• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.518-523
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• 2014

There are multiple experiments conducted with male Korean native ducks (KND) to evaluate the optimal levels of limiting amino acids (AA). In Exp. 1, a total of 450 one-d-old male KNDs were divided into five groups with six replicates and fed experimental diets with varying levels of lysine, total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) and threonine (T1, 0.90/0.74/0.70%; T2, 1.00/0.82/0.77%; T3, 1.10/0.90/0.85%; T4, 1.20/0.98/0.93%; T5, 1.30/1.07/1.01%) to 21 d of age. In Exp. 2, one-d-old male KND were received and fed commercial starter diet from hatching to 21 d of age, and then divided into five groups with six replicates and fed one of five diets varying levels of lysine, TSAA, and threonine (T1, 0.73/0.62/0.54%; T2, 0.80/0.68/0.60%; T3, 0.87/0.74/0.65%; T4, 0.94/0.80/0.70%; T5, 1.01/0.86/0.75%) during 22 to 56 d of age, respectively. The BW gain was linearly increased as dietary limiting AA levels increased to 1.20% lysine, 0.98% TSAA and 0.93% threonine. There were no significant differences in feed intake, gain:feed and uniformity among groups. In Exp. 2, the BW gain and gain:feed were not affected by dietary limiting AA levels. There were no significant differences in carcass characteristics and meat quality among groups. The growth performance and carcass characteristics did not show the significant response to increasing dietary limiting AA levels in KND during 22 to 56 d of age. In conclusion, the levels of lysine, TSAA and threonine necessary to maximize growth for starter phase were at least 1.20%, 0.98%, and 0.93%, respectively. On the other hands, KND require relatively low levels of limiting AA for late growth and carcass yield. The dietary levels of 0.73% lysine, 0.62% TSAA and 0.54% threonine appear to be adequate during growing phase.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.733-741
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• 2007

The effects of intra-duodenal infusion of methionine (Met), lysine (Lys) and leucine (Leu) on dry matter intake (DMI), the concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), growth hormone (GH) and insulin in plasma, and liver IGF-I mRNA level were investigated in two experiments for Liuyang Black growing wether goats. In Experiment 1, three goats ($10.0{\pm}0.1$ kg) were fitted with ruminal, proximal duodenal and terminal ileal fistulaes to determine the infusion amounts of Met, Lys and Leu at the duodenum according to essential amino acid flows into the duodenum and their apparent digestibility. The infusion amounts were 0.77 g/d, 0.91 g/d and 0.58 g/d respectively. In Experiment 2, 4 groups of goats (($10.0{\pm}0.2$ kg) for each group, were cannulated at the duodenum, and were infused with a mixture of Met, Lys and Leu (Control), or mixtures with 21% Met, Lys or Leu replaced with glutamate respectively on a nitrogenous basis. The replacement of 21% Met, Lys or Leu with glutamate did not affect intakes of maize stover, concentrate or both (p>0.05) when compared with the control. The replacement of 21% Met or Lys significantly (p<0.05) reduced plasma GH, insulin and IGF-I concentrations and liver IGF-I mRNA level. The replacement of 21% Leu with glutamate reduced (p<0.05) plasma IGF-I concentration only, but not plasma insulin and GH, as well as liver IGF-I mRNA level (p>0.05). The close relationships between supplying Met and Lys in the lumen of the duodenum and plasma IGF-I, GH and insulin concentrations, as well as liver IGF-I mRNA level in this study indicate that the effects of the limiting amino acids on nutrition of animals are likely intermediated via their effects on these hormones, and these hormone profiles could be used as intermediate markers for the limiting order of amino acids.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.391-400
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• 2016

