• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.126-134
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• 2018

This study estimated the effect of sowing and harvesting dates on dry matter (DM) yield and feed value of forage oats at Sancheong, Korea. The forage oats (Darkhorse vs. Highspeed) were used in this experiment. The experimental main plots consisted of the different sowing and harvesting dates at 2 seasons as follows: spring oats of sowing (February 25, March 3 and March 13) and harvesting (May 27, June 6 and June 16); and fall oats of sowing (August 15, August 25 and September 4) and harvesting (October 15, October 25 and November 4). On spring oats, Highspeed sown on March 3 and then harvesting on June 6 had the highest (p<0.05) plant length and DM yield. Crude protein content decreased (p<0.05) in seed of the delayed-harvesting Highspeed. On fall oats, plant length and DM yield with the delayed-harvesting date increased (p<0.05), while crude protein content of the delayed-harvesting Highspeed decreased (p<0.05). This study concluded that the spring oat sown in early March and then harvesting in early June was recommended to increase dry matter and feed value although the fall oat sown in end August and then harvesting in early November was recommended for fall period.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of steam flaking treatment of corn grains imported from USA and India on in vitro gas production, microbial growth and contents of aflatoxin $B_1$ and ochratoxin A. Each treatment was composed of total 4 treatments including (1) USCW (US com-whole type), (2) USCF (US corn-flaked type), (3) IDCW (India corn-whole type) and (4) IDCF (India orn-flaked type) with 4 replications $\times$ 6 incubation times (3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 hr). Mycotoxin (aflatoxin $B_1$ & ochratoxin A) contents in test corns tended to increase gradually with increasing logistics periods from the harbor, hopper, silo to processing line. The contents of aflatoxin $B_1$ in India corn (IDCW) and US corn (USCW) were 11.71 and 1.78 ppb, respectively when measured at the hopper. After steam flaking, both contents of aflatoxin $B_1$ in USCW and IDCW were 0.00 ppb. It means that Aspergillus flavus could be decreased by steam flaking. However, this trend was not observed in ochratoxin content. The gas production rate of USA corns (USCW & USCF) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than India corns (IDCW & IDCF), and that of steam flaked corns (USCF & IDCF) was higher $1.5{\sim}2%$ than whole corns (USCW & IDCW) after 3 hr incubation in in vitro experiment. pH value was optimally maintained for microbial growth during whole incubation times with the value of 6.05 to 6.54, and was not significantly different between treatments, but USCF was somewhat lower than other treatments. pH value decreased following 12 hr of incubation but gas production increased rapidly during the same period. In addition, in vitro microbial growth rates also increased with up to 18 hr of incubation period, thereafter experienced a decrease with extended incubation time. In conclusion, US corn was superior to India corn by origin based on the results of in vitro and mycotoxin contents. And steam flaking process of imported corns tended to decrease mycotoxin contents such as aflatoxin $B_1$ and ochratoxin A as well as improve in vitro gas production and microbial growth rates.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.36
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• pp.531-551
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• 2018

The educational trait that the arts and cultural education and dance strive for at a time when the ethical tasks of life is the experience for insight of life. The awareness of time entrusted with the intensity [depth] of artistic and aesthetic experience is to contain its implication with policy and system. In the policy territory, broad perception and strategy are combined and practiced to produce new implication. Therefore, on the basis of characteristics and spectrum persuaded at a time when the arts and cultural education and dance education are broadly expanded, the result of this study after taking a look at the role of dance education within the arts and cultural education is shown as follows. The value striving for by the culture and arts education and dance education is to structure the life form with the artistic experience through the art as the ultimate life description. This is attributable to the fact that the artistic trait structured with self-understanding and self-expression contains the directivity of life that is recorded and depicted in the process of life. The dance education in the culture and arts education has the trait to view the world with the dance structure as the comprehensive study as in other textbook or art genre under the awareness of time and education system category within the school system and it has diverse social issues combined as related to the frame of social growth and advancement outside of school. When taking a look at the practical characteristics (method) of dance based on the arts and cultural education business, it facilitates the practice strategy through dance, in dance, about dance, between dance with the artist for art [dance]. At this time, the approachability of dance is deployed in a program based on diverse artistry for technology, expression, understanding, symbolism and others and it has the participation of enjoyment and preference. In the policy project of the culture and arts education, the dance education works as the function of education project as an alternative model on the education system and it also sometimes works as the function for social improvement and development to promote the community awareness and cultural transformation through the involvement and intervention of social issues.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.512-515
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• 2004

