• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제7권
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• pp.198-231
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• 1994

Up to now, after I had examined the relation between the origin of Fung(風) and Gi(氣) and the mean of Fung in medical science, I obtained the conclusion being as follows. The first, Fung(風) means a flux of Gi(氣) and Gi shows the process by virtue of the form of Fung, namely, Fung means motion of Gi. In other words, it is flow of power. Accordingly, the process of all power can give a name Fung. The second, Samul(事物) ceaselessly interchange with the external world to sustain the existence and life of themselves. And they make a adequate confrontation against the pressure of the outside. This the motive power of life action(生命活動) is Gi and shows its the process on the strength of Fung. The third, Samul(事物) incessantly releases power which it has to the outside. Power released to the outside forms the territory of the established power in the environment of them and keep up their substance(實體) in the space time(時空). It can be name Fung because the field(場) of this power incessantly flows. The fourth, man operates life on the ground of the creation of his own vigor(生氣) for himself as the life body(生命體) of the independence and self-support. The occurence of this vigor and the adjustment process(調節作用) is supervised by Gan(肝). That is to say, Gan plays a role to regulate and manage the process of Fung or the action of vigor with Fung-Zang(風臟). The fifth, because the Gi-Gi adjustment process(氣機調節作用) of Gan is the same as the process of Fung, Fung that operates the cause of a disease is attributed to the disharmony of the process of the human body Gi-Gi. Therefore, the generating pathological change is attributed to the extraordinary of the function by the incongruity of Gi-Gi(氣機) or the disorder of the direct motion of Gi-Hyul(氣血). Because the incongruity of this Gi-Gi of the human body gives rise to the abnormal of Zung-Gi(正氣) in the human body properly cannot cope with the invasion of 'Oi-Sa(外邪). Furthermore, Fung serves as the mediation body of the invasion of other Sa-Gi(邪氣) because of its dynamics, By virtue of this reason, Fung is named the head of all disease. And because the incongruity of the Gi-Gi has each other form according to Zang-Bu(臟腑), Kyung-Lak(經絡), and a region, the symptoms of a disease appear differently in line with them as well. The sixth, Fung-byung(風病) is approximately separated Zung-Fung(中風) and Fung-byung(猍義의 風病). Zung-fung and Fung-byung is to be attributed to the major invasion of each Jung-gi and Fung-sa(正氣와 風邪). But these two kinds stir up the problem to the direct motion of Gi-hyul(氣血) and the harmony of Gi-Gi in the human body. When one cures it, therefore, Zung-fung has to rectify Gi-Gi and the circulation of Gi-hyul on the basis of the supplement of Jung-gi(正氣) and Fung-byung must make the harmony of Gi-Gi with the Gu-fung(驅風). -Go-gi(調氣), Sun-Gi(順氣). Hang-Gi(行氣) - All existing living things as well as man maintain life on the ground of the pertinent harmony between the soul(精神) and the body(肉體). As soon as the harmony falls down, simultaneously life disappears as well. And Fung which means the outside process between Gi(氣) and Gi(氣) makes the action of their life cooperative and unified, Accordingy, the understanding of Fung, first, has to start wi th the whole thought that not only all Samul(事物) but also the soul and the body are one.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.147-159
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• 1998

A survey of the internal parasites in 115 fishes of Ophicephalus argus was carried out in Kyungpook province during the period from January 1995 to November 1997. A species of trematode from the stomach and a species of nematode from the caeca of the fishes was discovered respectively. The trematode was identified as Azygia hwangtsinyi (Tsin, 1993) and the nematode as Pingus sinensis ($Hs\ddot{u}$, 1993). The fluke was pressed at thick of 0.1mm~0.2mm between slide glasses and fixed in 70% ethyl alcohol solution. The fluke was washed with tap water after fixation and stained with hematoxylin-carmin and mounted in balsam through routine methods. The nematode was fixed in 5% formalin solution and mounted with lactophnol or