• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.473-481
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• 2016

We examined the effects of ocean acidification (OA) and eutrophication on the physiology of a red alga, Gracilariopsis chorda, using specimens collected at Wando Island, Korea, in July of 2015. The samples were transported to a laboratory and placed on growth media for treatments involving low or high levels of ammonium ($4{\mu}M$ or $60{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$) and low or high pH(7.5 or 8.2). The control treatment used filtered seawater (pH 8.2 and $4{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$). All experiments were conducted at $20^{\circ}C$ and under a lighting intensity of $80{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$, with or without an injection of $CO_2$ (pH 7.5). In addition, we calculated rates of respiration under darkness, at a pH of 7.5 and $60{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$. Fluctuations in pH as well as the evolution of photosynthetic oxygen and $NH_4{^+}$ uptake rates were monitored for 6 h. The greatest increase in pH levels, from 7.50 to 8.65, occurred in response to $60{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$, whereas the largest decrease, from 7.50 to 7.42, was associated with elevated respiration rates. At a pH of 7.5, rates of oxygen evolution were higher (236% saturation) for samples treated with $60{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$ than for the control (121% saturation). Ammonium uptake was highest at pH 7.5 and $60{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$, with a rate of $0.526{\pm}0.002{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}\;FW\;h^{-1}$, followed in order by the treatments of $pH\;8.2/60{\mu}\;NH_4{^+}$, $pH\;7.5/4{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$, and the control ($pH\;8.2/4{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$). We speculated that the rates of photosynthesis and $NH_4{^+}$ uptake could be enhanced at a higher ammonium concentration and lower pH because $CO_2$ concentrations were increased through greater photosynthetic activity. Therefore, these findings suggest that the physiology of G. chorda populations can be improved by the interaction of optimized $CO_2$ concentrations and an adequate supply of essential nutrients such as ammonium.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.6 no.8
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• pp.1352-1357
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• 2002

This Paper describes algorithm to extract license plates in vehicle images. Conventional methods perform preprocessing on the entire vehicle image to produce the edge image and binarize it. Hough transform is applied to the binary image to find horizontal and vertical lines, and the license plate area is extracted using the characteristics of license plates. Problems with this approach are that real-time processing is not feasible due to long processing time and that the license plate area is not extracted when lighting is irregular such as at night or when the plate boundary does not show up in the image. This research uses the gray level transition characteristics of license plates to verify the digit area by examining the digit width and the level difference between the background area the digit area, and then extracts the plate area by testing the distance between the verified digits. This research solves the problem of failure in extracting the license plates due to degraded plate boundary as in the conventional methods and resolves the problem of the time requirement by processing the real time such that practical application is possible. This paper Presents a power automated license plate recognition system, which is able to read license numbers of cars, even under circumstances, which are far from ideal. In a real-life test, the percentage of rejected plates wan 13%, whereas 0.4% of the plates were misclassified. Suggestions for further improvements are given.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.136-141
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the structure and heat generation mechanism of low voltage switches used to turn on or off the power supply to an indoor lighting system and investigate how the fixtures and movable contacts of the switches are damaged depending on the types of energy sources in order to secure the judgment base for expected PL disputes. Based on the Korean Standard (KS) testing method for incombustibility, this study applied a general flame to the switch. In addition, current was supplied to the switch using the PCITS (Primary Current Injection Test System). The ambient temperature and humidity were maintained at $22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ and 40~60% respectively while performing the test. It is thought that the switch generated heat due to a defective connection of the wire and clip, insulation deterioration and defective contact of the movable contact, etc. The surface of the switch damaged by the general flame was uniformly carbonized. When the flame source was removed, the fire on the switch was extinguished naturally. From the result obtained by disassembling the switch carbonized by the general flame, it could be seen that fixtures and movable contacts remained in comparatively good shape but the enclosure, clip support, movable contact, indicating lamp, etc. showed carbonization and discoloration. In the case of the switch damaged by overcurrent, the clip connecting the wires, clip support, etc. showed almost no trace of damage, but the fixtures, movable contact, indicating lamp, etc. were severely carbonized. That is, the sections with high contact resistance were intensively damaged and showed a damage pattern indicating that carbonization progressed from the inside to the outside. Therefore, it is possible to judge the initial energy source by analyzing the characteristics of the carbonization pattern and the metal fixtures of damaged switches.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2006