The purpose of this experiment was to obtain informations about variation of anthocyanin content within black-seeded soybean testa according to cultivation and harvest time. Three varieties, Ilpumgeomjeongkong, Geomjeongkong 2, Tawonkong were tested in this experiment. Seeds were planted on April 15 (early planting), May 15 (optimum planting), and June 15 (late planting), respectively. Harvest time was R6 (full seed), R7 (physiological maturity), and R8 (harvest maturity), respectively. The content of delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G), cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), petunidin-3-glucoside (Pt3G), and total anthocyanin (TA) had all increased gradually from April 15 to June 15 as well as R6 to R8. There was no varietal difference in D3G, but C3G and TA of Geomjeongkong 2 were higher than other two varieties. Pt3G was the highest Tawonkong of varieties. The value of L as anthocyanin color difference had gradually decreased from April 15 to June 15 and R6 to R8, Geomjeongkong 2 among three varieties was the lowest. The value of a was the highest on May 15 and increased gradually from R6 to R8, Geomjeongkong 2 was the lowest. The value of b was the highest on June 15 as late planting and was the highest Geomjeongkong 2 of varieties. The value of b had increased gradually from R6 to R8. D3G, C3G, Pt3G, and TA contents showed mutually high positive correlation and these four characters were represented high negative correlation with L value but showed high positive correlation with a and b values. The value of L showed high negative correlation with a and b values. The value of a showed high positive correlation with b value.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.359-364
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• 2014

In this study, we developed a HPLC method for the separation and analysis of methylparaben and p-anisic acid, which are commonly used as a synthetic preservative and natural preservative, respectively. Methylparaben and p-anisic acid have same molecular weight (152.15 g/mol), similar structure and same maximum absorption wavelength (250 nm), thus they showed same retention time (RT) value (13.3 min) in HPLC experiment. We observed that two substances are separated on C18 column after methylparaben was derivatized selectively through the acetylation reaction. Instead, RT of the acetylated methylparaben was moved to 23.9 min from 13.3 min. The average retention time was $23.9{\pm}0.1min$ and peak area values was $5042882{\pm}4778$. In addition it showed a high linearity in the calibration curve with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9999658. Detection and quantitation limits were $1.47{\mu}g/mL$ and $4.44{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. In conclusion, the developed method can be useful for separation and analysis of preservatives with similar structure in cosmetic fields.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.610-617
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of Karedduk, Korean rice cakes, containing cactus (as Opuntia humifusa) fruit powder at a concentration of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% during three days of storage. The moisture content of the cooked cake just before storage ranged from 45.55～49.70%, indicating that the moisture content decreased as the amount of the powder added inceased. The L value, which is a measure of the lightness of the cake color decreased as the amount of added powder increased. In addition, the L value sharply decreased after one day of storage relative to its valve just after the cake was cooked. However, no significant changes were observed at longer storage times except at a fruit powder concentration of 2%. The a value, which is a measure of the redness, was significantly increased with an increase in the amount of added powder. The b value, which is a measure of the yellowness, was the same for all the treatments regardless of the amount of the powder added. The a and b values did not display any regular patterns in terms of the amount of powder added as a function of storage time. In regards to mechanical quality characteristics, the hardness and the gumminess of the cake just cooked tended to be increase with an increase in the amount of added powder indicating that no significant differences between the non-treatments and the treatments existed. The hardness of the cake did not change after two days of storage relative to when they were just cooked at all powder concentrations: however, the hardness of the cake after three days of storage was found to drop significantly with an increase in the amount of added powder. The cohesiveness of the cake right after cooking tended to decrease with an increase in the amount of added powder. The springiness of the cake right after it was cooked and on the second day of storage, did not significantly different as a function of powder concentration. The chewiness of the cake right after cooking increased with an increase in the amount of added powder. In the sensory test, the color and the flavor of the cake containing a powder concentration of 6% was found to be the highest. In addition and the chewiness significantly with an increase in the amount of added powder. In both taste and overall acceptability, the cake containing a powder concentration of 4% was determined to be the highest, showing no significant differences in taste relative to the cakes made with a powder concluded that it would be the best to cook Karedduk which a of cactus (Opuntia humifusa) fruit powder concentration of 4~6%.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.3-9
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• 2018

Although Life Cycle Cost (LCC) must be evaluated by experts, sometimes it may not allow a sufficient time for even the experienced LCC expert to make rational decisions. Therefore, it often ends with relatively comparing the final numbers. We have broken down 110 technical proposals that are actually bade and accepted for large construction projects, and then have analyzed the uncertainty of Maintenance and Energy (M&E) cost during building life cycle, which turns out be the most volatile factor in uncertainty of LCC. Also we suggest "Value Engineering Index (VEI)" - the reduced M&E cost that is normalized by the reduced first cost. It is analyzed that the most uncertain factors of the M&E cost include repair and replacement term differing from each project, duplicated repair and replacement, non-standard repair items, and site-specific energy cost. Eventually we propose a VEI population with a mean of 1.38 and a standard deviation of 1.19, which is obtained by individually and exclusively applying the uncertain factors of the M&E cost to the 35 standard sample of technical proposals. The LCC evaluators may be able to use the VEI population as the benchmark to select the technical proposal with the most reasonable LCC among many others in two suggested manners; the one is to deterministically calculate the probability of single VEIs, and the other is to stochastically calculate the probability of the VEIs where uncertainty is quantified.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.380-395
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• 2022

