• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.751-760
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• 1997

Resin-modified glass ionomers were introduced in 1988 to overcome the problems of moisture sensitivity and low early mechanical strengths of the conventional glass ionomers, and to maintain their dinical advantages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bi-axial fracture strength of four resinmodified glass-ionomers(Fuji II LC, Vitremer, Dyract, VariGlass), one resin composite material(Z-100), and one conventional glass-ionomer(Fuji II). Three specimens of each material and shade combination were made according to the manufacturers' instructions. Materials were condensed into metal mold with a diameter of 10mm and a thickness of 2.0mm and pressed between two glass plates. Resin-modified glass ionomers were polymerized using a Visilux II light curing unit by irradiating for 60 seconds from both sides, and conventional glass ionomer was cured chemically. After specimens were removed from the molds, surfaces were polished sequentially on wet sandpapers up to No. 600 silicone carbide paper. The specimens were thermocycled for 2,000 cycles between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ distilled water. After thermocycling, bi-axial fracture strengths were measured using a compressive-tensile tester(Zwick 1456 Z020, Germany) with the cross head speed of 0.5mm/minute. The results were as follows: 1. Two factors of the kind and color of materials had a main effect on bi-axial fracture strength (p<0.01), and bi-axial fracture strength was influenced significantly by the kinds of materials (p<0.01). But there was no significant interaction between two variables of the kind and color of materials (p>0.05). 2. Comparing the mechanical properties of the materials, the elastic modulus of Z100 was higher than any other material, and there was no difference in the displacement at fracture among materials. The bi-axial fracture strength of Z100 was significantly higher than any other material, and that of resin-modified glass ionomers was significantly higher than that of conventional glass ionomer (p<0.05). 3. In the same material group, the color of material had little influence on the mechanical properties.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare GRF characteristics during walking wearing jogging and roller shoes. Twelve male middle school students (age: $15.0{\pm}0.0\;yrs$, height: $173.6{\pm}5.0\;cm$, weight: $587.6{\pm}89.3\;N$) who have no known musculoskeletal disorders were recruited as the subjects. Kinematic data from six S-VHS camcorders(Panasonic AG456, 60 fields/s) and GRF data from two force platform; (AMII OR6-5) were collected while subjects walked wearing roller and jogging shoes in random order at a speed of 1.1 m/s. An event sync unit with a bright LED light was used to synchronize the video and GRF recordings. GRF data were filtered using a 20 Hz low pass Butterworth. digital filter and further normalized to the subject's body weight. For each trial being analyzed, five critical instants and four phases were identified from the recording. Temporal parameters, GRFs, displacement of center of pressure (DCP), and loading and decay rates were determined for each trial. For each dependent variable, paired t-test was performed to test if significant difference existed between shoe conditions (p <.05). Vertical GRFs at heel contact increased and braking forces at the end of initial double limb stance reduced significantly when going from jogging shoe to roller shoe condition. Robbins and Waked (1997) reported