The aim of this study was conducted to investigate the proximate and nutritional compositions including mineral, vitamin, amino acids and fatty acids in Korean yam (Dioscorea batatas $D_{ECNE}.$). Carbohydrate (68.1%) possessed the large single constituent of yam. Small amounts of crude protein (16.9%), crude ash (5.8%) and crude fat (2.0%) contents were found. Yam was found to be good sources of essential minerals such as K (1295.5 mg/100 g), Mg (115.3 mg/100 g), Na (99.0 mg/100 g) and Ca (56.5 mg/100 g) but Zn (0.3 mg/100 g) content was low. Relatively abundant vitamin $B_1$ (11.5 mg/100g) could be observed while vitamin A, $B_3$ and $B_6$ were not found. The amino acid analysis revealed that the yam was superior with respect to glutamic acid (1770.6 mg%), lysine (1210.6 mg%) and urea (550.9 mg%). Essential amino acids were calculated to be 2954.5 mg%. The amino acid profiles showed that yam to be limiting in valine and leusine. Palmitic acid and linoleic acid were the most predominant fatty acids with the value of 31.5% and 41.5%, respectively. And the polyunsaturated fatty acids including linoleic acid and linolenic acid were present in a large quantities in yam. And it also contained higher amounts of unsaturated fatty acids compared saturated fatty acids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.524-531
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• 2005

Two experiments were conducted to standardize in ovo injection of amino acids (AA) and to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection of limiting AA(s) on pre and post hatch growth performance, immune response and development of digestive organs. Combinations of essential and non-essential amino acids (Lys+Arg, Lys+Met+Cys, Thr+Gly+Ser, Ile+Leu+Val and Gly+Pro) were injected into 50 eggs in each treatment group at 14 d of embryonic age. Standardization of injection site, needle length and embryonic age revealed that when AA were injected in to the broad end of the egg with a 11 mm needle and at the narrow end with a 24 mm needle both at the 7$^{th}$ and 14$^{th}$ d of incubation there was poor hatchability. However, better hatchability was recorded when the AA were injected in the narrow end of the egg with a 11 mm needle and in the broad end with a 24 mm needle on the 14$^{th}$ d of incubation. The chick to egg weight ratio was higher (p<0.018) when AA were injected on the 14$^{th}$ d of incubation. When a combination of amino acids were injected a 63.6 or 63.2 g difference in body weight of bird at 21 d was recorded between uninjected control and Ile+Leu+Val or Gly+Pro group, respectively. Higher feed intake (p<0.047) was recorded in the AA injected groups and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was numerically better in Gly+Pro, Lys+Met+Cys AA injected groups than in the uninjected control. Significantly higher immune response to cell mediated (p<0.033) and humoral (p<0.002) immunity was observed in in ovo amino acid injected birds, especially in Lys+Met+Cys, Thr+Gly+Ser or Ile+leu+Val groups. The digestive organ weights at 21 d did not differ between specific AA injected groups and the uninjected control. In ovo injected amino acids may act as immunomodulators and their role in gastrointestinal development needs further research.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.11-19
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• 1979

A numerical analysis of essential amino acid pattern of protein in daily Korean foods was conducted through computer programming based on the food intake data from 'Reports of national nutritional survey (1969, $1973{\sim}1979)'$ and food supply data from 'Food balance sheet $(1970{\sim}1977)'$. It was noted that the amounts of daily intake and supply of animal protein were gradually increased since 1973. In 1977, animal protein intake was 17.5g in total protein intake of 68g per person per day. Intake and supply of total essential amino acids were $20{\sim}28g$ per person per day in the both of urban and rural areas, and greater consumption of leucine, phenylalanine+tyrosine, isoleusine, lysine and valine was observed. Amino acids scores of consumed protein based on FAO provisional amino acid scoring pattern(1973) were around $75{\sim}90$ showing the scores of 77.9 in 1969 and 89.5 in 1977, and also lysine(1969, $1973{\sim}1976$) and threonine(1977) were considered as first limiting amino acid. On the other hand the scores of supply Protein $(1970{\sim}1977)$ rated in $82{\sim}88$, lysine$(1970{\sim}1971)$ or threonine $(1972{\sim}1977)$ was found as first limiting amino acid. Generally a protein quality of Korean daily food was improved since 1973 and a difference between urban and rural areas in terms of the nutritive quality of protein was considerably reduced in 1977.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.529-539
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• 1997