The Integrated Ballistics Identification Systems (IBIS) is widely used for bullet and casing signature identification. The IBIS obtains a pair of ballistic signatures from two bullets (or casings) using optical microscopy, and estimates a correlation score which can represent the degree of signature match. However, this method largely depends on lighting and surface conditions because optical image contrast is primarily a function of test surface's slope, shadowing, multiple reflections, optical properties, and illumination direction. Moreover, it can be affected with surface height variation. To overcome these problems and improve the identification system, we used well known surface topographic techniques, such as confocal microscopy and white-light scanning interferometry. The measuring instruments were calibrated by a NIST step height standard and verified by a NIST sinusoidal profile roughness standard and a commercial roughness standard. We also suggest a new analysis method for the ballistic identification. In this method, the maximum cross-correlation function CCFmax is used to quantify the degree of signature match. If the compared signatures were exactly the same, CCFmax would be $100\%$.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.115-123
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• 2010

Because of development of information technology, moving picture can run various platforms. We should consider and apply users' attitude as well as production technique because convergence between mobile and media technology may be increased full-browsing service using mobile device. Previous research related to production technique in various platforms only focus on video quality and adjustment of screen size. However, besides of technical side, production techniques should be changed such as image production as well as image editing by point of view aesthetic. Mise-en-scene such as camera angle, composition, and lighting is changed due to HD image. Also image production should be changed to a suitable full-browsing service using mobile device. Therefore, we would explore a new suitable production techniques and image editing for smart phone. To propose production techniques for smart phone, we used E-learning production system, which are transition, editing technique for suitable converting system. Such as new attempts are leading to new paradigm and establishing their position by applying characteries such as openness, timeliness to mobile. Also it can be extended individual area and established as expression and play tool.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2014

There are many image processing based algorithms and applications that fail when illumination change occurs. Therefore, the illumination change has to be detected then the illumination change occurred images need to be enhanced in order to keep the appropriate algorithm processing in a reality. In this paper, a new method for detecting illumination changes efficiently in a real time by using local region information and fuzzy logic is introduced. The effective way for detecting illumination changes in lighting area and the edge of the area was selected to analyze the mean and variance of the histogram of each area and to reflect the changing trends on previous frame's mean and variance for each area of the histogram. The ways are used as an input. The changes of mean and variance make different patterns w hen illumination change occurs. Fuzzy rules were defined based on the patterns of the input for detecting illumination changes. Proposed method was tested with different dataset through the evaluation metrics; in particular, the specificity, recall and precision showed high rates. An automatic parameter selection method was proposed for contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization method by using entropy of image through adaptive neural fuzzy inference system. The results showed that the contrast of images could be enhanced. The proposed algorithm is robust to detect global illumination change, and it is also computationally efficient in real applications.

• World Technopolis Review
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2014

