지방산 조성은 oleic acid가 37.28%, linoleic acid가 39.08%로 함량이 비슷한 정도로 가장 높았고, 다음이 palmitic acid였다. 겨의 oleic acid 함량이 40.42%로 현미와 백미에 비해 높았고, linoleic acid는 현미와 백미에 비해 낮았다. 이러한 결과는 통계적으로 다수계, 일반계, 품종 그리고 도정에 의해 총 지질의 조성에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 4. 중성지질의 지방산조성은 총 지질의 지방산 조성과 별 차이 없이 oleic acid와 linoleic acid 함량이 가장 높았고, 다음이 palmitic acid였다. 현미는 oleic acid와 linoleic acid 함량이 각각 37.47%, 38.40%로 거의 차이가 없었고, 백미는 linoleic acid 함량이 43.16%로 oleic acid에 비해 높았으며, 겨는 oleic acid 함량이 40.97%로 높고 linoleic acid 함량이 낮았다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.40-64
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• 1989

For the study of the effect of dietary phospholipid (PL) on the lipid components of serum and organ tissues in Sprague-Dawley rats, 56 Male-rats were divided into 8 groups, which was composed of 7. One group was fed with basal diet (normal group). And other experimental groups were fed ad libitum with the mixture of carbohydrate. casein salt mixture : vitamin mixture(60:18:4:1) and at the same time fed administratively with 1 gram of phospholipid-free soybean oil, corn oil and sesame oil, and phospholipid-containing soybean oil, corn oil and sesame oil respectively After 60 days the rats were fasted for 12 hours and then decapitated to collect blood and separate organ tissues . The lipid and protein components of serum and organ tissues were analyzed. The results of this study are summarized as follows The supplementation of dietary phospholipid decreases the food efficiency ratio and the growth rate of experimental rats, it increases the level of serum phospholipid and cholesterol ester, but decreases the value of total-cholesterol (T-chol.)/PL ; it decreases the value of albumin/globulin (hyG ratio) of serum protein and it increases the level of phosphatidyl ethanolamine(PE) in serum and organ tissues. And the correlation coefficients among the contents of T-chol., of HDL-chol. and of phospholipid in serum and liver are negative in general. Therefore 1 think that we must eat dietary phospholipid unpurified from vegetable oil to prevent development of atherosclerosis and fat liver.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.809-819
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• 1996

This study was conducted to identify the effects of caffeine or combinations of caffeine and iron or vitamin E on the lipid and protein components in the MDBK(Mardin-Darby Bovine Kidney) cells. For the In vitro test, MDBK cells in ${\alpha}$-MEM(Minimum Essential Medium) were divided into 4 treatment groups according to drug types and dosages as follows; the control(group A), group B was treated with 0.3mM caffeine, group C was treated with 0.3mM caffeine and 0.3mM ferric chloride, group D was treated with 0.3mM caffeine and 0.3mM vitamin E. Those groups were further divided into 5 subgroups according to the time lapsed(control, 4hrs, 8hrs, 24hrs and 48hrs lapsed group). The concentrations of the carbonyl group and malondialdehyde(MDA) and the patterns of the SDS-PAGE(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) and fatty acid compositions were analyzed to determine the oxidative damages and metabolic changes on the lipid and protein components in the MDBK cells. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; 1. The concentrations of carbonyl group and malondialdehyde in MDBK cells of group C were significantly higher(p<0.01) in comparison to the control, and increased according to the time lapsed. But the results of groups B and D were little different in comparison to the group C. 2. As the analytical results of fatty acid compositions in MDBK cells, the proportions of palmitoleic acid and linoleic acid in groups B, C and D were lower in comparison to the control, while the proportion of arachidonic acid in groups B, C and D were significantly higher(p<0.01) in comparison to the control. 3. In order to determine the oxidative damages to the protein in MDBK cells, the patterns of the SDS-PAGE were examined and the patterns of SDS-PAGE in groups C and D were significantly different between 43kd and 200kd of molecular weight.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.928-931
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• 1996

양어장에서 양식된 무지개송어의 성장에 따른 식품성분과 지질과산화물의 변화를 측정하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 치어와 성어의 조지방 함량과 수분 함량은 3.54%, 9.59% 및 77.40%, 69.02%로 성장에 따라 조지방의 함량은 증가되고 수분은 감소하였다. 지방산 조성은 치어에서 saturates 30.18%, monoenes 37.81%, polyenes 25.09%이고, 성어에서 30.77%, 40.41%, 23.45%로 성장에 따라 monoenes의 비율은 증가하고 polyenes 은 감소하였다. 구성 아미노산조성은 성장에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 모두 glutamic acid, aspartic acid, histidine이 전체 아미노산의 약 50%를 차지하였다. 지질과산화의 지표로 측정한 maiondialdehyde, lipofuscin은 성장에 따른 유의적인 증가를 보이지 않았다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.117-123
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• 1997

