• 청정기술
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.212-220
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• 2018

순산소 연소기술은 화력발전에 적용 가능한 유망한 온실가스 감축 기술로 평가되고 있다. 본 연구는 환경적 관점에서 순환유동층을 활용한 순산소 연소조건에 로 내 탈황 및 탈질법을 적용하여 NO 및 $SO_2$의 거동을 살펴보는 한편, $SO_3$, $NH_3$, 그리고 $N_2O$의 발생 경향도 관측하였다. 이를 위해, 연소로 내 석회석 및 요소수를 투입하였다. 로 내 탈황법은 연소가스 내 $SO_2$ 농도를 ~403에서 ~41 ppm까지 저감하였다. 또한 $SO_3$ 형성의 주원료인 $SO_2$가 저감되면서 연소가스 내 $SO_3$ 농도도 ~3.9에서 ~1.4 ppm까지 감소되었다. 그러나 석회석 내 $CaCO_3$가 NO의 발생을 촉진하는 현상도 관측되었다. 연소가스 내 NO 농도는로 내 탈질법을 적용하여 ~26 - 34 ppm까지 저감되었다. 요소수 투입량 증가에 따라 연소가스 내 $NH_3$ 농도가 증가하여 최대 ~1.8 ppm으로 나타났으며, $N_2O$의 농도도 ~61에서 ~156 ppm까지 증가하였다. $N_2O$ 발생량 증가 현상은 요소수의 열분해 과정에서 생성된 HNCO가 $N_2O$로 전환되어 나타난다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 로 내 연소가스 세정법을 적용할 경우 $NO_x$ 및 $SO_x$의 저감뿐만 아니라, 다른 오염물질의 발생에 대한 주의가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 1970

Very few articles are available on geologic structure and genesis of Sangdong scheelite-deposits in spite of the fact that the mine is one of the leading tungsten producer in the world. Sangdong scheelite deposits, embedded in Myobong slate of Cambrian age at the southem limb of the Hambaek syncline which strikes $N70{\sim}80^{\circ}W$ and dips $15{\sim}30^{\circ}$ northeast, comprise six parallel veins in coincide with the bedding plane of Myobong formation, namely four footwall veins, a main vein, and a hangingwall vein. Four footwall veins are discontinuous and diminish both directions in short distance and were worked at near surface in old time. Hangingwall vein is emplaced in brecciated zone in contact plane of Myobong slate and overlying Pungchon limestone bed of Cambrian age and has not been worked until recent. The main vein, presently working, continues more than 1,500 m in both strike and dip sides and has a thickness varying 3.5 to 5 m. Characteristic is the distinct zonal arrangement of the main vein along strike side which gives a clue to the genesis of the deposits. The zones symmetrically arranged in both sides from center are, in order of center to both margins, muscovite-biotite-quartz zone, biotite-hornblende-quartz zone and garnet-diopside zone. The zones grade into each other with no boundary, and minable part of the vein streches in the former two zones extending roughly 1,000 m in strike side and over 1,100 m in dip side to which mining is underway at present. The quartz in both muscovite-biotite-quartz and biotite-hornblende-quartz zones is not network type of later intrusion, but the primary constituent of the special type of rock that forms the main vein. The minable zone has been enriched several times by numerous quartz veins along post-mineral fractures in the vein which carry scheelite, molybdenite, bismuthinite, fluorite and other sulfide minerals. These quartz veins varying from few centimeter to few tens of centimeter in width are roughly parallel to the main vein although few of them are diagonal, and distributed in rich zones not beyond the vein into both walls and garnet-diopside zone. Ore grade ranges from 1.5~2.5% $WO_3$ in center zone to less than 0.5% in garnet-diopside zone at margin, biotite-hornblende-quartz zone being inbetween in garde. The grade is, in general, proportional to the content of primary quartz. Judging from regional structure in mid-central parts of South Korea, Hambaek syncline was formed by the disturbance at the end of Triassic period with which bedding thrust and accompanied feather cracks in footwall side were created in Myobong slate and brecciated zone in contact plane between Myobong slate and Pungchon limestone. These fractures acted as a pathway of hot solution from interior which was in turn differentiated in situ to form deposit of the main vein with zonal arrangement. The footwall veins were developed along feather cracks accompanied with the main thrust by intrusion of biotite-hornblende-quartz vein and the hangingwall vein in shear zone along contact plane by replacement. The main vein thus formed was enriched at later stage by hydrothermal solutions now represented by quartz veins. The main mineralization and subsequent hydrothermal enrichments had probably taken place in post-Triassic to pre-Cretaceous periods. The veins were slightly displaced by post-mineral faults which cross diagonally the vein. This hypothesis differs from those done by previous workers who postulated that the deposits were formed by pyrometasomatic to contact replacement of the intercalated thin limestone bed in Myobong slate at the end of Cretaceous period.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.147-176
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• 1979

제2연산광산(第二蓮山鑛山)은 그 스카른 유화연(硫化鉛) 아연광상(亞鉛鑛床)의 체계적(體系的)인 분포상태(分布狀態)로 특징(特徵)지어졌으며 광상(鑛床)은 중경사(中傾斜)로 기울어진 판상내지(板狀乃至) 렌즈상광체군(狀鑛體群)으로 대표(代表)되며 동북동(東北東)으로 주향(走向)하는 풍촌석회암(豊村石灰岩) 및 묘봉점판암(猫峯粘板岩)의 충상단층면(衝上斷層面)에 따라 관입(貫入)한 석영(石英)몬조니반암(班岩)의 암상(岩床) 및 이로부터 분기(分技)한 암맥(岩脈)의 접촉대(接觸帶)에 따라 발달(發達)되었다. 이들 광상(鑛床)은 모암(母岩) 및 화성암(火成岩)과의 관계(關係)에 따라 (1) 관입암상(貫入岩床)의 하반광체군(下盤鑛體群)(월곡하반광체(月谷下盤鑛體)) (2) 동(同) 상반광체군(上盤鑛體群)(월곡상반광체(月谷上盤鑛體)) (3) 암맥접촉대(岩脈接觸帶)와 이로부터 석회암층간(石灰岩層間)에 따라 연장(延長)된 광체군(鑛體群)(선곡광체(仙谷鑛體))으로 삼대분(三大分)된다. 광상(鑛床)은 석회규산염(石灰硅酸鹽)(스카른광물(鑛物))과 유화광물(硫化鑛物)로 구성(構成)돼 있는데 유화광석(硫化鑛石)으로는 섬아연석(閃亞鉛石)을 주(主)로 하고 방연석(方鉛石) 및 황동석(黃銅石)이 포함(包含)되며 유화맥석(硫化脈石)으로는 자유철석(磁硫鐵石)을 주(主)로 한다. 농촌석회암(農村石灰岩)과 석영(石英)몬조니암(岩)과의 월곡하반접촉대(月谷下盤接觸帶)에 발달(發達)된 외성(外成)및 내성(內成)스카른광물(鑛物)은 -120갱(坑)에서 다음과 같은 대칭대반분포(對稱帶狀分布)를 보인다. 즉 외성(外成)스카른의 중심(中心)에 자류석-석영대(石英帶), 이 대(帶)의 양측(兩側)바같으로 휘석(輝石)-광석대(鑛石帶), 그리고 더욱 외측(外側)으로 묘봉점판암(猫峯粘板岩)쪽으로는 함녹염석(含綠簾石) 녹니석(綠泥石) 혼펠스대(帶)와 화성암(火成岩)쪽으로는 녹염석(綠簾石)을 주(主)로 하는 내성(內成)스카른대(帶)가 배열(配列)한다. 이는 스카른형성(形成)에 있어서의 두가지 효과(效果) 즉 (1) 원암(原岩)의 차이(差異)(퇴적암(堆積岩)과 화성암(火成岩)) 및 (2) 스카른분대(分帶)는 이들 원암(原岩)의 교대변질과정(交代變質過程)에 있어서 내측대(內測帶)로부 터 외측대(外側帶)로 향(向)한 점진적(漸進的) 이동(移動)이 있었음을 보여주고 있다. 전자선분석(電子線分析)에 의(依)하면 휘석(輝石)은 회철휘석질(灰鐵輝石質)이고 중심대(中心帶)로 부터 외측대(外側帶)를 향(向)하여 철분(鐵分)이 증가(增加)하는데 반(反)하여 자류석의 철분(鐵分)은 증가(增加)함으로서 휘석(輝石)과 자류석에 흡수(吸收)된 철분(鐵分)의 양(量)이 서로 반비례(反比例)함을 보여준다. 준휘석류(準輝石類)에 硅灰石(규회석)이 안나타나고 대신(代身) 파이록시망가이트, 장마휘석, 버스타마이트가 우세한 점(點)은 스카른용액(溶液)의 높은 함(含)망간성(性)을 말하며 자류석이 흔히 형석(螢石)에 의(依)해 대표(交代)되었음은 할로겐의 활동(活動)이 매우 강(强)했음을 가르친다. 유화아연(硫化亞鉛)은 스카른대중(帶中) 특히 휘석대(輝石帶)에 친근(親近)하게 수반(隨伴)되며 이는 회철휘석(灰鐵輝石)이 유화아연(硫化亞鉛)의 침전(沈澱)을 촉진(促進)하는 환원환경(還元環境)을 조성(造成)하는데 기인(起因)된 것으로 해석(解析)된다. 지질구조적(地質構造的)으로 개방(開放)된 환경(環境)에 있었던 월곡상반(月谷上盤)및 선곡광화대(仙谷鑛化帶)에 있어서는 금속품위(金屬品位)의 변동(變動)이 심(甚)한데 반(反)해 두개의 관입암상(貫入岩床)사이에 폐쇄(閉鎖)되었던 월곡하반접촉대내(月谷下盤接觸帶內)에서는 금속품위(金屬品位)의 분포(分布)가 비교적(比較的) 일정(-定)하다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.509-515
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• 2009