that balance and vertical GRF are closely related It seems that the ankle and knee joints are locked in an awkward fashion at the heel contact to compensate for the imbalance. The DCP in the antero-posterior direction for the roller shoe condition was significantly less than the corresponding value for the jogging shoe condition. Because the subjects tried to keep their upper body weight in front of the hip to prevent falling backward, the DCP for the roller shoe condition was restricted The results indicate that walking with roller shoes had little effect on temporal parameters, and loading and decay rates. It seems that there are differences in GRF characteristics between roller shoe and jogging shoe conditions. The differences in GRF pattern may be caused primarily by the altered position of ankle, knee, and center of mass throughout the walking cycle. Future studies should examine muscle activation patterns and joint kinematics during walking with roller shoes.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.107-119
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal adaptability of the amalgam restorations in applying the cavity varnish (Copalite$^{(R)}$) and dentin bonding agent (Scotchbond 2$^{(R)}$) under the scanning electron microscope. For this study, eighteen sound extracted human molars were selected. Class I cavities in 12 teeth and class V cavities in 6 teeth were prepared using an air turbine with No. 701 tungsten carbide bur and finished using a low speed handpiece with No. 557 fissure bur. The prepared specimens were then divided into three groups including 4 class I cavities and 2 class V cavities in each group and restored as follows ; Group I. All the prepared cavities were restored with amalgam only (Control). Group II. Two layers of Copalite$^{(R)}$ cavity varnish were applied to the cavities with a gentle stream of air after each application and cavities were restored with amalgam. Group III. The enamel cavity margins were etched with 37% phosphoric acid gel for 60 sec., rinsed for 30 sec. and dried. One layer of visible lightcured Scotchbond Dental Adhesive$^{(R)}$ was applied and immediately cured for 20 seconds with visible light-cure unit and cavities were restored with amalgam. All the specimens were cut at the neck of the teeth and the occlusal halves of specimens were sectioned buccolingually in the longitudinal axis centering the amalgam restorations, using the disk. The cut specimens were ground with sandpapers (400, 600, 800, 1000 grit), and cleaned for 5 minutes in the ultrasonic cleaner (Brason Co. U.S.A.). In the cut surfaces, the amalgam - tooth interfaces were examined under the scanning electron microscope (JSM, 35C type, JEOL). The obtained results were as follows ; 1. The amalgam-tooth interfaces were reduced more significantly in the Copalite$^{(R)}$ and Scotchbond 2$^{(R)}$ application group than in the control group. 2. In the class I cavities, the Scotchbond 2$^{(R)}$ application group showed the findings similar to the Copalite$^{(R)}$ application group in the cavity floor, and the marginal adaptability was better in the side wall than in the cavity floor. 3. In the class I cavities, the Scotchbond 2$^{(R)}$ application group showed better marginal adaptability in the occlusal margin than in the gingival margin. 4. The marginal adaptability was in the order of the Scothbond 2$^{(R)}$ application group, the Copalite$^{(R)}$ application group and the control group.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.57-74
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• 1998