glycerine jelly. Morphology : Arygia hwantsinyi ; The fluke is elongate body with approximately parallel margins and rounded extremities in pressed preparations(Fig 1). The cuticle is unarmed. The oral sucker is ventro-subterminal in position. The ventral sucker is slightly smaller than oral sucker and positioned at 14.2% of body length from the oral sucker. The cirrus sac and genital pore is in mid-ventral line, slightly anterior to the ventral sucker. The oral sucker is succeeded by a well developed muscular pharynx. It is succeeded by a short inverted Y-shaped oesophagus. The inner wall of oesophagus is consisted of many fine folded membrane. The fine tubes of esophagus pass into the intestinal heads which are distended and presented a marked borderline between the fine tube and intestinal heads. The Intestinal heads start at level of pharynx and pass caudad in a zigzag course to end quite near caudal margin. The uterine coils occupy the intercecal area between the level of the cephalic margin of the ovary and about the level of the ventral sucker. The uterus is filled with many eggs. The testes are round or oval and placed one behind the other generally a little diagonally. The posterior testis is placed at level of 75.1% of body length. The ovary is oval, placed ahead the anterior testis. The shell gland not discernible outline is contacted with ovary ahead it. The vitelline glands are consisted of small oval vesicles. The vesicles occupy extracecal regions and between a little posterior of the ventral sucker and near caudal margin. Pingus sinensis : Female ; The cuticle is smooth and the cervical alae are well developed. The mouth opening is small, triangular, and without lips. The anterior end bears four sub-medial papillae. The oesophagus is divided into a muscular and glandular portion. The nerve ring is situated just at the junction of the muscular and glandular portions of the oesophagus. The vulva which has a prominent flap, is placed behind the middle of the body about one-third of the length of the worm from the posterior extremity. The vagina is strongly muscularised and after running anteriorly about $68{\mu}$, divides itself into two broad uterine tubes with an anterior and a posterior one. There are a few eggs in the uterine tubes. The tail is slender, straight and pointed. The ovary extends almost to the posterior extremity. Male : Male is smaller than female. The tail is pointed, curved and carrying well-developed caudal alae. A prominent muscular precloacal sucker is characteristic. The spicules are equal and short. There are four pairs of pedunculated pre-anal papillae, of which the most anterior pair are situated just at the level anterior to the muscular sucker. Two pairs of pedunculated papillae are present before the anus. There are five pairs of post-anal papillae of which the most anterior pair and the second counted from the posterior end are ventral and more marked than the ones which are situated laterally.

• 한국연극학
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• 제52호
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• pp.319-357
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• 2014

Formation of 'body schema' is the start for actor to create role and becomes the root and the foundation of existing as a role on the stage. For this, an actor needs to form 'scheme of role' with escaping from own 'body schema.' 'Schema of role' is formed by acquiring through synthesizing daily basic actions, namely, walking, standing, sitting, hand stretching, bending, and touching. The body schema, which was made with simple and usual actions, has fundamental significance in a sense of becoming the body in which the past traces in a role are habituated while energy as a role flows. As for the process of forming body schema, an actor first needs to obtain the visualized materials like photo, magazine, picture and image available for seeing a role specifically and clearly based on what analyzed a character. An actor needs to have three-dimensional image available for always recalling it in the head during acting. To do this, image data available for fundamentally capturing routine actions along with body structure are still more useful. Next, the body schema is formed by interaction with environment. Thus, there is a need of passing through the two-time process