• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.263-273
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• 2013

Objectives This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of extracts from Ligustrum obtusifolium S. fruits(LOF) in RAW 264.7 Macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Methods We examined productions of nitric oxide(NO), reactive oxygen species(ROS), inducible isoforms of NO synthase(iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of LOF extracts. In addition, we measured generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines(TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6). Results Cell viability showed that LOF extracts had no cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 cells. The treatment with LOF extracts significantly decreased the generation of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines(TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6) in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells. Furthermore LOF extracts inhibited intracellular ROS generation dose dependently and reduced the expression of iNOS, COX-2 proteins. Conclusions These results showed that the LOF extracts had an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. These findings provide scientific support for the use of this Ligustrum obtusifolium S. for inflammatory-related diseases.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.219-223
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• 2002

This study investigated effects of bark acidity, leaf acidity and water soluble sulfur contents by SO$_2$, 1-2 seedling of Prunus yedoensis and Ligustrum obtusifolium were treated 5 level (0. 0.5, 1, 2, 4 ppm) of SO$_2$. The tallowing results were obtained; In the case of bark and leaf acidities, pH values decreased as SO$_2$ concentration was high. Prunus yedoensis compare with Ligustrum obtusifolium had high relative susceptibility because rates of increase in bark and leaf acidities were high according to SO$_2$ concentration. Water soluble sulfur contents in the leaves also increased as SO$_2$ concentration was high. Prunus yedoensis compare with Ligustrum obtusifolium had high relative susceptibility because increase rates of water soluble sulfur contents in the leaves were high according to SO$_2$ concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.47-53
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• 1999

This study was carried out to suggest the slope revegetation technology of biological engineering using the Ligustrum obtusifolium, which is one of the pioneer plant species. Ahead of the experimental construction, we evaluated the L. obtusifolium's value of biological engineering for the slope stabilization by testing the growth rate after the cuttings were buried for 8 weeks('98. 7. ~ '98. 9.). In this test, it was found that the L. obtusifolium, one of the species deep rooted with developed underground parts, is very effective for the slope stabilization and that the rooting powder(Hormex Powder) gave the better effects on root germination. In April of 1999, the experimental construction of biological engineering technology using recycled L. obtusifolium live cuttings(applied growth-stimulating compound) and green bags was conducted at sandy cut-slope in GLEN ROSS G.C.(Yongin). The slope was tolerant of soil erosion despite of heavy rainfall in the rainy season and many plant species invading for five months('99. 4. ~ '99. 9.). The vegetation research was performed through examining the frequency of each block using the transect method. 21 kinds of plant speices appeared in total area($25.5m^2$) and the dominant species are Digitaria sanguinalis, Setaria viridis, Cyperus amuricus, Persicaria blumei, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis. With regard to life forms, therophytes were shown with a dominant distribution of 66.7% of total species and neophytes relatively with a low distribution of 19.0%. Furthermore, it can be estimated that there is no ecological stabilization of this slope with the result of the ruderal species' occupation of 71.4%. It is too early to argue about ecological mechanical advantages and disadvantages of this technology, but, from the result of this study, it is expected that the slope revegetation technology of biological engineering using L. obtusifolium can be effectively applied to sandy slope(not rock or weathered rock slope) and that the early rapid stabilization and favorable succession could be done with the improvement of soil condition.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.267-273
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• 2014

This study is to compare drought-resistance and to find the permanent wilting coefficient of Syringa Dilatata, Euonymus Japonica, Ligustrum Obtusifolium, Nandina Domestica, which are commonly used for rooftop garden due to their relatively strong drought resistance To compare the drought resistance precipitation was blocked from June 4, 2013 to July 20, 2013. During this time, the relative water content, specific electrical conductance, and water potential were measured every seven days and permanent wilting coefficients were investigated. Two days after precipitation was blocked, the relative water content in leaves were measured as follows: Ligustrum Obtusifolium 91.3%, Syringa Dilatata 92.9%, Nandina Domestica 91.2%, and Euonymus Japonica 90.1% respectively. After 28 days, relative water contents of leaves were reduced greatly 60.2% for Ligustrum Obtusifolium and 67.8% for Syringa Dilatata, but Nandina Domestica and Euonymus Japonica's reduced to 80.1% and 81.7% respectively. Permanent wilting coefficient was Ligustrum Obtusifolium 3.1%, Syringa Dilatata 2.1%, Nandina Domestica 1.6% and Euonymus Japonica 0.7%. In other words, the above four tree species are strong in drought resistance and Euonymus Japonica's drought resistance is the strongest while Nandina Domestica, Syringa Dilatata, Ligustrum Obtusifolium follow in that order.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2000