This study investigated the utilization of detoxified Rhus verniciflua (RV) extract as a natural antioxidant to extend the shelf life of chicken breast meat during storage. Pre-heating at (35℃, 100℃, 120℃, and 140℃) was conducted on heartwood of RV prior to extraction to improve its antioxidant activity and remove the allergenic compound urushiol. The antioxidant activity was the highest when RV pre-heated at 120℃ with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging activity observed at 62.29 EC₅₀ ㎍/mL and 12.11 IC₅₀ mg/mL, respectively. Pre-heating also significantly increased the total phenolic content (TPC), with the highest improvement was seen at 120℃, 100℃, and 140℃ respectively, wherein 35℃ shared no difference with the raw RV (RRV). Urushiol content was vanished following pre-heating at 120℃ and 140℃. With respect to these result, pre-heating treatment at 120℃ was applied before the extraction of the heartwood of RV. Prepared breast meat sample was dipped into distilled water as a negative control, 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as positive control, and a solution containing detoxified RV extract (0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 1.00%) at 4℃ for 60 min. Treatment group with 0.50% and 1.00% addition increased the redness and yellowness value on day 6 and day 3 of storage respectively (p < 0.05). The pH value of breast meat was also increased in treatment of 0.50% and 1.00% on day 0, but subsequently lower until end of storge day compared to control negative (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 0.50% treatment exhibited a higher antioxidant activity, stronger inhibition of the microbial growth evaluated by total viable count and maintaining a lower total volatile basic nitrogen among treatments (p < 0.05), unless for BHT and 1.00% treatment groups (p > 0.05). It indicates a similar efficacy of detoxified RV extract with that of positive control treated with BHT. The results of this study suggested that dipping chicken breast meat into a solution containing 0.50% of previously pre-heated RV heartwood at 120℃ could be a promising natural antioxidant for extending the shelf life, and at the same time improve its quality during storage.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.136-141
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• 2012

Objectives: The maintenance of the healthy periodontal ligament cells of the root surface of donor tooth and intimate surface contact between the donor tooth and the recipient bone are the key factors for successful tooth transplantation. In order to achieve these purposes, a duplicated donor tooth model can be utilized to reduce the extra-oral time using the computer-aided rapid prototyping (CARP) technique. Materials and Methods: Briefly, a three-dimensional digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) image with the real dimensions of the donor tooth was obtained from a computed tomography (CT), and a life-sized resin tooth model was fabricated. Dimensional errors between real tooth, 3D CT image model and CARP model were calculated. And extra-oral time was recorded during the autotransplantation of the teeth. Results: The average extra-oral time was 7 min 25 sec with the range of immediate to 25 min in cases which extra-oral root canal treatments were not performed while it was 9 min 15 sec when extra-oral root canal treatments were performed. The average radiographic distance between the root surface and the alveolar bone was 1.17 mm and 1.35 mm at mesial cervix and apex; they were 0.98 mm and 1.26 mm at the distal cervix and apex. When the dimensional errors between real tooth, 3D CT image model and CARP model were measured in cadavers, the average of absolute error was 0.291 mm between real teeth and CARP model. Conclusions: These data indicate that CARP may be of value in minimizing the extra-oral time and the gap between the donor tooth and the recipient alveolar bone in tooth transplantation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.59-63
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• 2010

Purpose: Driving a car is an essential component of daily life. For safe driving, each driver must perceive sensory information and respond rapidly and accurately. Brake response time (BRT) is a particularly important factor in the total stopping distance of a vehicle, and therefore is an important factor in traffic accident prevention research. The purpose of the current study was (1) to compare accelerometer. BRTs analyzed by three different methods and (2) to investigate possible correlations between accelerometer-BRTs and foot switch-BRTs, which are measured method using a foot switch. Methods: Eighteen healthy subjects participated in this study. BRT was measured with either a tri-axial accelerometer or a footswitch. BRT with a tri-axial accelerometer was analyzed using three methods: maximum acceleration time, geometrical center, and center of maximum and minimum acceleration values. Results: Both foot switch-BRTs and accelerometer-BRTs were delayed. ANOVA for accelerometer BRTs yielded significant main effects for axis and analysis, while the interaction effect between axis and analysis was not significant. Calculating the Pearson correlation between accelerometer-BRT and foot switch-BRT, we found that maximum acceleration time and center of maximum and minimum acceleration values were significantly correlated with foot switch-BRT (p<0.05). The X axis of the geometrical center was significantly correlated with foot switch-BRTs (p<0.05), but Y and Z axes were not (p>0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the maximum acceleration time and the center of maximum and minimum acceleration value are significantly correlated with foot switch-BRTs.