• Title/Summary/Keyword: Linear Regression Function

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Optimization and Development of Prediction Model on the Removal Condition of Livestock Wastewater using a Response Surface Method in the Photo-Fenton Oxidation Process (Photo-Fenton 산화공정에서 반응표면분석법을 이용한 축산폐수의 COD 처리조건 최적화 및 예측식 수립)

  • Cho, Il-Hyoung;Chang, Soon-Woong;Lee, Si-Jin
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.30 no.6
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    • pp.642-652
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    • 2008
  • The aim of our research was to apply experimental design methodology in the optimization condition of Photo-Fenton oxidation of the residual livestock wastewater after the coagulation process. The reactions of Photo-Fenton oxidation were mathematically described as a function of parameters amount of Fe(II)($x_1$), $H_2O_2(x_2)$ and pH($x_3$) being modeled by the use of the Box-Behnken method, which was used for fitting 2nd order response surface models and was alternative to central composite designs. The application of RSM using the Box-Behnken method yielded the following regression equation, which is an empirical relationship between the removal(%) of livestock wastewater and test variables in coded unit: Y = 79.3 + 15.61x$_1$ - 7.31x$_2$ - 4.26x$_3$ - 18x$_1{^2}$ - 10x$_2{^2}$ - 11.9x$_3{^2}$ + 2.49x$_1$x$_2$ - 4.4x$_2$x$_3$ - 1.65x$_1$x$_3$. The model predicted also agreed with the experimentally observed result(R$^2$ = 0.96) The results show that the response of treatment removal(%) in Photo-Fenton oxidation of livestock wastewater were significantly affected by the synergistic effect of linear terms(Fe(II)($x_1$), $H_2O_2(x_2)$, pH(x$_3$)), whereas Fe(II) $\times$ Fe(II)(x$_1{^2}$), $H_2O_2$ $\times$ $H_2O_2$(x$_2{^2}$) and pH $\times$ pH(x$_3{^2}$) on the quadratic terms were significantly affected by the antagonistic effect. $H_2O_2$ $\times$ pH(x$_2$x$_3$) had also a antagonistic effect in the cross-product term. The estimated ridge of the expected maximum response and optimal conditions for Y using canonical analysis were 84 $\pm$ 0.95% and (Fe(II)(X$_1$) = 0.0146 mM, $H_2O_2$(X$_2$) = 0.0867 mM and pH(X$_3$) = 4.704, respectively. The optimal ratio of Fe/H$_2O_2$ was also 0.17 at the pH 4.7.

Applications of Fuzzy Theory on The Location Decision of Logistics Facilities (퍼지이론을 이용한 물류단지 입지 및 규모결정에 관한 연구)

  • 이승재;정창무;이헌주
    • Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.75-85
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    • 2000
  • In existing models in optimization, the crisp data improve has been used in the objective or constraints to derive the optimal solution, Besides, the subjective environments are eliminated because the complex and uncertain circumstances were regarded as Probable ambiguity, In other words those optimal solutions in the existing models could be the complete satisfactory solutions to the objective functions in the Process of application for industrial engineering methods to minimize risks of decision-making. As a result of those, decision-makers in location Problems couldn't face appropriately with the variation of demand as well as other variables and couldn't Provide the chance of wide selection because of the insufficient information. So under the circumstance. it has been to develop the model for the location and size decision problems of logistics facility in the use of the fuzzy theory in the intention of making the most reasonable decision in the Point of subjective view under ambiguous circumstances, in the foundation of the existing decision-making problems which must satisfy the constraints to optimize the objective function in strictly given conditions in this study. Introducing the Process used in this study after the establishment of a general mixed integer Programming(MIP) model based upon the result of existing studies to decide the location and size simultaneously, a fuzzy mixed integer Programming(FMIP) model has been developed in the use of fuzzy theory. And the general linear Programming software, LINDO 6.01 has been used to simulate, to evaluate the developed model with the examples and to judge of the appropriateness and adaptability of the model(FMIP) in the real world.