of forming body schema. Firstly, the body schema is made on routine actions in a role as physical condition of a role in actor's own everyday life. Secondly, the body schema is made on routine actions available for moving efficiently and economically in line with the environment of performance. A theatrical stage is the temporal space of rhythm and rule different from routine space. What forms body schema immediately in the second phase without body schema in the first phase ultimately becomes what exists as actor's own body, not the body of a role. The body schema, which was formed as the second process, is what truly has identity as a role in the ontological aspect, comes to experience the oppositional force in muscle, a qualitative change in energy, and emotional agitation in the physical aspect, and experiences perception, thinking, volition, and even consciousness with the entire body in the cognitive dimension. Thus, the formation of body schema can be known to be just a method of changing even spiritual and emotional layer. Body schema cannot be made if there is no process of embodiment and habit. Embodiment and habit are not simply the repeated, empty and mechanical action in the body. But, habit itself has very important meanings for forming body schema for role creating. First, habit allows the body itself to learn and understand a meaning. Second, habit relies upon environment, thereby allowing an actor of making the habituated body schema to recognize environment. Third, habit makes the mind. The habituated body schema is just the mind and the ego of a person who possesses the body schema. Fourth, habit comes to experience the expansion in energy and the expansion in existence. It may be experienced through interrelation among actor's body, tool, and environment. Fifth, habit makes identity of the body. Hence, this just becomes what secures identity of a role. These implications of habit are the formation of body schema, which is maintained with the body of being remembered firmly through being closely connected with the process of neural adaptation. Finally, it sought for possibility of practice as one method of forming body schema for role creating through Deleuze's '-becoming' theory. As 'actual animal-becoming' is real '-becoming' of forming structural transformation in the physical dimension, it meets with what the formation of body schema pursues actuality and reality. This was explained with a concept as saying of 'all '-becoming' molecular' by Deleuze/Guattari. 'Animal of having imitated animal's characteristic- becoming' is formed by which the body schema relies upon environment. In this way, relationship among the body, tool and environment has influence even upon a change in consciousness, thinking, and emotion, thereby being able to be useful for forming body schema in a sense of possibly experiencing ultimately expansion in role, namely, expansion in existence.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제32호
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• pp.129-158
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• 2008

본고는 "입학도설"과 "천명도설"의 문제의식을 중심으로 사칠논쟁의 연원을 밝힘으로써 조선유학이 오늘의 우리에게 갖는 의미를 재확인하려는 것이다. 사칠논쟁은 조선 성리학의 대표적인 이론논쟁으로, 이로부터 파생되는 인심도심논쟁, 인물성동이논쟁, 미발심체논쟁 등 심성설 중심의 이론탐구는 조선유학의 중요한 특징을 이루는 것으로 평가되어 왔다. 그런데 지금까지의 접근은 대체로 이러한 이론논쟁을 현실을 도외시한 조선성리학의 공리공론성을 보여주는 것으로 치부하거나, 아니면 현실을 도외시한 이론논쟁이긴 하지만 한국인이 지닌 철학적인 사고능력을 보여주는 철학논쟁으로 평가하기도 하였다. 그러나 양촌의 "입학도설"에서부터 나타나는 성리학에 대한 기본이해는 성리학이란 수기치인지학으로서 결코 현실과 유리될 수 없는 것이며, 이상사회는 통치계층의 도덕성실현위에 모든 사람들의 도덕성이 실현됨으로써 완성되는 것이었다. 따라서 인간의 도덕성의 근거를 밝히고, 수양의 목표를 제시하며, 선악의 유래를 명확히 함으로써 현실적인 악을 극복하고 선을 실현하고자 하는 것이 핵심이 된다. 이런 문제의식은 추만의 "천명도설"에서도 그대로 계승된다. 추만의 "천명도설"은 우리의 도덕성은 천명으로서 주어져 있으며 이를 근거로 천인합일이라는 이상에 도달할 수 있음을 분명히 밝히려는 것이었다. 그리고 이러한 본격적인 심성논쟁이 의리실천을 학문의 핵심으로 생각하는 도학의 전통이 세워진 이후 도학자임을 자부하던 학자들 사이에서 계속되었다는 것은 이것이 결코 현실과 유리된 공리공론이 아니었음을 우리에게 보여준다. 즉, 조선유학이 가진 인간의 도덕성에 대한 신뢰와 도덕성의 실현을 통해 인간사회의 문제를 근본적으로 해결하려는 인간에 대한 가치론적 이해는 오늘의 우리에게도 큰 철학적인 의미를 갖는다.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.273-280
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• 2022

