• 비교문화연구
• /
• 제29권
• /
• pp.453-477
• /
• 2012

This study investigates how the truth-related words in Korean, which were originally noun or adverb with 'truth' related meaning, can be used as discourse markers with the functions such as 'emphatic marker', 'attention getter', or 'hesitation marker', and it argues that such functions of the discourse markers are the result of grammaticalization process. That is to say that the truth-related words have acquired new functions as discourse markers from their corresponding lexical items as a noun or an adverb through grammaticalization process. In this study, we demonstrate that the truth-related words tend to appear sentence-initially or sentence-medially when they are used as discourse markers. We also show that they are most likely to be used as emphatic marker because of the lexical meaning of the truth-related words. Finally, we state that truth-related words differ from one another in where they appear and what function they are used with.

• 음성과학
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.237-245
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics for cohesion in the narratives of fluent aphasics. Ten fluent aphasics and ten normal adults matched chronological-age and education level with aphasics participated in this study. Story retelling task was given to the participants individually. And all narratives they produced were recorded and transcribed for analysis. The frequency of cohesive markers and the rate of accuracy were analyzed. The result were as follows; (1) The fluent aphasics used cohesive devices significantly less than the normal adult group, and the rate of accuracy of cohesive devices used was lower than the normal adults. (2) Both groups used lexical cohesion more than pro-forms and ellipsis, and the difference of two groups was larger in lexical cohesion than pro-forms and ellipsis. (3) The fluent aphasics used lexical cohesion more accurately than pro-forms and ellipsis but the normal adults used all three cohesive markers accurately. The difference of two groups was large in pro-forms and ellipsis.

• 비교문화연구
• /
• 제25권
• /
• pp.649-678
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this work is to explain categorial correlations between indirect evidentiality and epistemic modality on the basis of semantic, pragmatic usages of Russian so-called non-specialized lexical markers of evidentiality, such as kazhetsja, naverno, vidimo, poxozhe, dolzhno byt' etc. To do this, firstly I concentrated on the parameter of internal functional variation of a given parenthetic word. Secondly, I approached this topic from a typological perspective. Thirdly, I accepted Sweeter(1990)'s methodological assumption that etymological prototype of a given word plays a great role in grammatical, semantic, pragmatic changes. As a result, I could postulate general tendencies of grammaticalizations (or semantic, pragmatic, funtional changes) in the direction from epistemic modality to indirect evidentialty, which consists of inferentives, presumptives, and quotatives. For example, such a parenthetic word as kazhetsja can functions not only as a marker of epistemic modality of uncertainty, but also as inferentives. Besides, it is very interesting that this word lately has started to function as quotatives, too. This kind of functional variations are very characteristic in these spheres.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제16권8호
• /
• pp.5565-5570
• /
• 2015

암묵인용문 인식은 학술문헌의 본문 텍스트 내에서 명시적 인용표지가 누락된 인용문장을 자동 인식하는 것으로 인용 기반 논문 검색 및 요약의 핵심 기술이다. 기존 암묵인용문 인식의 최신 연구들은 단어 ngram, 단서어구, 명시인용문과의 거리, 기존 연구자의 성, 기존 방법의 명칭 등 다양한 자질을 활용하여 50% 이상 인식 수준을 보고하고 있다. 그러나 대부분의 기존 연구들은 영어에 대해 수행되었으며 한국어의 경우 최근 긍정/부정 단서어구 패턴을 활용한 규칙 기반 시도에서 42% 성능 수준이 보고되어 있어 추가 성능 향상이 요구되는 상황이다. 이 연구에서는 한국어 어휘 자질을 사용하여 한국어 암묵인용문의 기계학습 기반 인식을 시도하였다. 이를 위해 어절, 형태소, 음절 단위에 기반한 다양한 크기의 어휘 ngram 자질들의 인식 성능을 비교 평가하고 한국어 암묵인용문 인식에 적합한 어휘 자질로 형태소 1gram 및 음절 2gram 단위를 결정하였다. 또한 이들 어휘 자질들을 전후 명시인용문들과의 인접성을 표현한 위치 자질들과 결합하여 한국어 암묵인용문 인식 성능을 50% 이상 수준으로 대폭 향상시켰다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.205-212
• /
• 2013