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Studies of Long-term Variability of Methane in the Moo-Ahn Observatory Site in Korea (무안지역을 중심으로 한 메탄의 장주기적 농도변화 특성 연구)

  • Choi, Gyoo-Hoon;Youn, Yong-Hoon;Kang, Chang-Hee;Jo, Young-Min;Ko, Eui-Jang;Kim, Ki-Hyun
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.280-293
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    • 2002
  • In this study, we analyzed the long-term distribution patterns of $CH_4$ determined from the Moo-Ahn (MAN) observatory in relation with those derived from the world major background monitoring sites. Comparison of the data were made using those data sets collected for the period between Aug. 1995 to Dec. 1991. The mean $CH_4$ concentration of MAN observatory was measured to be 1898${\pm}$85.3 ppb, recording the highest concentration of all the monitoring sites. When the concentration of $CH_4$ for different stations was compared over latitudinal scale, its concentration appeared to increase systematically as a function of latitude with an exception of MAN (and the other Korean monitoring site at Tae Ahn). Moreover, such phenomenon was more distinctive in Northern than Southern Hemisphere. According to the analysis of the monthly distribution patterns of $CH_4$ at MAN observatory, its concentration level began to increase from the months of February/March and peaked during August. In addition, when the level of oscillation in monthly concentrations (between the maximum and minimum values) was checked, differences were significant between MAN and other monitoring stations. If the rate of concentration change was checked using the data sets collected for this limited time period in terms of linear regression analysis, results for MAN showed the highest annual increasing rate of 16.5 ppb. It is hence suggested that the largest variability in the $CH_4$ distribution patterns at MAN observatory may be reflected by the high irregularity in its source/sink processes.

A Study on the Relationship between Visual Preferences and Visitors' Satisfaction in Bukhansan Dulegil (북한산 둘레길 경관선호도와 이용만족도의 상관성에 관한 연구)

  • Cho, Woo-Hyun;Im, Seung-Bin
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.41 no.1
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 2013
  • In nature, to change the consciousness of those who wish to pursue something new, the road is turning function-oriented 'Walking Path' into purpose-oriented 'Walking Trails'. Though 'Walking Trails' is a long linear journey that leads people to see, to feel and to experience while walking on the trail, but considering on the landscape of trails when selecting routes is lacking. Landscapes, which are felt and perceived while walking on the trail, provide a purpose, and can be an important factor to improve visitor satisfaction. However, the study is insufficient in terms of landscape of trails. Therefore, it is the purpose of this study to find ways to help improving visitors' satisfaction in selecting routes, by analyzing the images and preferences of trails landscapes that are visually perceived, by analyzing the correlation between visitors' satisfaction and them. For this study, landscape assessment was carried out after selecting representative landscape photos of BukhansanDulegil 13 sections and landscape images adjectives for landscape assessment. Through the assessment, analyze landscape images of each section, landscape images factors affecting a wish to walk and landscape preferences, relationship between visitors' satisfaction and them. 'Refreshing' image was higher on the path with many trees and less artificial elements; 'urban' image was higher on the path with artificial elements. 'A wish to walk' and 'landscape preference' was higher on the path showed 'refreshing' and 'pastoral' image with many natural elements. Factors affecting 'a wish to walk' were "refreshing-unpleasant", "impressive-ordinary", factors affecting 'landscape preference' were "refreshing-unpleasant", "comfortable-uncomfortable". In addition, landscape preference was found to have a high correlation with visitors' satisfaction.

S-wave Velocity and Attenuation Structure from Multichannel Seismic surface waves: Geotechnical Characteristics of NakDong Delta Soil (다중채널 표면파 자료를 이용하여 구한 S파 속도와 감쇠지수 구조: 낙동강 하구의 연약 지반 특성)

