• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.108-114
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• 2002

Cellular glass foam (CGE), the reprocessed glass, has a possibility as a component of vegetative propagation media of floricultural crops due to the its excellent air and water permeability, similar to that of perlite. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the rooting and growth thereafter of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana ‘Gold Strike’in media containing various volume ratios of granular rockwool, peat-moss, CGF and perlite. The particle size of CGF and perlite was 2.0~4.0mm and 1.2~4.0mm, respectively. Cuttings were rooted in a fog tunnel with a mean temperature of 18.2$^{\circ}C$ and RH of 66.7％ under a long day regime (14 h per day light period). Height, length of the longest root, stem diameter, no. of leaves, leaf area, percentage of rooted cuttings, shoot and root fresh weights, shoot and root dry weights, total chlorophyll concentration and physicochemical properties were measured. Cuttings rooted 100% in all treatments. Physicochemical properties in CGF and perlite-containing media showed little differences. The growth of rooted plants in the CGF-containing media was similar or rather superior to that in perlite-containing media. Consequently, CGF has a possibility as a vegetative propagation medium of Kalanchoe. To make wider commercial use of CGF, more demonstrative experiments and analyses are necessary.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.203-319
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• 2020

The regulation of satellite remote sensing is generally included with the scope of statutes governing outer space activities. But not all states opted for dedicated satellite remote sensing regulation. The decision whether to do so depends in part on the specific capabilities of national satellite remote sensing programs. Five states that have dedicated statutes governing operations with remote sensing data are the United States, with its developed Landsat regime (the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992, LRSPA), Canada, with its Remote Sensing Systems Act, Germany, with its Satellite Data Securities Protection Act (SatDSiG), France, with its Law on Space Operations (LOS), Japan, with its Act on Ensuring Appropriate Handling of Satellite Remote Sensing Data. The major purpose of this article is to shed light on some legal issues surrounding remote sensing activities by comparative review. The paper analyzes international conventions or soft law and national law and policies relating to satellite remote sensing. It also offers some implications and suggestions for regulations of satellite remote sensing operations and satellite data.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.63
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• pp.159-184
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• 2014

Climate change is one of the biggest dangers facing all living creatures in the earth. It has been understood that emissions of greenhouse gases from human activity is the cause of climate change. Cars are responsible for around 12% of total EU emissions of CO2, the main greenhouse gas. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) on 9 May, 1992, which entered into force on 21 March 1994. The European Commission first adopted a Community Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from cars in 1995. On 19 December 2007, the European Commission proposed "Proposal for Setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars to reduce CO2 emissions", which was adopted on 23 April 2009 as "Regulation (EC) No 443/2009". Prior to submitting the Proposal, the European Commission performed impact assessment and prepared impact assessment report which was reviewed by the Impact Assessment Board. The objective of this Regulation is to set emission performance standards for new passenger cars registered in the Community, which forms part of the Community's integrated approach to reducing CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles while ensuring the proper functioning of the internal market. In the event that a manufacturer fails to meet its target, it will be required to pay an excess emissions premium in respect of each calendar year from 2012 onwards. On 11 March 2014, Regulation (EC) No 333/2014 amending Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 was adopted. Regulation (EC) No 333/2014 amends Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 to implement the modalities of meeting the 95g CO2/km target for new passenger cars to be reached in 2020. As industry benefits from indications of the regulatory regime that would apply beyond 2020, the Regulation includes a further review to take place by, at the latest, 31 December 2014.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.127-153
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• 2003

In early Josun(朝鮮) era, the scholars, genteels, and high officials in Josun dynasty paid attention to Sijo(時調) who hoped Josun society would share Confucian values. Sijo poems written by them are based upon Confucian ideology, giving an opportunity to its members to make sure their homogeneity and helping Josun dynasty sustain its regime. Gyongichega(景幾體歌) has, however, already failed to be an appropriate genre to do these functions. Nevertheless, in the late Josun dynasty when there were agitation in class hieracy, development of currency economics, maldistribution of wealth, and pursuit of enjoyment, obscene poems turned out. Consequently these songs contributed to encroaching and eventually destroying the Josun dynasty. The question that who are in charge of creating and enjoying Sasulsijo(辭說時調) cannot be answered by approaching it in the social class point of view. The range of the maker or the reader of Sasulsijo in the late Josun dynasty was much more extensive than that in the early times. Not only aristocracy or the middle society but even some of the lower class may have made and enjoyed those songs. In the meantime, it is singer-songwriters whom Park, Hyogwan blamed for their profiteering abuse of obscenity that is supposed to have been mainly reponsible for the creation of those songs. Siga is a double-edged art in its essence--the good and the bad. The lewd songs were, in the early Josun, strictly controlled but in the late Josun dynasty, were thriving due to social changes. In this context, songs based on Confucian ideology as well as the ones focused on sexual love became decayed along with the collapse of the Josun dynasty. Even though, in the light of the history of Siga, those two types of Siga are underestimated in its artistic value, they have very special social historical meaning in doing positive and negative functions for existence and destroy of the Josun dynasty.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.438-443
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• 1999