기존 채팅 시스템은 일반적으로 사용자 입력 문장과 데이터베이스 내 목표 문장들 사이의 어휘 일치도에 기반을 둔 방법을 사용한다. 그러나 이러한 방법은 어휘 불일치 문제를 자주 일으킨다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 순차적으로 적용되는 3단계 문장 검색 방법을 제안한다. 첫 번째 단계는 어휘 수준에서 사용자 입력 문장과 목표 문장들 사이의 공통 키워드 열을 비교하는 것이다. 두 번째 단계는 의미 수준에서 사용자 입력 문장과 데이터베이스 내 문장들 사이의 문장 유형과 의미 표지를 비교하는 것이다. 마지막 단계는 미리 정의된 어휘-구문 패턴을 사용자 입력 문장과 매칭하는 것이다. 실험에서 제안된 방법은 단순 키워드 매칭 방법 보다 더 나은 응답 정확도와 사용자 만족도를 보였다.

• 한국영어학회지:영어학
• /
• 제2권3호
• /
• pp.329-372
• /
• 2002

Tobin (1993) argues that verbs can be classified according to the process/result distinction. He further claims that the grammatical development of the lexical verbs into auxiliary/aspectual verbs is motivated by the distinction. In this paper, first, I reconsider Tobin's (1993) claim in the viewpoint of the principle of persistence (Hopper 1991) or the source determination hypothesis (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994), which states that the meaning of the source construction determines the path of grammaticalization. I then classified tense/aspect/ modality markers according to Tobin's (1993) process/result distinction. Finally, I argue that Tobin's (1993) process/result distinction constrains the distribution of grammaticalized verbs among tense/aspect/modality markers not only in English and but also in Korean.

• 영어어문교육
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.197-216
• /
• 2012

This study examines spoken interlanguage of Korean learners of English, focusing on the distribution of modal verbs and devices of epistemic modality. (Semi-) spontaneous speech data were collected from four students participating in a self-organized study group for seven months, which produced a corpus of about 55,000 words. The data analysis reveals the following: 1) The frequency of the modal verbs produced by the learners was lower than that of native speakers; 1.99 vs. 2.32 tokens per 100 words. The range of the modal verbs used by the learners was also very limited, with over-reliance on can (43%). 2) The grammatical categories of the devices marking epistemic modality were in the order of adverbs, lexical verbs, and modal verbs, with a high frequency of a few items in each category. 3) Lexical items conveying certainty and modals of obligation were preferred over markers of weaker commitment, resulting in speech characterized by firmer assertions and a more authoritative tone, a potential cause for pragmatic failure. 4) A weak developmental change was observed in the frequency of modal verbs, but not in their functions over the seven month period of data collection. L1 influence, L2 proficiency, mode of communication, and instruction effects are discussed as possible variables involved in the distribution patterns observed.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
• /
• pp.430-431
• /
• 1996

Among the scholars of second language (L2) acquisition who have used prosodic considerations in syntactic analyses, pausing and intonation contours have been used to define utterances in the speech of second language learners (e.g., Sato, 1990). In recent research on conversational analysis, it has been found that lexically marked causal clause combining in the discourse of native speakers can be distinguished as "intonational subordination" and "intonational coordination(Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth, forthcoming.)". This study uses Pienemann's Processability Theory (1995) for an analysis of the speech of native speakers of Japanese (L1) learning English. In order to accurately assess the psycholinguistic stages of syntactic development, it is shown that pitch, loudness, and timing must all be considered together with the syntactic analysis of interlanguage speech production. Twelve Japanese subjects participated in eight fifteen minute interviews, ninety-six dyads. The speech analyzed in this report is limited to the twelve subjects interacting with two different non-native speaker interviews for a total of twenty-four dyads. Within each of the interviews, four different tasks are analyzed to determine the stage of acquisition of English for each subject. Initially the speech is segmented according to intonation contour arid pauses. It is then classified accoding to specific syntactic units and further analysed for pitch, loudness and timing. Results indicate that the speech must be first claasified prosodic ally and lexically, prior to beginning syntactic analysis. This analysis stinguishes three interlanguage lexical categories: discourse markers, coordinator $s_ordinators, and transfer from Japanese. After these lexical categories have been determined, the psycholinguistic stages of syntactic development can be more accurately assessed.d.