본 연구는 조선대학교-대구대학교 비교과 교육 업무협약(MOU) 기반 지역 연계 장애인평생교육 비교과프로그램 운영 방략을 탐색해 보는 데에 목적을 두어 실시되었다. 일선 대학 현장에서 비교과 교육 프로그램은 전공이나 교양 단위의 교과 학습을 보조하는 형태와 절차로 인식되는 경우가 많으나, 비교과 교육 프로그램의 구성 유형과 체계가 "학습역량 강화 지원", "진로심리상담 지원", "취창업 지원", "교과 연계 비교과 교육"으로 분류되는 사례를 감안할 경우 매우 중요한 위상과 정체성을 가졌다고 할 수 있다. 이에 따라, 비교과 교육 프로그램은 일회적인 경향의 프로그램 자체의 수준에서 뿐 아니라 학생들의 전공 학습 및 취업 연계를 비롯한 각종 지역사회 연계형 문제해결학습 역시 포괄할 수 있는 성격과 이점을 가진다. 위의 일환으로, 본 연구는 조선대학교와 대구대학교를 조망하여 "지역 연계 장애인평생교육"을 주요 주제와 내용으로 하는 비교과 프로그램이 운영될 수 있는 방략을 연구 내용으로 제시하고자 한다. 연구 방법은 전문가 간 협의를 통한 연구 내용의 모델 정립의 절차로 구성되었다. 연구 내용은 크게 "양 대학 간 조직적 운영 방략", "양 대학 간 교육과정 운영 방략", "양 대학 간 지역 연계 장애인평생교육 비교과 프로그램 운영에 대한 종합체계"로 제시되었다. 먼저, 첫 번째 연구 내용인 "양 대학 간 조직적 운영 방략"은 조선대학교 비교과통합관리센터와 대구대학교 평생교육원 산하 K-PACE센터, 기타 위원회 및 부서 등이 상호 협업 및 소통하는 절차가 상세히 도식화되었다. 두 번째 연구 내용인 "양 대학 간 교육과정 운영 방략"은 비교과프로그램에서 구성되어야 할 학습 내용과 방법 및 절차가 구체적으로 도식화되었다. 세 번째 연구 내용인 "양 대학 간 지역 연계 장애인평생교육 비교과 프로그램 운영의 종합체계"는 비교과프로그램을 운영하는 데 필수적으로 구성되어야 할 근거요소들을 로드맵의 차원으로 종합화한 결과를 제시하고 있다. 연구 결과, 양 대학 간 비교과 교육 업무협약(MOU)을 통한 지역 연계 장애인평생교육 비교과프로그램의 운영을 통해 심화적으로 연계 추진 가능한 사업과제를 조망할 수 있었다.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.33-44
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• 2023

창업효능감은 창업에 대한 사람들의 태도와 행동을 설명하는 중요한 변수이다. 본 연구에서는 창업효능감에 영향을 미치는 개인의 심리특성변수인 행운신념과 긍정적 인지편향을 주목하였다. 본 연구에서 특히 주목한 것은 행운이다. 사업성공이 행운에 의해서 좌우된다는 생각과 믿음이 널리 퍼져있다. 그럼에도 이에 대한 학술적 검토와 논의는 제대로 되지 않았다. 학술적으로 무관심했던 이유는 행운이 일종의 미신이며, 예지나 초감각적 지각과 관련이 있고, 외부환경에 의해 무작위적으로 일어난다고 보았기 때문이다. 행운을 개성과 같은 개인의 특성변수로 보고 이를 측정하기 위한 척도가 개발되면서 부터 행운에 대한 연구가 본격적으로 시작되었다. 본 연구에서는 행운신념에 대한 기존연구들을 검토하고, 이 행운신념이 긍정적 인지편향과 창업효능감에 미치는 영향을 실증분석을 통해 살펴보고자 하였다. 실증분석을 위해 본 연구는 일반인 400명을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실사하였다. 가설검증을 위해 AMOS 21.0을 이용하여 구조방정식 모형분석을 실시하였다. 가설검증 결과, 행운신념이 긍정적 인지편향인 자기고양 편향과 통제착각 편향, 낙관주의 편향에 정(+)의 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설은 모두 채택되었다. 긍정적 인지편향(자기고양 편향, 통제착각 편향, 낙관주의 편향)이 창업효능감에 정(+)의 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설도 또한 모두 채택되었다. 행운신념과 창업효능감의 관계에서 긍정적 인지편향의 매개적 역할을 살펴보기 위해 추가분석을 실시하였다. 이 분석에서 '행운신념→긍정적 인지편향→창업효능감'의 경로계수 값이 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 이를 통해 행운신념과 창업효능감의 관계에서 행운신념의 간접효과, 즉 긍정적 인지편향의 매개효과를 확인하였다. 마지막 결론에서는 이상의 실증분석 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구의 시사점과 한계점을 논의하였다.

• 대한영상의학회지
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• 제81권3호
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• pp.688-700
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• 2020

목적 폐암이 동반된 특발성 폐섬유증 환자와 폐암 비동반 특발성 폐섬유증 환자에서 폐섬유증 급성 악화의 발병률, 생존율 및 전산화단층촬영 소견을 비교하고자 하였다. 대상과 방법 2004년 6월부터 2018년 7월까지, 특발성 폐섬유증으로 진단받은 89명의 환자를 대상으로 하였으며 26명의 폐암 동반 특별 폐섬유증 환자군과 63명의 폐암 비동반 특발 폐섬유증 환자군으로 구성되었다. 이들의 폐섬유증, 폐암, 급성 악화와 관련된 임상 검사 소견과 CT 소견을 검토하였다. 폐암 환자들은 1차 또는 2차 치료로 수술(n = 6), 항암치료(n = 23) 등을 받았다. 두 군 간에 생존율, 급성 악화의 CT 소견, 무병 기간과 급성 악화 발병 이후 사망까지의 시간을 비교하였다. 결과 급성 악화의 발병률은 폐암 동반군에서는 61.5%, 비동반군에서는 58.7%였다(p = 0.806). 폐암 동반군과 비동반군의 평균 생존 기간은 각각 16.8개월과 83.0개월이었다(p < 0.001). 치료 시작부터 급성 악화까지의 기간은 수술과 항암치료에서 각각 16.0개월과 4.6개월이었다. 급성 악화에 의한 사망을 비교하였을 때, 생존율은 폐암 동반군이 비동반군보다 유의하게 낮았다(p = 0.008). 급성 악화의 CT 소견은 폐암 동반군에서 기관지 주위 분포(p < 0.001)와 비대칭 분포(p = 0.016)를 보이는 경우가 많았다. 결론 폐암을 동반한 특발성 폐섬유증 환자에서, 급성 악화에 의한 사망률이 폐암 비동반 특발 폐섬유증 환자들보다 높았다. 또한, 기관지 주위 또는 비대칭 분포의 CT 소견을 보이는 경향이 있다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.11-25
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• 1979

1979년(年) 8월(月) 4일(日)과 5일(日)에 걸쳐 강원도 평창지구에 많은 사태(沙汰)가 발생된 바 있었다. 이 지역(地域)을 답사할 기회를 통해 산사태에 대한 조사연구(調査硏究)가 부족(不足)하고 예방대책(豫防對策)이 미약하다는 사실을 알게 되었다. 이에 현지답사시(現地踏査時) 얻었던 자료(資料)와 기 연구자들의 보고서 등을 참조로 하여 우리나라 산사태(山沙汰)의 발생조직과예방대책을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 지난 6년간(年間)의 자료(資料)로 1일(日)200mm이상(以上), 1시간당(時間當) 60mm이상(以上)의 호우지대(豪雨地帶)를 보면 횡성, 원주, 영동, 무주, 남원과 순천을 연결하는 서부지역과 경상남도의 남부해안지방(南部海岸地方)에 분포(分布)되 있다. 이 원인(原因)은 산맥(山脈)과 저기압(低氣壓)의 방향(方向)에 영향을 받은 것으로 사료(思料)된다. 2, 호우(豪雨)의 정점(頂點)의 분포(分布)는 야간에 나타나며 이 시점에서 산사태(山沙汰)를 일으키고 막대한 피해(被害)를 주는 것 같다. 3. 평창지역(平昌地域)의 산사태(山沙汰)는 화강암(花崗巖)의 조사질양토(粗砂質壤土)와 석회암(石灰巖) 정암(貞岩)의 점토질토양(粘土質土壤)에서 발생(發生)하며 토석류(土石流)는 기암면(基岩面)이나 석회암토양(石灰巖土壤)에서 나타나는 반시(盤尸)을 따라 일어나고 있었다. 4. 이들 암석(岩石)에서 유래한 토양(土壤)의 투수력(透水力)은 빠른 것 같으며 화강암토양(花崗巖土壤)은 토성(土性)의 영향으로 석회암토양(石灰岩土壤)은 토양구조(土壤構造), 폐식(廢植)의 높은 함량(含量)과 근계(根系)의 영향 때문이다. 5. 산사태발생(山沙汰發生)의 근원지의 지형(地形)은 대부분 곡두(谷頭)의 요형지(凹型地)와 산복 상부의 요형(凹型)지에서 나타나고 있다. 이는 유거수(流去水)의 집수력(集水力)때문인것 같고 이 지점의 토양단면(土壤斷面)을 보면 석회암지대(石灰岩地帶)는 혼연성토양(混淵性土壤), 화강암지대(花崗岩地帶)는 발(髮)한 심토호(深土戶)으로 되있다. 6. 산사태지(山沙汰地)의 경사도(傾斜度)는 대부분 $25^{\circ}$이상(以上)에서 나타났고 경사위치(傾斜位置)는 산복상부의 6~9부 능선에서 나타났다. 7. 산사태지(山沙汰地)의 식피(植被)는 대부분 화전(火田)경작지, 화전초지(火田草地), 화전조림지(火田造林地), 황폐지(荒廢地)의 불량임분(不良林分)과 미림목지(未林木地)이었다. 