국제물류를 국제무역의 물적유통과 국제 화물유동으로 정의하고 방법론상의 변화를 고찰한 결과 다음과 같은 과제를 제시할 수 있다. 첫째, 국제물류에 관한 연구방법의 개발로 물류를 단지 수송의 현상으로써 인식하는 것이 아니라 생산과 소비를 결합하고 정보류를 포함한 종합적 로지스틱으로써 이해할 필요성이 있다. 둘째, 국제물류 유동의 모델화에 관한 연구는 장차 도시를 포함한 지역간의 관계를 주목하는 미시적 관점에서의 연구가 필요하다. 그리고 글로벌 경제로 국가뿐만 아니라 다국적 기업도 무역의 주체로 등장하기 때문에 문화적.행동론적 요소를 가미한 입지론과 경제지리학은 새로 구축되어야 할 것이다. 셋째, 국제물류를 배경으로 한 항만과 그 후배지와의 관계에 대한 연구는 기업의 의사결정 행동으로서 항만의 이용을 야기시키는 요인까지 분석할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 석유파동 이후 輕薄短小 화물, 유연적 전문화로 인한 다품종 소량 생산체제와 자유무역주의의 등장과, 신선도를 요하는 식료품이나 화훼 등의 고속수송의 필요성으로 항공 화물수송이 중요시되고 있기 때문에 국제공항을 중심으로 화물의 후배지와 지향지에 대한 연구의 필요성이 제기된다.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2017

실내 환경 및 산업체 배기가스중의 미세먼지를 제거하는 방법으로서 압력손실이 낮으면서도 집진효율이 높은 전기집진기가 널리 사용되어지고 있다. 그러나 전기집진기는 서브마이크로미터 크기의 먼지에 대한 제거효율이 낮기 때문에, 정전분무법으로 하전액적을 공급하여 먼지와의 충돌을 촉진시켜 하전효율을 높이는 방법이 대안으로 떠오르고 있다. 그러나 먼지의 하전효율은 정전분무된 액적의 크기 및 개수와 밀접한 관계가 있으나, 액적의 크기를 효과적으로 측정하는 방법이 확립되어 있지 않은 것이 현실이다. 본 연구에서는 손쉽게 이용할 수 있는 수돗물로 정전분무를 한 후, 분무된 액적을 다양한 방법으로 가시화하여 고속카메라로 촬영하였다. 그리고 Image J 프로그램으로 액적의 크기분포를 측정하여 가시화방법에 따른 액적의 크기를 상호 비교하였다. 결과적으로, 레이저로 가시화하여 고속카메라로 촬영하면 미세액적의 이미지화가 가능하기 때문에, 그 액적의 크기는 Xenon광으로 가시화하여 측정한 것보다 약 50 % 작음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 레이저로 가시화하여 측정한 액적의 크기가 $Fern{\acute{a}}ndez$ de la Mora and Loscertales (1994)의 예측치와 비교적 잘 일치함을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.196-205
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• 2016

Background: The emergency planning zone (EPZ) of the city of Busan is divided into the precautionary actions zone (PAZ) and the urgent protective action planning zone; which have a 5-km radius and a 20-km to 21-km radius from the nuclear power plant site, respectively. In this study, we assumed that a severe accident occurred at Shin-Kori nuclear unit 3 and evaluated the dispersion speed of radiological material at each distance at various wind speeds, and estimated the effective dose equivalent and the evacuation time of PAZ residents with the goal of supporting off-site emergency action planning for the nuclear site. Materials and Methods: The total effective dose equivalent, which shows the effect of released radioactive materials on the residents, was evaluated using the RASCAL 4.2 program. In addition, a survey of 1,036 residents was performed using a standardized questionnaire, and the resident evacuation time according to road and distance was analyzed using the VISSIM 6.0 program. Results and Discussion: According to the results obtained using the VISSIM and RASCAL programs, it would take approximately 80 to 252.2 minutes for permanent residents to move out of the PAZ boundary, 40 to 197.2 minutes for students, 60 to 232.2 minutes for the infirm, such as elderly people and those in a nursing home or hospital, and 30 to 182.2 minutes for those temporarily within the area. Consequently, in the event of any delay in the evacuation, it is estimated that the residents would be exposed to up to $10mSv{\cdot}h^{-1}$ of radiation at the Exclusion Area Boundaries (EAB) boundary and $4-6mSv{\cdot}h^{-1}$ at the PAZ boundary. Conclusion: It was shown that the evacuation time for the residents is adequate in light of the time lapse from the initial moment of a severe accident to the radiation release. However, in order to minimize the evacuation time, it is necessary to maintain a system of close collaboration to avoid traffic congestion and spontaneous evacuation attempts.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2018년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.522-525