  • Jung, Hee-Ok
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.25 no.8
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    • pp.774-783
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    • 2004
  • The S wave velocity and Q$s^{-1}$ structure of the uppermost part of the soil in Nakdong Delta area have been obtained to determine the characteristics of the forementioned soil. The phase and attenuation coefficients of multichannel seismic records were inverted to obtain the S wave velocity and Q$s^{-1}$ structure of the soil. The inversion results have been compared with the borehole measurements of the area. The seismic signal of the nearest geophone from a seismic source was used as the source signal to obtain the attenuation coefficients. Amplitude ratios of the signal at each geophone to the source signal wave plotted as a function of distance for the frequency range between 10 Hz and 45 Hz. The slope of a linear regression line which fits amplitude ratio-distance relationship best for a given frequency was used as the attenuation coefficients for the frequency. The dispersion curve of Rayleigh waves and the attenuation coefficients were inverted to obtain the S-wave velocity and Q$s^{-1}$, respectively, in the uppermost 8 meter of soil layer. The borehole measurements of the area show that are two distinct layers; the upper 4 meter of silty-sand and the lower 4 meter of silty-clay. The inversion results indicate that the shear wave velocity of the upper layer is 80 m/sec and 40m/sec in the lower silty-clay layer. The spacial resolution of the shear wave velocity structure is very good down to a depth of 8 meter. The Q$s^{-1}$ in the upper silty-sand layer is 0.02 and increase to 0.03 in the lower silty-sand layer. The spacial resolution of quality factor is relatively good down to a depth of 5 meter, but very poor below the depth. In this study, the S-wave velocity is higher in the silty-clay and the Q$s^{-1}$ is smaller silty-sand than in the silty-clay. However, much more data should be analyzed and accumulated before making any generalization on the shear wave velocity and Q$s^{-1}$ of the sediments.

Yield Response to Nitrogen Topdress Rate at Panicle Initiation Stage under Different Growth and Nitrogen Nutrition Status of Rice Plant (벼 유수분화기 생장 및 질소영양상태에 따른 수량의 수비질소 반응)

  • Kim, Min-Ho;Fu, Jin-Dong;Lee, Byun-Woo
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.51 no.7
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    • pp.571-583
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    • 2006
  • To secure high yield and good quality of rice, plant growth and nitrogen (N) nutrition status should be taken into account for managing panicle N topdressing (PN). This research aimed at investigating the rice yield response to PN under different plant growth and N nutrition status that was conditioned by different rates of basal and tillering N fertilizer (BTN). Stepwise multiple regression (SMR) was used for the analysis of yield response to (i) BTN and PN, and (ii) shoot N content at PIS (BTNup) and shoot N uptake from PIS to harvest (PNup). Rice yield increased significantly as BTN and PN Increased, but there was no significant interaction between BTN and PN. Yield increased almost linearly with the increasing BTN and PN up to $10{\sim}12$ and $6{\sim}7\;kgN/10a$, and with the increasing BTNup and PNup up to $6{\sim}7$ and $5{\sim}6\;kgN/10a$, respectively. But yield increment tended to decrease above those levels. These declines resulted from the decreased ripened grain ratio and 1000 grain weight even though spikelet number per unit area increased more at above those N levels. Spikelet number per unit area had the linear relationships with the shoot N uptake until heading, and with yield. Like most yield response curves, yield response in this experiment followed the diminishing return function with BTNup, PNup, and plant N uptake from seeding to harvest. Regardless of the degree of BTNup and PNup, yield had a quadratic relationship ($R^{2}$>0.88) with whole shoot N accumulation until harvest, suggesting that the yield determination was closely related with the whole shoot N uptake until harvest regardless of the differences in seasonal shoot N uptake.

A Pilot Study of Bone Mineral Density in Men with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (남자 만성폐쇄성폐질환 환자들의 골밀도에 대한 예비연구)

  • Bae, Yun Oh;Han, Minsoo;Lee, Seong-Kyu;Kim, Jeong Nyum;Kim, Jeong Sik;Kim, Jinho;Cho, Yongseon;Lee, Yang Deok
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.54 no.4
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    • pp.395-402
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    • 2003
  • Background : Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk for osteoporosis, which has implications for mobility and even mortality. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) and risk factors for osteoporosis in a limited number of men with COPD. Methods : We checked BMD, $FEV_1$(% of predicted) and investigated risk factors for osteoporosis in 44 male patients with COPD who visited our hospital from January to August 2002. Results : Mean(${\pm}$) age was $69{\pm}9$ yrs, body mass index(BMI) $21{\pm}3kg/m^2$, $FEV_1$ $50{\pm}18%$ of predicted, lumbar spine T-score $-3.0{\pm}1.2$, lumbar spine Z-score $-2.0{\pm}1.2$, and lumbar spine BMD $0.76{\pm}0.13g/cm^2$. Osteoporosis(T-score below -2.5) was present in 27 patients(61.4%) and osteopenia(T-score between -1 and -2.5) in 17(38.6%). None of the patients had normal BMD. There was no relationship between BMD and $FEV_1$(% of predicted). There were significant differences in smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, cumulative steroid dose, BMI and BMD among the three groups according to $FEV_1$(% of predicted) (group1 : ${\geq}65%$, group2 : 50-64%, group3 : ${\leq}49%$), except age. However, there were no significant differences in these variables between the osteopenia and osteoporosis groups, except BMI. Linear Regression(Stepwise) analysis showed that lumbar BMD was correlated with BMI & exercise. Conclusion : BMD is significantly reduced in men with COPD. There was no relationship between BMD and pulmonary function.

A Time Series Graph based Convolutional Neural Network Model for Effective Input Variable Pattern Learning : Application to the Prediction of Stock Market (효과적인 입력변수 패턴 학습을 위한 시계열 그래프 기반 합성곱 신경망 모형: 주식시장 예측에의 응용)

  • Lee, Mo-Se;Ahn, Hyunchul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.167-181
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    • 2018
  • Over the past decade, deep learning has been in spotlight among various machine learning algorithms. In particular, CNN(Convolutional Neural Network), which is known as the effective solution for recognizing and classifying images or voices, has been popularly applied to classification and prediction problems. In this study, we investigate the way to apply CNN in business problem solving. Specifically, this study propose to apply CNN to stock market prediction, one of the most challenging tasks in the machine learning research. As mentioned, CNN has strength in interpreting images. Thus, the model proposed in this study adopts CNN as the binary classifier that predicts stock market direction (upward or downward) by using time series graphs as its inputs. That is, our proposal is to build a machine learning algorithm that mimics an experts called 'technical analysts' who examine the graph of past price movement, and predict future financial price movements. Our proposed model named 'CNN-FG(Convolutional Neural Network using Fluctuation Graph)' consists of five steps. In the first step, it divides the dataset into the intervals of 5 days. And then, it creates time series graphs for the divided dataset in step 2. The size of the image in which the graph is drawn is $40(pixels){\times}40(pixels)$, and the graph of each independent variable was drawn using different colors. In step 3, the model converts the images into the matrices. Each image is converted into the combination of three matrices in order to express the value of the color using R(red), G(green), and B(blue) scale. In the next step, it splits the dataset of the graph images into training and validation datasets. We used 80% of the total dataset as the training dataset, and the remaining 20% as the validation dataset. And then, CNN classifiers are trained using the images of training dataset in the final step. Regarding the parameters of CNN-FG, we adopted two convolution filters ($5{\times}5{\times}6$ and $5{\times}5{\times}9$) in the convolution layer. In the pooling layer, $2{\times}2$ max pooling filter was used. The numbers of the nodes in two hidden layers were set to, respectively, 900 and 32, and the number of the nodes in the output layer was set to 2(one is for the prediction of upward trend, and the other one is for downward trend). Activation functions for the convolution layer and the hidden layer were set to ReLU(Rectified Linear Unit), and one for the output layer set to Softmax function. To validate our model - CNN-FG, we applied it to the prediction of KOSPI200 for 2,026 days in eight years (from 2009 to 2016). To match the proportions of the two groups in the independent variable (i.e. tomorrow's stock market movement), we selected 1,950 samples by applying random sampling. Finally, we built the training dataset using 80% of the total dataset (1,560 samples), and the validation dataset using 20% (390 samples). The dependent variables of the experimental dataset included twelve technical indicators popularly been used in the previous studies. They include Stochastic %K, Stochastic %D, Momentum, ROC(rate of change), LW %R(Larry William's %R), A/D oscillator(accumulation/distribution oscillator), OSCP(price oscillator), CCI(commodity channel index), and so on. To confirm the superiority of CNN-FG, we compared its prediction accuracy with the ones of other classification models. Experimental results showed that CNN-FG outperforms LOGIT(logistic regression), ANN(artificial neural network), and SVM(support vector machine) with the statistical significance. These empirical results imply that converting time series business data into graphs and building CNN-based classification models using these graphs can be effective from the perspective of prediction accuracy. Thus, this paper sheds a light on how to apply deep learning techniques to the domain of business problem solving.