일부 성림지(成林地)(중경목지)에도 나타났으나 대개 표상(表上)에 암석시(岩石尸)이 있는 지역이다. 8. 산사태위험도(山沙汰危險度)는 몇가지 환경인자(環境因子)로 즉 식피(植被), 경사도(傾斜度), 경사형태(傾斜形態) 및 위치(位置), 기암(基岩)과 분포형태(分布形態), 토양단면(土壤斷面)의 특성(特性) 등(等)으로 추정이 가능할 것 같다. 9. 가옥피해(家屋被害)는 대부분 다음과 같은 지형(地形)에서 나타나고 있다. 충적추(沖積錐)와 선상지요형사면(扇狀地凹型斜面)의 산록, 곡간(谷間)이나 야계변(野溪邊)의 소단구(小段丘)와 붕적토지(崩積土地) 등(等)이다. 가옥피해위험지(家屋被害危險地)는 항공사진으로 가옥(家屋)주위의 지형상태(地形狀態)를 참고를 하면 판정(判定)이 가능할 것 같다. 10. 산사태(山沙汰)의 예방대책(豫防對策)으로 위험지(危險地)의 진단기술(診斷技術)의 개발(開發), 현지조사(現地調査)를 통해 가능한 조속(早速)히 예방사방(豫防砂防)이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 가옥(家屋)과 부락(部落)의 피해예방대책(被害豫防對策)이 수립(樹立) 실행(實行)하여야 되며 재해방비림(災害防備林)의 조성책(造成策)이 고려되어야 할 것이다. 11. 산사태(山沙汰)에 의한 가옥(家屋)과 부락(部落)의 피해위험도(被害危險度)를 판정(判定)하여 지도사업(指導事業)을 통해 알려 주어야 한다. 12. 사태위험지(沙汰危險地)의 계벌작업(階伐作業), 화전경작(火田耕作), 연료채취(燃料採取)를 철저히 금지(禁止)시키고 피해위험지(被害危險地)의 가옥(家屋)신축을 규제시켜야 될 것이다. 따라서 산림경영계획(山林經營計劃)의 편성시 산사태(山沙汰)여부 토양침식(土壤浸蝕)과 홍수문제(洪水問題)들이 고려되어야 하며 재해예방대책(災害豫防對策)이 포함되어야 할 것이다.

• 안보군사학연구
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• 통권13호
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• pp.687-738
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• 2016

To prepare for the complicated international relationship regarding Korean Peninsula after reunification, this thesis started off with the awareness that Unified Korea should build its international posture and national security at an early stage by determining its appropriate military strength for independent defense and military strategies that Unified Korea should aim. The main theme of this thesis is 'The research on appropriate military strength of the Unified Korean military'. To derive appropriate military strength of Unified Korea, this research focuses on conflict scenario and relative balance strategy based on potential threats posed by neighboring countries, and this is the part that differentiates this research from other researches. First of all, the main objective of the research is to decide appropriate military strength for Unified Korea to secure defense sufficiency. For this, this research will decide efficient military strategy that Unified Korea should aim. Than by presuming the most possible military conflict scenario, this research will judge the most appropriate military strength for Unified Korea to overcome the dispute. Second, after deciding appropriate military strength, this research will suggest how to operate presumed military strength in each armed force. The result of this thesis is as in the following. First, Unified Korea should aim 'relative balance strategy'. 'Relative balance strategy' is a military strategy which Unified Korea can independently secure defense sufficiency by maintaining relative balance when conflicts occur between neighboring countries. This strategy deters conflicts in advance by relative balance of power in certain time and place. Even if conflict occurs inevitably, this strategy secures initiative. Second, when analyzing neighboring countries interest and strategic environment after unification, the possibility of all-out war will be low in the Korean Peninsula because no other nation wants the Korean Peninsula to be subordinated to one single country. Therefore appropriate military strength of the Unified Korean military would be enough when Unified Korea can achieve relative balance in regional war or limited war. Third, Northeast Asia is a region where economic power and military strength is concentrated. Despite increasing mutual cooperation in the region, conflicts and competition to expand each countries influence is inherent. Japan is constantly enhancing their military strength as they aim for normal statehood. China is modernizing their military strength as they aspire to become global central nation. Russia is also enhancing their military strength in order to hold on to their past glory of Soviet Union as a world power. As a result, both in quality and quantity, the gap between military strength of Unified Korea and each neighboring countries is enlarged at an alarming rate. Especially in the field of air-sea power, arms race is occurring between each nation. Therefore Unified Korea should be equipped with appropriate military strength in order to achieve relative balance with each threats posed by neighboring countries. Fourth, the most possible conflicts between Unified Korea and neighboring