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 무선 근거리 고속 통신을 위한 UWB/WAS용 마이크로스트립 안테나를 설계하였다. 제안된 안테나의 기판은 FR-4(er=4.3)이고 크기는 $30[mm]{\times}30[mm]$이며, UWB/WAS의 주파수대역인 3.5 [GHz]와 5.2 [GHz]의 대역에서 사용할 수 있는 특성을 갖도록 설계하였다. 시뮬레이션은 CST Microwave Studio 2014을 사용하였으며 시뮬레이션 결과 이득은 3.5 [GHz]일 때 1.592 [dBi], 5.2 [GHz]일 때 2.210 [dBi]이다. S-Parameter 또한 원하는 주파수 대역에서 -10 [dB](WSWR 2:1) 이하의 결과를 볼 수 있었다. 마이크로스트립 안테나는 소형화, 고성능, 초경량화 등이 되어 우수하고 저가의 시스템이 계속해서 개발되고 있다. 또한, 가정, 회사, 공공시설 등에서 사용되고 있는 무선 근거리 통신망 시스템을 많은 사람들이 사용하고 있다. 시스템의 발달과 수요 증가에 따른 UWB/WAS 기술이 제안되고 있기 때문에 위의 조건에 만족하는 안테나를 설계하여 해당 시스템에 적용가능한 기술을 더욱 편리하게 사용할 것이다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.753-759
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• 2011

Protected crop production has been popular in Korea as well as in other countries. Intensive and continuous monitoring and control of the environment, which is labor- and time-consuming, is critical for stable crop productivity and profitability, otherwise damage could be happened due to unfavorable ambient and soil conditions. In the study, potential utilization of smartphone and remote access application in protected crop production environment was investigated. Tested available remote access applications provided functions of mouse click (left and right buttons), zooming in and out, and screen size and color resolution control. Wi-Fi data communication speeds were affected by signal intensity and user place. Data speeds at high (> -55 dBm), medium (-70~-56 dBm), and low (< -71 dBm) signal intensity levels were statistically different (${\alpha}=0.05$). Means of data communication speed were 6.642, 4.923, and 2.906 Mbps at hot spot, home, and office, respectively, and the differences were significant at a 0.05 level. Smart phone and remote access application were applied successfully to remote monitoring (inside temperature and humidity, and outside precipitation, temperature, and humidity) and control (window and light on/off) of green house environment. Response times for monitoring and control were less than 1 s at all places for high signal intensity (> -55 dBm), but they were increased to 1 ~ 10 s at home and office and to 10 ~ 30 s at hot spot for low signal intensity (< -71 dBm) for Wi-Fi. Results of the study would provide useful information for farmers to apply these techniques for their crop production.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2020

풍력터빈 블레이드는 바람의 운동에너지를 축일로 변환하는 장치로서 상대적으로 고속 회전하면서 양력과 항력의 다양한 하중 조합과 진동에 견딜 수 있도록 내구 강도가 큰 경량의 재료를 선택하여 강성을 증가시키는 구조를 갖도록 설계되어야 한다. 본 연구는 CFRP 프리프레그를 사용하여 소형 풍력 블레이드를 제작하는 경우 공정 시간을 단축하는 기술을 개발하려는 목적으로 수행되었다. QBlade 수치해석 프로그램을 사용하여 블레이드의 형상을 결정하였다. 주어진 풍속에서 바람에 의해 부가되는 양력과 항력을 계산하는 유체역학 수치해석을 수행하고, 대표적인 블레이드 구조에 대해 블레이드 외피 재료에 가해지는 폰미세스 응력을 예측하는 재료역학 수치해석을 수행하였다. 인장 강도 시험의 불확실도를 개선하기 위해 ASTM D638 규정을 수정하여 새로운 시편의 형상을 제안하였고, 기존 형상의 인장 강도와 유사한 평균값을 얻되 파단 위치의 재현성이 향상됨을 확인하였다. 일련의 실험을 통해 소형 풍력블레이드의 제작에 블래더 가압 방식을 적용하면 충분한 내구 강도를 확보하면서 공정시간을 단축할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.247-258
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 조간대가 발달한 우리나라 전북 서해안의 구시포 해안에서 연안류에 미치는 외력성분을 평가하기 위하여 조석 조류 및 파에 의한 해빈류를 고려한 복합해수유동모형을 구축하였다. 구축된 모형에서 조석 조류는 EFDC 모형, 파랑은 SWAN 모형, 그리고 해빈류는 SHORECIRC 모형을 사용하였다. 이 수치모형의 적용성을 검토하기 위하여, 현지에서 조석 조류와 입사파를 현장관측하였고 인근 기상관측소의 바람자료를 조사하였다. 그리고 현지의 조간대에서 GPS를 장착한 경량 Drogue의 추적실험을 수행하고 연안류 성분을 추출하였다. 또한 현장관측조건에 맞추어 수치모형에 의한 수치 Drogue 추적실험을 수행하고 그 결과를 관측치와 비교 검토하였다. 그 결과, 수치 Drogue의 이동속도는 현장자료에 대해 68.0~105.2 %의 범위로서 재현되었으며, 주류성분의 오차는 - 16.7~ +10.0 %로서 양호하였다. 그리고 연안류 성분은 주로 바람과 조류가 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 해저경사가 아주 완만하여 쇄파대폭이 넓은 조간대에서 입사파고가 작은 파가 내습하는 경우의 해빈류는 연안류의 흐름에 미치는 영향이 미약한 것으로 분석되었다.