The spatial distribution of allelic frequencies was studied in the natural population of three species (Ligustrum obtusiflolium, Alnus japonica, and Pinus densflora). The distributional patterns of the crown-cover centers were compared between two populations in forests. L. obtusifolium and p. densiflora showed a significantly positive spatial autocorrelation as measured by Moran's I. In P densiflora, the genetic similarity was shown by individuals within up to a scale of 18 m distance and this is partly due to combination of pollen dispersal and long distance seed dispersal by wind or men. In L. obtusifolium, population structure in the distribution of allelic frequencies is related to mating systems and is consisted of a scale of 12.5 m intervals. No spatial structuring of allele frequencies was found for polymorphic enzyme loci within a natural population of Alnus japonica. The results also in- dicate that positive associations between L. obtusifolium and P densiflora can occur when both select the same habitat or have the same environmental requirements.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1993

To examine aluminum toxicity on woody plants, aluminum solution and ground water(pH 6.75) were treated on the seeded pot (48$\times$33$\times$9cm) of Pinus thunbergiana, Thuja orientalis and Ligustrum obtusifolium, filled with sand, three times per week, 5mm per time, from April 28, 1993 to June 16. Aluminum solution were prepared 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0mM aluminum potassium sulfate, dilulted with ground water. Growth-related characters(seedling number, seedling height, top, root and total dry weight) were measured and compared among species and treatments. The response of seedling growth-related characters to aluminum solution treatment differed among the species, and the most sensitive species is Ligustrum obtusifolium, and the most tolerant species is Pinus thunbergiana.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 1998

This paper is to study on rating system of some shrubs for pedestrian control with concentrate upon the density of branch. It was usd that Hibiscus syricacus L., Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora Nak, Ligustrum obtusifolium S. et Z., Callicarpa dichotoma Raeusch., Rhoododendron mucrionulatum Turcz., Syringa vulgaris L., Weigela subsessilis L. H. Bailey, Cercis chinensis bunge, Forsythia koreana Nak., Euonymus alatus Sieb, Chaenomeles speciosa Nak., orbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila Max., Deutzia parviflora Bunge, Kerria japonica De Candolle, Prunus tomentosa Thunberg ex Murray, Purunus grandulosa for. albiplena Koehne. Shrubs are invesitgated ito the density of branch, the power of sprout, height, a rate of growth, hardness of naturalizaton, crown width and existence of thorns. Shrubs belonged to high group of rating system for pedestrian control were Euonymus alatus Sieb, Purunus grandulosa for. albiplena Koehne, Chaenomeles speciosa Nak., Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora Nak., Prunus tomentosa Thunberg ex Murray, Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz., Hibiscus syricacus L., Ligustrum obtusifolium S. et Z., Syringa vulgaris L., Weigela subsessilis L.H.Bailey.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.321.1-321.1
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• 2007

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.4
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• pp.577-585
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• 1996

To seek effective methods for evaluating air pollution and acid rain injury, artificial acid mist(pH 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5) and ground water(pH 6.5) were treated on the potted seedlings of Ligustrum obtusifolium, Cercis chinensis, Hibiscus syriacus and Sophora japonica. Leaf chlorophyll contents, characteristics of leaf-injury, wettability-measurement of diameter of water-droplets on the leaf surface-among treatments were investigated. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Chlorophyll contents of Ligustrum obtusifolium and Hibiscus syriacus measured on June 3 were highest in pH 2.5 plot, but those of Cercis chinensis and Sophora japonica were relatively low level. Chlorophyll contents of Ligustrum obtusifolium measured on August 24 was highest in pH 2.5 plot, but those of Cercis chinensis, Hibiscus syriacus and Sophora japonica were highest in the control. 2. Changes of chlorophyll contents with acid mist treatments were differed among tree species. 3. For all the tested species, leaf injury(injured leaf number and rate, and injured leaf area) increased with decreasing pH levels of acid mist. 4. Leaf tissue injury seemed to be related with the wettability of the leaf surface. Measurement of diameter of water-droplets on the leaf surface might be useful criteria for acid rain or acid mist injury for the glabrous leaved species, such as, Cercis chinensis, Sophora japonica, etc.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.25-32
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• 2017

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate candidate materials as anti-inflammatory agent from extracts of Korean medicinal plants in Hwaak mountain. Ligustrum obtusifolium (LO) is a Korea medicinal plants that commonly used for robustness and hemostasis. It has been reported that LO has exhibited anti-ischemic, anti-oxidative, anti-hypolipidemic, anti-tumor and hypoglycemic effects. However, LO has not been previously reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect. Therefore, we have evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of LO and its underlying molecular mechanisms in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods : Cell viability was determined by MTT assay in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Nitric Oxide (NO) was measured with Griess reagent and pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and p65 subunit of nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$) were determined by Western blot analysis. Results : Among 15 extracts of Korean medicinal plants tested, Ligustrum obtusifolium (LO) showed the inhibition of NO production without cytotoxicity. LO reduced the expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 proteins in LPS-simulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in dose-dependent manner. Consistent with these data, LO inhibited the productions of $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$ in LPS-simulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, LO attenuated the LPS-induced nuclear translocation of p65 $NF-{\kappa}B$ in RAW 264.7 macrophages involving suppression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation. Conclusions : Taken together, these results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of LO is associated with regulation of inflammatory mediators via inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages.