• 한국학교수학회논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.43-53
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• 1999

Two (second-grade) classes of Yu-song middle school were chosen to research the effect of the visualization in the learning of probability calculation at a middle school. One class, as an experiment class, was taught the probability calculation of probability unit by the visualization learning and the other, as a controlled class, was taught it by the traditional lecture, and then through the writing tests there was a verification on the effect of right after test and the delaying test after 3 weeks to examine the learning effect of high- and low-level groups. It was difficult for the students to visualize the problems of the probability calculation, but I suggested simple models to the students and helped them to learn meaningfully. As a result of this study, there showed statistically significant difference in high-level group in the right after test.(P< .05) In the delaying test after 3 weeks, there also showed statistically significant marks only in high-level group.(P< .05) The visualization in the learning of probability calculation took more affirmative effect in the experiment class than the comparative class only in high-level group. The students in low-level group has difficulties in the visualization activities, but all the students in high-and low-level group thought the visualization was a great help to them in learning probability calculation.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제16권5호통권98호
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• pp.48-57
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• 1999

Applications of thresholding technique are based on the assumption that object and background pixels in a digital image can be distinguished by their gray level values. For the segmentation of more complex images, it is necessary to resort to multiple threshold selection techniques. This paper describes a new method for multiple threshold selection of gray level images which are not clearly distinguishable from the background. The proposed method consists of three main stages. In the first stage, a probability distribution function for a gray level histogram of an image is derived. Cluster points are defined according to the probability distribution function. In the second stage, fuzzy partition matrix of the probability distribution function is generated through the fuzzy clustering process. Finally, elements of the fuzzy partition matrix are classified as clusters according to gray level values by using max-membership method. Boundary values of classified clusters are selected as multiple threshold. In order to verify the performance of the developed algorithm, automatic inspection process of ball grid array is presented.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1992년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집(국내학술편); KOEX, Seoul; 19-21 Oct. 1992
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• pp.554-557
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• 1992

In this paper the normalized innovations squared of a Kalman filter is used to detect a bias level in prediction errors due to target accelerations. The probability density function of the normalized innovation squared is obtained for a steady state Kalman filter, and it is used to calculate the detection probability of the bias level. A typical example is given to compute the detection probability.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.151-160
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• 2005

버스와 같은 대중교통의 경우에는 서비스수준을 평가하는 효과철도에 확률의 개념이 사용되어, 확률값의 선형비례적인 수치를 기준으로 A~F의 서비스수준의 등급을 구분하기도 한다.(TCQSM: Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual-2nd Edition, TRB, Washington DC., 2003) 이 경우 운전자나 승객이 느끼는 정도와 확률값이 선형비례 관계에 있지 않을 수 있는데 이는 서비스수준을 적절하게 반영한다고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 TCQSM에서 제시하고 있는 버스 운행의 정시성 평가 사례를 통해 확률값의 선형비례적인 수치를 기준으로 서비스수준의 등급을 구분할 때 발생하는 문제점을 분석하고, 이러한 문제점을 보완하는 적절한 서비스수준 기준을 산정하는 방법론을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 차두간격 분산계수 분포의 확률밀도를 기준으로 서비스수준의 기준을 산정하는 방법은 승객의 평균 대기시간을 적절하게 반영하고, 실제 버스 운행 자료를 사용하여 적용한 결과, TCQSM에서 제시한 방법보다 더 적절하게 버스의 운행 신뢰성을 평가하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 효용함수를 이용하여 서비스수준의 기준을 산정하는 방법은 이용자가 느끼는 서비스수준과 효용차이의 관계에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요한 것으로 본 연구의 한계로 남는다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.165-174
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• 2003