countries could be summarized into four, which are Dokdo territorial dispute with Japan, Leodo jurisdictional dispute with China, territorial dispute concerning northern part of the Korea Peninsula with China and disputes regarding marine resources and sea routes with Russia. Based on those conflict scenarios, appropriate military strength for Unified Korea is as in the following. When conflict occurs with Japan regarding Dokdo, Japan is expected to put JMSDF Escort Flotilla 3, one out of four of its Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Escort Fleet, which is based in Maizuru and JMSDF Maizuru District. To counterbalance this military strength, Unified Korea needs one task fleet, comprised with three task flotilla. In case of jurisdictional conflict with China concerning Leodo, China is expected to dispatch its North Sea fleet, one out of three of its naval fleet, which is in charge of the Yellow Sea. To response to this military action, Unified Korea needs one task fleet, comprised with three task flotilla. In case of territorial dispute concerning northern part of the Korean Peninsula with China, it is estimated that out of seven Military Region troops, China will dispatch two Military Region troops, including three Army Groups from Shenyang Military Region, where it faces boarder with the Korean Peninsula. To handle with this military strength, Unified Korea needs six corps size ground force strength, including three corps of ground forces, two operational reserve corps(maneuver corps), and one strategic reserve corps(maneuver corps). When conflict occurs with Russia regarding marine resources and sea routes, Russia is expected to send a warfare group of a size that includes two destroyers, which is part of the Pacific Fleet. In order to balance this strength, Unified Korea naval power requires one warfare group including two destroyers. Fifth, management direction for the Unified Korean military is as in the following. Regarding the ground force management, it would be most efficient to deploy troops in the border area with china for regional and counter-amphibious defense. For the defense except the border line with china, the most efficient form of force management would be maintaining strategic reserve corps. The naval force should achieve relative balance with neighboring countries when there is maritime dispute and build 'task fleet' which can independently handle long-range maritime mission. Of the three 'task fleet', one task fleet should be deployed at Jeju base to prepare for Dokdo territorial dispute and Leodo jurisdictional dispute. Also in case of regional conflict with china, one task fleet should be positioned at Yellow Sea and for regional conflict with Japan and Russia, one task fleet should be deployed at East Sea. Realistically, Unified Korea cannot possess an air force equal to neither Japan nor China in quantity. Therefore, although Unified Korea's air force might be inferior in quantity, they should possess the systematic level which Japan or China has. For this Unified Korea should build air base in island areas like Jeju Island or Ullenong Island to increase combat radius. Also to block off infiltration of enemy attack plane, air force needs to build and manage air bases near coastal areas. For landing operation forces, Marine Corps should be managed in the size of two divisions. For island defense force, which is in charge of Jeju Island, Ulleung Island, Dokdo Island and five northwestern boarder island defenses, it should be in the size of one brigade. Also for standing international peace keeping operation, it requires one brigade. Therefore Marine Corps should be organized into three divisions. The result of the research yields a few policy implications when building appropriate military strength for Unified Korea. First, Unified Korea requires lower number of ground troops compared to that of current ROK(Republic of Korea) force. Second, air-sea forces should be drastically reinforced. Third, appropriate military strength of the Unified Korean military should be based on current ROK military system. Forth, building appropriate military strength for Unified Korea should start from today, not after reunification. Because of this, South Korea should build a military power that can simultaneously prepare for current North Korea's provocations and future threats from neighboring countries after reunification. The core of this research is to decide appropriate military strength for Unified Korea to realize relative balance that will ensure defense sufficiency from neighboring countries threats. In other words, this research should precisely be aware of threats posed by neighboring countries and decide minimum level of military strength that could realize relative balance in conflict situation. Moreover this research will show the path for building appropriate military strength in each armed force.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1974