Germination and growth of Laminaria japonica microscopic stages were investigated under crossed gradients of temperatures and irradiances, and the results related to the seasonal temperature regime in the southeastern coast of Korea. Germination rates of $70\~86\%$ were observed in the temperature range of $5\~20^{\circ}C$, however, at $25^{\circ}C$ no germination of meiospores was observed. The primary factor affecting germination rates at the temperature range of $5\~20^{\circ}C$ was irradiance: germination was significantly reduced at $150 {\mu}E{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. Vegetative cell production of female gametophytes was highest at $20^{\circ}C$, but plants were not fertile at the temperature. In the temperature range of $5\~15^{\circ}C$, higher irradiance caused females to reduce cell production, but increased fertility. Cell production was also low at lower temperatures with increased fertility rates. Optimal growth temperature for microsporophytes was $10^{\circ}C$ and their growth rates were light-saturated at $70 {\mu}E{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. We have concluded that meiospores released before July could develope to the young sporophytic stage in the southeastern coast of Korea which is off the southern limit of its geographical distribution. However, limiting factor in the development of natural sporophytic population in this region would be the upper temperature limit for the survival of young sporophytes, as water temperature at this area frequently exceeds $25^{\circ}C$ during the summer period.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.1822-1829
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• 2024

The search for materials that serve as good shields for radiation has become very important in light of the increasing exposure to ionizing radiation in various vital sectors. The aim is to search for novel materials with better radiation shielding properties that are stable, nontoxic, and abundant and environment friendly. The solidstate reaction approach has been used to synthesize a few ceramics, including BaZr_XTi_1-XO₃, Ba_1-XLa_XTiO₃ and Ba_1-XLa_XZr_XTi_1-XO₃ (with x = 0.10) i.eBaZr_0.10Ti_0.90O₃ (BZT), Ba_0.90La_0.10TiO₃ (BLT), and Ba_0.90La_0.10Zr_0.10Ti_0.90O₃ (BLZT). The density of the prepared samples varies from 6.3471 to 11.6003 g/cm³. The X-ray diffraction technique, shows strong peaks to confirm the crystalline structure of prepared ceramic samples. Using the G-P fitting approach, the advanced radiation shielding parameters (build-up factor) have been evaluated in the photon energy region of 1.5 keV-15 MeV. It is observed from the results that exposure buildup factor (EBF) and energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) are maximum for BLZT and has the minimum value for BZT in the entire photon energy regime. The results of this work should be useful in radiation shielding applications such as in industry, medicine, and nuclear engineering.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.149-157
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• 2008

We investigated chlorophyll contents and growth performances of five deciduous hardwood species growing in central temperate zone of Korean forest. Cornus controversa, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Betula schmidtii, Prunus leveilleana, and Acer mono seedlings were grown under four different light intensity regime (full sunlight, $65{\sim}72%$, $29{\sim}40%$, and, $7{\sim}12%$ of the full sunlight) for the experiment. The chlorophyll contents of all of the species were highest in $7{\sim}12%$ of the full sunlight, while lowest under the full sunlight. The relative growth rate of root collar diameter and height were decreased with increasing shading level except for Acer mono that showed the highest relative growth rate under $29{\sim}40%$ of the full sunlight. Total biomass and root volumes of the seedlings studied decreased as the light intensity decreased with different shade levels. For Acer mono, however, the biomass and root volumes were highest in $29{\sim}40%$ of the full sunlight. The relative growth rate of root comparing to shoot decreased as shading increased, and as a result, the ratio of aboveground to belowground biomass increased. As the shading level increased, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), and leaf weight ratio (LWR) of most species increased.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.205-215
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• 2002

Effects of artificial and solar W-B radiation on five rhodophytes (Curdiea racovitzae, Gigaytina skottsbergii, Mazzaella obovata, Myriogramme manginii, Palmaria decipiens) from Antarctica have been investigated using PAM fluorescence in laboratory and in the field. Laboratory studies showed that there were significant differences in the UV sensitivity between different species, and that the differences appeared to be correlated with the depth of collection of the specimens. It was apparent from the observations that the samples such as M. manginii and P. decipiens collected from 20-30 m depths were move sensitive to W-B radiation compared with those collected from shallower depths, The present study confirmed that an acclimation to the surrounding light regime could be an important factor to determine the UV-sensitivity of a species or individuals and that PAM measurements are rapid and non-destructive methods to evaluate UV influences. From field studies on M. manginii and P. decipiens it was observed that both plants exhibited changes in the effective quantum yield, with the minimum values nt noon followed by n recovery in the evening. Photoinhibition occurred in these species could therefore be accounted for by so- called dynamic photoinhibition. It seems likely that this protective mechanism may contribute to survival of the species in shallow water where they may encounter intense solar radiation. The presence or absence of the W- B component under solar radiation differently affected the photosynthetic recovery process, and the rate of recovery was much stoney in UV- present than in W- absent conditions. Functional role of W- B appears to delay the recovery of photosynthesis in the studied macroalgae. Differential sensitivity to UV-B recognised between M. manginii and P. decipiens seemed to correspond well with the amount of UV-absorbing substances (UVAS) contained in the respective species. Higher tolerance to solar radiation by the latter species may be due to the higher amount of UVAS. There were variations of UVAS concentrations in algal thalli depending on the season and depth of collection.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.348-359
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• 2008