The present study was to formulate a computer program to provide a menu based on a food preference survey of families in urban areas. A food preference survey was conducted by individual direct interviews of infants, children and old people in this study. In case other's food preferences were available, food menus considering all age groups could be made. Database III PLUS package was utilized for this study. The dBASE was loaded with a food compostion table of 339 different food items, along with data for amino acids and fatty acids for 171 and 43 food items respectively. Food preference, unit of food, and recommended dietary allowances were also incloded. This meun program system calculates nutrients in selected foods, and menu assessment was composed of several factors inculding energy ratio of carbohydrate : protein : fat, amino acid score, limiting amino acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid(JP/S) ratio and Ca/P ratio.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.27-34
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• 1977

The present study was carried out to evaluate the nutritional quality of rabbit meat protein. The composition of amino acids contained in rabbit meat was compared with those of other animal meats such as beef, pork and chicken. Also included in this study was the question whether the cooking and storage conditions affect the amino acid composition and the pepsindigestibility of rabbit meat protein. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The large variation observed from sample to sample of EAA (essential amino acid) composition in rabbit meat was found to be an interesting but peculiar property of rabbit meat protein. The most limiting amino acid of rabbit meat protein was phenylalanine, whereas methionine was the first limiting amino acid of both beef and pork proteins. Chemical scores of various meat proteins were 68, 65, 66, and 74 for rabbit meat, beef, pork, and chicken respectively. 2. In pan roasting, the EAA damaged most by heat was methionine (15%). When cooked after two months of frozen storage, lysine decreased most. 3. Higher pepsin digestibility was obtained by cooking rabbit meat after seasoned in alcohol, ginger juice, and other spices compared with various other cooking conditions without seasoning. The pepsin digestibility value was even higher for the seasoned meat than for the raw meat. 4. Among various meats tested the rabbit meat showed the lowest pepsin digestibility. 5. A simple measurement of released methionine could be used to determine relative digestibility instead of measuring $NH_2-N$ content after pepsin digestion. From all the results obtained in this study it can be concluded that rabbit meat is a good Protein food item when used fresh and stored properly to prevent rancidity problems. It is suggested to study further the peroxidation effect of unsaturated fatty acids on protein quality. This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology in Korea.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.262-272
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• 1984

A study on the balance of essential amino acids in Korean diet and further investigation on quality of protein through optimum combination of foods using the least square method based on FAO/WHO (1973) provisional score patterns were carried out The results of the optimum gross combination are summarized as follows: 1) The first limiting amino acids of the Korean diet was found to be methionine and cysteine based on both whole egg and FAO/WHO (1973) provisional score patterns. 2) Weight ratios between rice and beef, chicken, pork, rabbit meat are 7 : 3, 4 : 1, 4 : 1, and 3 : 1. The amino acid score and the least amino acid are 100(phe+tyr), 99(thr), 111(trp), and 109(leu) for each combination. This result indicates that pork and rabbit meat can be high quality protein sources for the rice eating people. 3) Weight ratios between rice and anchovy, saury, ark shell, pollack, cuttle fish, tuna and herring are 2 : 1, 5 : 1, 3 : 2, 3 : 1, 3 : 1, 4 : 1, and 3 : 1. 4) Weight ratios between potato and rice, wheat flour are 8 : 1 and 24 : 1. Lysine, the limiting amino acid of rice and wheat flour can be complemented by combining these with potato. 5) It is possible to apply this idea on typical Korean dishes. For example, in case of soybean-sprout rice the optimum combinations of rice : soybean-sprout : pork and rice : soybean-sprout : beef are 4 : 1 : 1 and 11 : 1 : 5. It is of utmost importance to pursue further more desirable combinations with more complex food items and transform the result obtained by the computer analysis into more practical terms for practical use.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.201-210
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• 1965