The aim of this study is investigated greenhouse gas emissions of glass industry, and when calculates greenhouse gas emission, using formula(Tier 3) advising in IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and using self designed formula(Tier 3+) authors of this study. Studied to propose calculation formula that can compare these two calculation results and apply to domestic. Formula of Tier 3 calculated to theoretical composition of carbonate material, And Formula of Tier 3+ calculated on the basis of chemical substance formation table that get from glass manufacture company(The S company). As a result, Dolomite, Soda ash, Limestone, Industrial Barium carbonate is calculated value of Tier 3+ lower than value of Tier 3, And Industrial Potassium carbonate, Industrial Strontium carbonate was calculated value of Tier 3 lower than value of Tier 3. This study finding, formula of Tier 3+ has higher confidence than formula of Tier 3 when consider revision about purity of injection raw material. And hereafter, When calculate greenhouse gas emissions about nonmetallic mineral industry, use of Tier 3+ is considered that should be encouraged.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2011

페루 남중부 아방까이 일대 수빠라우라 지역 산화동 산출지의 주변지질, 광상조사를 실시했다. 조사지역은 중생대 백악기의 석회암과 사암층을 기반암으로 하여 신생대 제 3기 화강섬록암, 토날라이트, 안산암질 반암 등이 기반암을 관입하고 있다. $N70^{\circ}W$ 주향과 $60^{\circ}NE$ 경사의 적색 사암 층리변을 따라 최대 30 cm 폭의 동광화작용이 관찰된다. 이는 반암형 시스템에서 일반적으로 발달하는 동광화작용과는 완전히 다른 변질작용, 광물조합, 산출특성 등을 가지며, 미시시피 밸리 유형에 해당하는 층준큐제형 퇴적암-모암 동광상 (Stratiform Sediment-hosted Copper deposits: SSC)에 대비될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.181-186
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• 2010

Since it was developed by Joseph Aspdin, cement has been a common construction materials up to the present time. However, there are trace constituents in cement clinker. One of the trace constituents included in cement clinker, chromium, has become prominent and highly noticed lately as a social issue both inside and outside of this country because it affects the human body negatively. The aim of the present study was to investigate the concentration of water-soluble hexavalent chromium in cement clinker by using industrial by-products. For that reason, raw materials were prepared to add different $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, and $Fe_2O_3$ sources. After the raw materials such as the limestone, the sand and the clay, iron ore was pulverized and mixed, and the raw meal was burnt at about $1450^{\circ}C$ in a furnace with an oxidizing atmosphere. The part in the raw materials of the clinker was substituted with slag, sludge, etc. and this was used to manufacturing cement clinker. To investigate the water-soluble hexavalent chromium content in clinker, raw meal was prepared by changing the modulus, the type, and the content of clinker materials and tested concentrations of hexavalent chromium in the clinkers. To determine $Cr^{+6}$ formation of the clinker, tests were done with raw meals adding chromium by using different industrial by-products. Consequently because the chromium was to be included in the raw materials of the clinker, production of Portland cement clinker was included with the chromium. Also, the chromium was converted into hexavalent chromium in the burning process.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.577-586
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• 2017

One of the major sources causing eutrophication and algal blooms of lakes or streams is phosphorus which comes from point and nonpoint pollution sources. HAP (hydroxyapatite) crystallization using granular alkaline materials can achieve the decrease of phosphorus load from wastewater treatment plants and nonpoint pollution control facilities. In order to induce HAP crystal formation, continuous supply of calcium and hydroxyl ions is required. In this research, considering HAP crystallization, several types of lime-based granular alkaline materials were prepared, and the elution characteristics of calcium and hydroxyl ions of each were analyzed. Also, column tests were performed to verify phosphorus removal efficiencies of granular alkaline materials. Material_1 (gypsum+cement mixed material) achieved the highest pH values in the column tests consistently, also, Material_2 (gypsum+slag mixed material) and Material_3 (calcined limestone material) achieved over pH 9.0 for 240 hours (10 days) and proved the efficiencies of long-term ion supplier for HAP crystallization. In the column tests using Material_3, considerable pH increase and phosphorus removal were carried out according to each linear velocity and filtration depth. T-P removal efficiencies were 87.0, 84.0, 68.0% and those of PO4-P 100.0, 97.0, 80.0% for linear velocity of 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 m/hr respectively. Based on the column test results, the applicability of phosphorus removal processes for small-scale wastewater treatment plants and nonpoint pollution control facilities was found out.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.393-402
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• 2020