The ethylacetate fraction of the overground portion of Polygonum aviculare L. exhibited the anti-lipid peroxidation and the liver protective effect in intoxicated rats. Through silica gel chromatography of the ethylacetate fraction monitered by bioassay, two flavonoids, avicularin and juglanin were isolated as active components. Avicularin and juglanin remarkablely inhibited the lipid peroxidation of rat liver induced by 50% ethanol. Especially avicularin exhibited the stronger anti-lipid peroxidation effect than juglanin. Avicularin as a main principle of Polygonum aviculare L. significantly exhibited liver protective activities by decreasing s-GOT and s-LDH levels which represent for the hepatotoxicity induced by $CCl_4$ in rats. In addition, avicularin significantly decreased not only s-LDH but also s-bilirubin levels in intoxicated rat induced by ${\alpha}-naphthylisothiocyanate\;(ANIT)$. These results suggest that avicularin has the protective effects against the hepatoxicity induced by $CCl_4$ and ANIT in rats.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2011

Purpose: This study investigated the changes in body composition and serum lipid composition in obese women that were caused by a 12-week circuit exercise regime including both field and aquatic activities. Methods: Subjects comprised a total of 36 women who had a BMI of more than $25kg/m^2$. The simple obesity group (n=17) had no current or past record of medical complications, whereas the group with complications (n=19) also suffered from hypertension and/or diabetes. The circuit exercise program consisted of 12 weeks of 60%HRmax exercise sessions, five days a week. Results: While changes in every variable of body composition were significant, there was no statistically significant difference in the changes in serum lipid composition variables. With the exception of BMI, the correlation between the simple/complicated groups and exercising was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: These findings suggest that while a complex circuit weight exercise program that includes aquatic exercises significantly and positively alters obese patients' body composition it does not create statistically significant changes in their serum lipid composition. It can still be concluded, however, that increasing the duration of the exercise program would be effective to influence this. Moreover, personalized exercise programs that fit the needs of the individual participants seem necessary, given that the effect of exercise on body composition and serum lipid composition was greater in patients with simple obesity than in those with complications.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 1994

This study was performed to investigate the detailed lipid content, lipid composition and amino acid composition of Semisulcospira gottschei tissues. Lipids of Semisulcospira gottschei tissues were extracted by the mixture of chloloform-methanol, fractionated into neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids by silicic acid column chromatography and the composition of these lipid classes were determined by TLC and GLC. the amino acids in Semisulcospira gottschei tissues was analyzed by the amino acid auto analyzer. The total lipids content was 1.4% and the main components of the total lipids were neutral lipids 67.9%, glycolipids 19.3% and phospholipids 12.8%, respectively. The main fatty acids of total lipids were palmitic acid (20.5%), palmitoleic acid (16.45) and linolenic acid+eicosenoic acid (15.0%) and linoleic acid(13.1%), the main fatty acids of glycolipids were palmitic acid (41.9%), palmitoleic acid (19.7%) and oleic acid (11.7%), and the main fatty acids of phospholipids were linolenic acid+eicosenoic acid (55.1%), oleic acid (17.3%) and palmitic acid (11.4%). The main amino acids were glutamic acid (16.0%) and aspartic acid (11.1%).

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.57-63
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• 1997

The composition of leaf surface lipid in Flue-cured tobacco and their changes during curing was investigated. The flue-cured variety, Nicotiana tabacum cv. NC 82 was cultivated at Eumsung experiment station in 1996. The samples of riced leaves with different stalk Position(Lugs, Cutter, Leaf and Tips) and different curing stage at half yellowing(24hr), yellowing(48 hr) , color axing(72 hr), midrib drying(96 hr) and cured(120 hr) were collected for analysis of leaf surface lipid. $\alpha$ - and $\beta$ - 4, 8, 13-Duvatriene-1, 3-diol($\alpha$, $\beta$-DVT) were major components in leaf surface lipid extracted with methylene chloride and sugar ester was detected slightly DVT content was increased with ascending stalk position, but increasing trend of total hydrocarbon was not observed. While DVT was decreased throughout curing of tobacco leaves, hydrocarbon content did not show significant change during curing process. Twenty-two duvane compounds were detected by capillary GC in duvane fraction isolated from leaf surface lipid and of which 11 compounds were identified by GC-MS. These compounds were decreased with curing in all stalk position.

• 약학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 1984

Drug-metabolizing system which has the important role in drug metabolism is localized in smooth endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes and is composed of NADPH, NADPH-cytochrome $P_{450}$ reductase, cytochrome $P_{450}$ and others. It is well known that the enzyme system is induced by phenobarbital and methylcholanthrene. Lipid peroxidation is reaction of oxidative deterioration of polyunsaturated lipids. Formation of lipid peroxides in liver microsome has been found to produce degradation of phospholipid, which are major components of microsomal membrane. The relationship between the formation of lipid oxides and the activities of drug-metabolizing enzyme in the liver of rats was reported by several investigators. In this study the effect of riboflavin tetrabutylate, an antioxidant on lipid peroxidation, specially the relationship between lipid peroxidation and drug-metabolizing enzyme system was investigated. In addition the effect of vitamin A derivatives, such as retinoic acid and retinoid on the enzyme was also observed. Results are summarized as followings. 1) The pretretment with riboflavin tetrabutylate inhibited completely the lengthened sleeping time due to $CCl_{4}$ treatment. 2) The increase of TBA value was prevented by the pretreatment with riboflavin tetrabutylate. 3) The pretreatment with riboflavin tetrabutylate also prevented the decrease of drug-metabolizing enzyme caused by $CCl_{4}$. 4) Both retinoic acid and retinoid remarkably decreased the activity of aminopyrine demethylase. Pretreatment of riboflavin tetrabutylate, however, prevented inhibitory effect of retinoic acid on the enzyme activity.