Center for Research of Science and Technology ("PUSPIPTEK") has 460 hectares land area, still maintained as a green area with more than 30% green space. There are 47 centers for research and testing technology, technology-based industries, and as well as public supporting facilities in PUSPIPTEK area. Based on the concepts developed to make this area as an ecological region, PUSPIPTEK can be seen as a model of eco-innovation. The purpose of this research is to develop a model of water, energy and waste management with eco-innovation concept. As a new approach in addressing environmental degradation and maintaining the sustainability of ecosystem, studies related to eco-innovation policy that combines the management of water, energy and waste in the region has not been done. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, a series of techniques for collecting data on PUSPIPTEK existing conditions will be carried out, which includes utilities data (water, electricity, sewage) and master plan of this area. The savings over the implementation of the concept of eco-innovation in water, energy, and waste management were calculated and analyzed using quatitative methods. The amount of cost savings and feasibility were then calculated. Eco innovation in water management among other innovations include the provision of alternative sources of water, overflow of rain water and water environments utilization, and use of gravity to replace the pumping function. Eco-innovation in energy management innovations include the use of LED and solar cell for air conditioning. Eco-innovation in waste management includes methods of composting for organic waste management. The research results: (1) The savings that can be achieved with the implementation of eco innovation in the water management is Rp. 3,032,640 daily, or Rp.1,106,913,600 annually; (2) The savings derived from the implementation of eco innovation through replacement of central AC to AC LiBr Solar Powered will be saved Rp.1,933,992,990 annually and the use of LED lights in the Public street lighting PUSPIPTEK saved Rp.163,454,433 annually; (3) Application of eco innovation in waste management will be able to raise awareness of the environment by sorting organic, inorganic and plastic waste. Composting and plastic waste obtained from the sale revenue of Rp. 44,016,000 per year; (4) Overall, implementation of the eco-innovation system in PUSPIPTEK area can saves Rp. 3,248,377,023 per year, compared to the existing system; and (5)The savings are obtained with implementation of eco-innovation is considered as income. Analysis of the feasibility of the implementation of eco-innovation in water, energy, and waste management in PUSPIPTEK give NPV at a 15% discount factor in Rp. 3,895,228,761; 23.20% of IRR and 4.48 years of PBP. Thus the model of eco-innovation in the area PUSPIPTEK is feasible to implement.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2016.10a
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• pp.224-226
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• 2016

With the technical development and rapid increase of private demand, the new market for unmanned vehicle combined with the characteristics of 'unmanned automation' and 'vehicle' is rapidly growing. Even though the pilot driving is currently allowed in some countries, there is no country that has institutionalized the formal driving of self-driving cars. In case of the existing vehicles, safety incidents are frequently happening due to the frequent malfunction of the rear sensor, blind spot of the rear camera, or drivers' carelessness. Once such minor flaws are complemented, the relevant regulations for the commercialization of self-driving car and small drone could be relieved. Contrary to the ultrasonic and laser sensors used for the existing vehicles, this paper aims to attempt the distance measurement by using the depth sensor. A depth camera calculates the distance data based on the TOF method calculating the time difference by lighting laser or infrared light onto an object or area and then receiving the beam coming back. As this camera can obtain the depth data in the pixel unit of CCD camera, it can be used for collecting depth data in real-time. This paper suggests to solve problems mentioned above by using depth data in real-time and also to design the obstacle avoidance system through distance measurement.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.149-154
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• 2018

This paper describes the fabrication and heat transfer property of 50 watts rated LED array module where multiple chips are mounted on chip-on-board type ceramic-metal hybrid substrate with high heat dissipation property for high power street and anti-explosive lighting system. The high heat transfer ceramic-metal hybrid substrate was fabricated by conformal coating of thick film glass-ceramic and silver pastes to form insulation and conductor layers, using thick film screen printing method on top of the high thermal conductivity aluminum alloy heat-spreading panel, then co-fired at $515^{\circ}C$. A comparative LED array module with the same configuration using epoxy resin based FR-4 PCB with thermalvia type was also fabricated, then the thermal properties were measured with multichannel temperature sensors and thermal resistance measuring system. As a result, the thermal resistance of the ceramic-metal hybrid substrate in the $4{\times}9$ type LEDs array module exhibited about one third to the value as that of FR-4 substrate, implying that at least triple performance of heat transfer property as that of FR-4 substrate was realized.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.1044-1050
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• 2021

After the occurrence of several passenger ship accidents in Korea, various systems are being developed for passenger ship safety management. A total of 162 passenger ships operate along the coast of Korea, of which 105 (65 %) are car-ferries with open vehicle decks. The car-ferry has a navigation pattern that passes through 2 to 4 islands. Safety inspections at the departure point(home port) are carried out by the crew, the operation supervisor of the operation management office, and the maritime safety supervisor. In some cases, self-inspections are carried out for safety inspections at layovers. As with any system, there are institutional and practical limitations. To this end, this study was conducted to suggest a method of detecting a vehicle using image processing and linking it to the calculations for ship stability. For vehicle detection, a method using a difference image and one using machine learning were used. However, a limitation was observed in these methods that the vehicle could not be identified due to strong background lighting from the pier and the ship in the cases where the camera was backlit such as during sunset or at night. It appears necessary to secure sufficient image data and upgrade the program for stable image processing.