The given research focuses on examining the effect of relatively humidity (RH) and curing temperature on the hydrates as well as the porosity of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement pastes. Numerous tests, which consist of mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), thermosgravi metric (TG) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were conducted. Various characterization techniques which include, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform microscopy along with X-ray diffraction evaluations were conducted on the samples to examine phase formation and crystallinity, morphology and microstructure along with bond formations and functional groups, respectively. During long-term study, the performance of concrete which consisted of limestone and flash-calcined was close to those from standard Portland cement concrete. Traditional classifications and methods of corrosion were widely used for the assessment of steel in concrete which may get employed to concrete which contains LC3 to recalibrate the range of polarization resistance for passitivity condition. For example, there is up to 79.5% and 146% respective flexural and compressive strengths. Moreover, they developed more advance electrical and thermo-mechanical performance with a substantial reduction in absorption of water of close to 400%. These advantages allow this research crucial to evaluate how these methods can be applied. Additionally, the research evaluates developed and more advanced cement preservation and repair techniques. The conclusion suggests concerted efforts by various stakeholders such as policy makers to enable low-carbon rates.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.205-219
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• 1982

어성천 망간광상은 고생대 오르도비스기의 흥월리 돌로마이트층과 삼태산 석회암층에 관입한 석영반암맥을 따라 산출되는 표성광상이다. 망간광석은 산화망간광물들과 이에 수반되는 맥석광물들로 구성되어 있다. 산화망간광물들 중 란시아이트와 토도로카이트는 다량으로 산출되며, 버어네사이트, 엔소타이트, 연망간석, 캘코파나이트는 소량으로 산출된다. 맥석광물로는 방해석, 석고, 침철석, 레피도크로사이트, 석영, 견운모등이 산출된다. 산화망간광물들과 맥석광물들의 연구에는 현미경 관찰, 화학분석, 엑스선회절분석, 적회선흡수분광분석, 시차열분석 방법등이 이용되었다. 버어네사이트와 란시아이트의 관계가 엑스선회절분석과 적외선흡수분광분석법에 의하여 연구되었다. 이 두 광물들은 구조적으로 상당히 밀접한 관계가 있으나 서로 다른 광물종임이 적외선 흡수 스펙트럼연구에 의하여 확실시된다. 산화망간광물들은 표성환경하에서 교대작용, 용액으로부터의 침전, 재결정작용등에 의하여 생성되었다. 산화망간광물들의 생성순서는 다음과 같은 경향을 보여준다 : (능망간석)-(토도로카이트)-(버어네사이트, 란시아이트)-(엔소타이트, 연망간석, 캘코파나이트).

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.286-292
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• 2013

Generally, the color gold has had a biased conception due to its traditional use. Thus, this bias has resulted in a lack of usage of golden glaze on ceramics and also a lack of extensive studies of such glazes. In this paper, optimum conditions and mechanism of formation of gold color crystallization glaze containing $Fe_2O_3$(hematite), which is developed for gold colors of ceramic glazes, were studied. Experimental result showed that there are pyroxene based on diopside and $TiO_2$ phase in the base of a crystallization glaze with a value of $TiO_2$ of 6 wt% confirmed by XRD and Raman Spectroscopy. When $Fe_2O_3$ was used as a colorant for the gold color, the $TiO_2$ peak became extinct and the intensity of the diopside peak was sharper. Feldspar of 60 wt%, talc of 20 wt% and limestone of 20 wt% were used as the starting materials and these were tested using a three component system. The best result of test was selected and extended to its vicinity as an experiment to determine $TiO_2$ and $Fe_2O_3$ contents. The glaze with $TiO_2$ of 6 wt% and $Fe_2O_3$ of 12 wt% addition showed stable pyroxene based diopside crystals and the development of gold color. This gold color was obtained with CIE-$L^*a^*b^*$ values of 51.27, 4.46, 16.15 (a grayish yellow brown color), which was gained using the following firing conditions: temperature increasing speed $5^{\circ}C$/min, holding for 1 h at $1280^{\circ}C$, annealing speed $3^{\circ}C$/min till $1100{\circ}C$, holding for 2 h at $1100{\circ}C$, and finally natural annealing.