The objectives of the study were to elucidate functional modifications in relation to hydrological, physico-chemical and ecological aspects in Daechung Reservoir by the upper dam constructions of Youngdam Reservoir and analyze temporal and spatial dynamic patterns using trophic parameters of TN, TP, chlorophyll (CHL), and Secchi depth (SD). Hydrological data such as inflow, precipitation, and water levels before (BDC, 1995$\sim$2000) and after (ADC, 2001$\sim$2006) the dam construction showed that precipitation had greater correlations with inflow volume in the BDC (r=0.964, p=0.002) than in the ADC (r=0.857, p=0.029). This outcome indicates that the upper dam construction influenced the inflow and water level of Daechung Reservoir. One of the greatest changes after the dam construction was decreases of nutrient contents (TN, TP) and increases of algal biomass (as CHL) as the water residence time increases. Values of CHL had greater relations with TP in the ADC (r=0.412, p<0.001) than the BDC (r=0.249, p<0.001), indicating that CHL had greater response at a given phosphorus in the ADC. Thus, algal yield at a given TP (CHL : TP ratios) increased in the ADC, resulting in a greater CHL-TP relations. Long-term interannual TP, TN, SD, and CHL showed greater variations in the riverine zone (RZ) than any other transition (TZ) and lacustrine zones (LZ). This phenomenon was mainly attributed to rapid hydrological response in the riverine zone (RZ) to flow reductions (short water residence time) from the upper dam, resulting in ambient contents of nutrients and light regime along with functional relations of CHL-TP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1615-1634
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• 2004

A review was undertaken to obtain information on the sustainability of pig free-range production systems including the management, performance and health of pigs in the system. Modern outdoor rearing systems requires simple portable and flexible housing with low cost fencing. Local pig breeds and outdoor-adapted breeds for certain environment are generally more suitable for free-range systems. Free-range farms should be located in a low rainfall area and paddocks should be relatively flat, with light topsoil overlying free-draining subsoil with the absence of sharp stones that can cause foot damage. Huts or shelters are crucial for protecting pigs from direct sun burn and heat stress, especially when shade from trees and other facilities is not available. Pigs commonly graze on strip pastures and are rotated between paddocks. The zones of thermal comfort for the sow and piglet differ markedly; between 12-22$^{\circ}C$ for the sow and 30-37$^{\circ}C$ for piglets. Offering wallows for free-range pigs meets their behavioural requirements, and also overcomes the effects of high ambient temperatures on feed intake. Pigs can increase their evaporative heat loss via an increase in the proportion of wet skin by using a wallow, or through water drips and spray. Mud from wallows can also coat the skin of pigs, preventing sunburn. Under grazing conditions, it is difficult to control the fibre intake of pigs although a high energy, low fibre diet can be used. In some countries outdoor sows are fitted with nose rings to prevent them from uprooting the grass. This reduces nutrient leaching of the land due to less rooting. In general, free-range pigs have a higher mortality compared to intensively housed pigs. Many factors can contribute to the death of the piglet including crushing, disease, heat stress and poor nutrition. With successful management, free-range pigs can have similar production to door pigs, although the growth rate of the litters is affected by season. Piglets grow quicker indoors during the cold season compared to outdoor systems. Pigs reared outdoors show calmer behaviour. Aggressive interactions during feeding are lower compared to indoor pigs while outdoor sows are more active than indoor sows. Outdoor pigs have a higher parasite burden, which increases the nutrient requirement for maintenance and reduces their feed utilization efficiency. Parasite infections in free-range pigs also risks the image of free-range pork as a clean and safe product. Diseases can be controlled to a certain degree by grazing management. Frequent rotation is required although most farmers are keeping their pigs for a longer period before rotating. The concept of using pasture species to minimise nematode infections in grazing pigs looks promising. Plants that can be grown locally and used as part of the normal feeding regime are most likely to be acceptable to farmers, particularly organic farmers. However, one of the key concerns from the public for free-range pig production system is the impact on the environment. In the past, the pigs were held in the same paddock at a high stocking rate, which resulted in damage to the vegetation, nutrient loading in the soil, nitrate leaching and gas emission. To avoid this, outdoor pigs should be integrated in the cropping pasture system, the stock should be mobile and stocking rate related to the amount of feed given to the animals.