이 연구의 목적은 중학생의 인지수준과 확률적 사고수준을 측정하여 그 관계를 분석하고 Thinking Science (TS) 프로그램의 확률 활동을 적용하여 그 효과를 분석하는 것이다. 중학교 1학년 219명을 실험집단과 통제집단으로 나누어, 실험집단에는 TS 프로그램의 확률 활동을, 통제집단에는 전통적인 과학 수업을 적용하였다. 결과에 의하면, 중학생의 인지수준은 대부분 구체적 조작기에 해당하였고, 많은 학생들의 확률적 사고수준은 확률 문제 해결에 양적 전략을 사용하면서 주관적 전략도 함께 사용하는 과도기적인 수준이었다. 또한, 인지수준이 높을수록 확률적 사고 수준도 높았으며, 확률의 구성요소 중에서 표본 공간과 한 사건에 대한 확률이 확률 비교와 조건부 확률보다 먼저 발달하였다. TS 프로그램의 확률 활동은 학생들이 확률 문제 해결에 양적 전략을 사용하도록 하는 데에 효과적이었다. 특히 사전에 확률 문제 해결에 주관적 전략과 양적 전략을 혼용하던 중기 구체적 조작기인 학생들이 사후에 양적 전략을 사용하도록 하고, 한 사건에 대한 확률을 인식하도록 하는 데에 효과가 있었다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2003년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집 Ⅳ
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• pp.2435-2438
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• 2003

In this paper, we propose a Korean speech understanding model using dictionary and thesaurus. The proposed model search the dictionary for the same word with in input text. If it is not in the dictionary, the proposed model search the high level words in the high level word dictionary based on the thesaurus. We compare the probability of sentence understanding model with threshold probability, and we'll get the speech understanding rate. We evaluated the performance of the sentence speech understanding system by applying twenty questions game. As the experiment results, we got sentence speech understanding accuracy of 79.8％. In this case probability of high level word is 0.9 and threshold probability is 0.38.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2022

This paper attempted to analyze the correlation between the risk image of the evacuees in the tunnel and the variables that affect the evacuation behavior due to the closed feeling. As to whether there is a difference in the level of recognizing the tunnel risk image according to the distribution of jobs, the null hypothesis was rejected at the significance probability of 0.002, so it can be said that the level of recognition of the tunnel risk image varies depending on the job group. In the distribution difference between gender and tunnel risk image recognition level, the significance probability was 0.012, indicating that the null hypothesis was rejected, indicating that the tunnel risk recognition distribution according to gender was different. As a result of analyzing the distribution difference between the tunnel's closed feeling and the tunnel risk perception level, the significance probability was 0.001, and the null hypothesis was rejected, indicating that there was a difference in the tunnel risk image level.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.12-17
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• 2017

Manned aircraft structural design is based on structural safety factor of 1.5, and this safety factor is equivalent to a probability of failure of between 10-2 and 10-3. The target failure probability of FARs is between 10-6 and 10-9 per flight according to aircraft type. NATO released STANAG 4703 to established the airworthiness requirements for small UAV which is less than 150kg. STANAG 4703 requires the Target Level of Safety according to MTOW. The requirements of failure probability for small UAV is between 10-4 and 10-5. In this paper, requirements of airworthiness certification for small UAV were investigated and the relationship of safety factors to the probability of structural failure is analyzed to reduce measure of safety factor and structural weight of unmanned aircraft.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.95-103
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• 2015

We introduce a surplus process which follows a diffusion process with positive drift and is subject to two types of claim. We assume that type I claim occurs more frequently, however, its size is stochastically smaller than type II claim. We obtain the ruin probability that the level of the surplus becomes negative, and then, decompose the ruin probability into three parts, two ruin probabilities caused by each type of claim and the probability that the level of the surplus becomes negative naturally due to the diffusion process. Finally, we illustrate a numerical example, when the sizes of both types of claim are exponentially distributed, to compare the impacts of two types of claim on the ruin probability of the surplus along with that of the diffusion process.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.129-139
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• 2008

콘크리트 구조물의 내구성 해석 변수들의 변동성과 불확실성으로 인해 확률론적인 접근법의 사용이 증가되어 왔다. 특히, 몬테칼로시뮬레이션 방법(Level III 방법)은 접근성의 용이함으로 인해 많은 내구신뢰성 해석에 사용되어왔지만, 결과를 얻기위해서는 수 십만번의 반복계산이 필요하다. Level II 수준의 신뢰성 해석법인 일계이차모멘트법(FOSM)은 MCS법과 비교할 수 없을 정도의 짧은 시간에 신뢰도지수나 파괴확률을 계산할 수 있어, 유효성만 검증된다면 편리성과 신속성으로 인해 폭넓은 사용이 가능할 것이다. 본 연구에서는 FOSM법과 MCS법에 의한 부식확률(내구성 파괴확률)을 서로 비교하여 FOSM법의 유효성을 검증하고 각 내구성 해석변수들의 변동성이 부식확률에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다.