Leuconostoc mesenteroides P-60, Lactobacillus arabinosus 17-5, Streptococcus faecalis R have been successfully used for the quantitative determination of sixteen amino acids in Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar hydrolysate by alkaline and hydrolysis for succesive two hours from two to twelve hours, by means of microbiological assay. And thiamine and riboflavin were fluorometrically determinated by thiochrome and lumiflavin in powder (80mesh) of Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar. The results were as follows: 1) Arginine contents was the highest in hydrolysate for two hours, but longer the hydrolysis, the more content Undaria pinnatifida was decreased. 2) The adequate contents of other amino acids were obtained by hydrolysis for six hours. 3) Growth check and improve of Lactobacillus were not identified in determination by microbiological assay for Undaria pinnatifida. 4) The following values were obtained in Undaria pinnatifida hydrolysate six hours: asparatic acid 466, arginine 230, lysine 317, histidine 74, isoleucine 242, methionine 202, phenylalanine 256, proline 231, threonine 231, tyrosine 161, valine 415, glycine 302, leucine 414, glutamic acid 625, cystine (5 hrs.) 53 and tryptophan (8 hrs.) 90mg per nitrogen one gram. 5) Protein score was 81 (limiting factor was isoleucine) and essential amino acids pattern was of satisfactory results. And methionine contained was higher than FAO value or milk value. 6) Sulphur contained amino acids (methionine plus cystine) contained in Undaria pinnatifida were 225mg/N-g. That was satisfactory results. 7) Absorption spectrum of wave length were not different 1% HAc from buffer-sol. (pH 6.8) in dilution for determination of riboflavin. Both methods might be suitable. 8) Thiamine and riboflavin contained in Undaria pinnatifida were ($B_1,\;82.51{\pm}1.1){\gamma}/N-g\;and\;(B_2,\;115.29{\pm}1.5){\gamma}/N-g.$.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.129-135
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• 1976

대맥(大麥) 16개(個) 품종(品種)(단백질함량(蛋白質含量) 최고(最高) 15.4%에서 최저(最低) 6.1%)의 정맥중(精麥中) amino산(酸)의 조성(組成)과 이들 상호간(相互間) 및 이들과 단백질(蛋白質)과의 상관(相關) 관계(關係)는 다음과 같았다. 1) 제한(制限) amino 산(酸)은 lysine 이었으며 threonine과 tyrosine이 적고 leucine과 phenylalanine이 특히 많은 편이며 필수(必須) amino산(酸) 총량(總量)은 많은 편이다. 2) 단백질(蛋白質)은 단백질당(蛋白質當) amino산(酸) 함량(含量)과의 상관(相關)에서 lysine, arginine, total basic amino acid와 1%수준에서 threonine, alanine 및 aspartic acid와 5%수준에서 유의부상관(有意負相關)을, phenylalanine과 1%수준에서 proline, cystine과 5%수준에서 유의정상관(有意正相關)을 갖는다. 3) Lysine은 arginine 및 aspartic acid가 유의정상관(有意正相關)을 보이므로 대맥(大麥)에서도 aspartic acid가 lysine 대사에 관련됨을 시사하며 다수성(多收性) 품종(品種) 또는 다비조건(多肥條件)은 aspartic acid pool을 상대적으로 감소시킬 가능성이 있고 그 결과로 lysine이 적어지는 것같다. 4) Lysine은 색소결합능(色素結合能)(Dye binding capacity)과 유의정상관(有意正相關)을 보였다. $(r=0.7377^{**})$ 5) Tryptophan은 histidine, 염기성 amino산총량(酸總量) 및 arginine 과만 유의정상관(有意正相關)을 보였다. 6) 필수(必須) amino산(酸) 중(中) lysine, tryptophan, threonine, valine은 같이 증감하며 함황(含黃) amino산(酸)과 방향성(芳香性) amino산(酸) 및 isoleucine, leucine은 이들과 반대로 증감한다.