This Study involved the development of a survey form and the collection of data in an effort-to provide information which can be used in the improvement of nursing curricula. The data examined were the kinds courses currently being taught in the curricula of nursing education institutions throughout Korea, credits required for course completion, and year in-which courses are taken. For the purposes of this study, curricula were classified into college, nursing school and vocational school categories. Courses were directed into the 3 major categories of general education courses, supporting science courses and professional education course, and further subdirector as. follows: 1) General education (following the classification of Philip H. phoenix): a) Symbolics, b) Empirics, c) Aesthetics. 4) Synthetics, e) Ethics, f) Synoptic. 2) Supporting science: a) physical science, b) biological science, c) social science, d) behavioral science, e) Health science, f) Educations 3) Professional Education; a) basic courses, b) courses in each of the respective fields of nursing. Ⅰ. General Education aimed at developing the individual as a person and as a member of society is relatively strong in college curricula compared with the other two. a) Courses included in the category of symbolics included Korean language, English, German. Chines. Mathematics. Statics: Economics and Computer most college curricula included 20 credits. of courses in this sub-category, while nursing schools required 12 credits and vocational school 10 units. English ordinarily receives particularly heavy emphasis. b) Research methodology, Domestic affair and women & courtney was included under the category of empirics in the college curricula, nursing and vocational school do not offer this at all. c) Courses classified under aesthetics were physical education, drill, music, recreation and fine arts. Most college curricula had 4 credits in these areas, nursing school provided for 2 credits, and most vocational schools offered 10 units. d) Synoptic included leadership, interpersonal relationship, and communications, Most schools did not offer courses of this nature. e) The category of ethics included citizenship. 2 credits are provided in college curricula, while vocational schools require 4 units. Nursing schools do not offer these courses. f) Courses included under synoptic were Korean history, cultural history, philosophy, Logics, and religion. Most college curricular 5 credits in these areas, nursing schools 4 credits. and vocational schools 2 units. g) Only physical education was given every Year in college curricula and only English was given in nursing schools and vocational schools in every of the curriculum. Most of the other courses were given during the first year of the curriculum. Ⅱ. Supporting science courses are fundamental to the practice and application of nursing theory. a) Physical science course include physics, chemistry and natural science. most colleges and nursing schools provided for 2 credits of physical science courses in their curricula, while most vocational schools did not offer t me. b) Courses included under biological science were anatomy, physiologic, biology and biochemistry. Most college curricula provided for 15 credits of biological science, nursing schools for the most part provided for 11 credits, and most vocational schools provided for 8 units. c) Courses included under social science were sociology and anthropology. Most colleges provided for 1 credit in courses of this category, which most nursing schools provided for 2 creates Most vocational school did not provide courses of this type. d) Courses included under behavioral science were general and clinical psychology, developmental