• 아시아태평양코퍼스연구
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.23-36
• /
• 2024

This research centers on the Taiwan Eye-Movement Corpus of Spanish (TECS), a specially created corpus comprising eye-tracking data from Chinese-speaking learners of Spanish as a third language in Taiwan. Its primary purpose is to explore the broad utility of TECS in understanding language learning processes, particularly the initial stages of language learning. Constructing this corpus involves gathering data on eye-tracking, reading comprehension, and language proficiency to develop a machine-learning model that predicts learner behaviors, and subsequently undergoes a predictability test for validation. The focus is on examining attention in input processing and their relationship to language learning outcomes. The TECS eye-tracking data consists of indicators derived from eye movement recordings while reading Spanish sentences with temporal references. These indicators are obtained from eye movement experiments focusing on tense verbal inflections and temporal adverbs. Chinese expresses tense using aspect markers, lexical references, and contextual cues, differing significantly from inflectional languages like Spanish. Chinese-speaking learners of Spanish face particular challenges in learning verbal morphology and tenses. The data from eye movement experiments were structured into feature vectors, with learner behaviors serving as class labels. After categorizing the collected data, we used two types of machine learning methods for classification and regression: Random Forests and the k-nearest neighbors algorithm (KNN). By leveraging these algorithms, we predicted learner behaviors and conducted performance evaluations to enhance our understanding of the nexus between learner behaviors and language learning process. Future research may further enrich TECS by gathering data from subsequent eye-movement experiments, specifically targeting various Spanish tenses and temporal lexical references during text reading. These endeavors promise to broaden and refine the corpus, advancing our understanding of language processing.

• 비교문화연구
• /
• 제47권
• /
• pp.217-240
• /
• 2017

본고는 피동 표현에서의 한국어 행위주 표지 '-에게(한테)', '-에, -로'와 중국어 피동 표지 '피(被)[$b{\grave{e}}i$]/양(?)[$r{\grave{a}}ng$]/규(叫)[$ji{\grave{a}}o$]/급(?)[$g{\check{e}}i$]'를 연구 대상으로 삼아 그 분포양상 및 특징을 살피고 이들 형태를 비교 대조를 통하여 그 대응 관계를 면밀히 고찰해 보고자 하였다. 대조 분석 시 두 언어의 유형적 특징, 피동 표현에서의 행위주, 피동주에 대한 선택 제약, 그리고 '받다'류 피동 표현에서 행위주(피동) 표지의 사용 제약과 같은 3가지 측면에 중점을 두었다. 본 대조 분석을 통해 확인한바, 한 중 피동 표현에서 한국어 행위주 표지 '-에게(한테)', '-에, -로'와 중국어 피동 표지 '피(被)/양(?)/규(叫)/급(?)'는 각각 행위주와 결합하여 부사어 역할을 하고 있는 공통점에도 불구하고 용법에 있어 차이점을 보였다. 먼저 두 언어 유형적 특징에 따라 피동 표현에서 행위주와의 결합 방식이 각각 달리 나타남을 확인하였다. 그리고 한국어 행위주 표지는 오로지 조사 역할을 하여 '행위주 유정성 유무'에 대한 제약만 받는 반면, 중국어 피동 표지 '피(被)/양(?)/규(叫)/급(?)'는 각각 문법화 정도에 따라 행위주 유무뿐만 아니라 피동주 유정성 유무 그리고 문장에 나타나는 어휘의 의미에 따른 제약 등을 보인다. 특히 한국어 '받다'류 피동 표현에서 한국어의 행위주 표지 '에게(한테), -에, -로'는 그대로 사용되지만 대응하는 중국어에서는 피동 표지 사용에 여러 제약이 있음을 확인하였다.