psychology. mental hygiene and guidance. Most schools did not provide for these courses. e) Courses included under health science included pharmacy and pharmacology, microbiology, pathology, nutrition and dietetics, parasitology, and Chinese medicine. Most college curricula provided for 11 credits, while most nursing schools provide for 12 credits, most part provided 20 units of medical courses. f) Courses included under education included educational psychology, principles of education, philosophy of education, history of education, social education, educational evaluation, educational curricula, class management, guidance techniques and school & community. Host college softer 3 credits in courses in this category, while nursing schools provide 8 credits and vocational schools provide for 6 units, 50% of the colleges prepare these students to qualify as regular teachers of the second level, while 91% of the nursing schools and 60% of the vocational schools prepare their of the vocational schools prepare their students to qualify as school nurse. g) The majority of colleges start supporting science courses in the first year and complete them by the second year. Nursing schools and vocational schools usually complete them in the first year. Ⅲ. Professional Education courses are designed to develop professional nursing knowledge, attitudes and skills in the students. a) Basic courses include social nursing, nursing ethics, history of nursing professional control, nursing administration, social medicine, social welfare, introductory nursing, advanced nursing, medical regulations, efficient nursing, nursing english and basic nursing, College curricula devoted 13 credits to these subjects, nursing schools 14 credits, and vocational schools 26 units indicating a severe difference in the scope of education provided. b) There was noticeable tendency for the colleges to take a unified approach to the branches of nursing. 60% of the schools had courses in public health nursing, 80% in pediatric nursing, 60% in obstetric nursing, 90% in psychiatric nursing and 80% in medical-surgical nursing. The greatest number of schools provided 48 crudites in all of these fields combined. in most of the nursing schools, 52 credits were provided for courses divided according to disease. in the vocational schools, unified courses are provided in public health nursing, child nursing, maternal nursing, psychiatric nursing and adult nursing. In addition, one unit is provided for one hour a week of practice. The total number of units provided in the greatest number of vocational schools is thus Ⅲ units double the number provided in nursing schools and colleges. c) In th leges, the second year is devoted mainly to basic nursing courses, while the third and fourth years are used for advanced nursing courses. In nursing schools and vocational schools, the first year deals primarily with basic nursing and the second and third years are used to cover advanced nursing courses. The study yielded the following conclusions. 1. Instructional goals should be established for each courses in line with the idea of nursing, and curriculum improvements should be made accordingly. 2. Course that fall under the synthetics category should be strengthened and ways should be sought to develop the ability to cooperate with those who work for human welfare and health. 3. The ability to solve problems on the basis of scientific principles and knowledge and understanding of man society should be fostered through a strengthening of courses dealing with physical sciences, social sciences and behavioral sciences and redistribution of courses emphasizing biological and health sciences. 4. There should be more balanced curricula with less emphasis on courses in the major There is a need to establish courses necessary for the individual nurse by doing away with courses centered around specific diseases and combining them in unified courses. In addition it is possible to develop skill in dealing with people by using the social setting in comprehensive training. The most efficient ratio of the study experience should be studied to provide more effective, interesting education Elective course should be initiated to insure a man flexible, responsive educational program. 5. The curriculum stipulated in the education law should be examined.