• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.402-407
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• 2012

Since reports on trip delays or incidents often appear as accident articles on the press, the social criticisms and concerns on the safety of the urban railway are increasing. Therefore, a railway authority sometimes adopts an abstract safety goal like "let's build the urban railway to a masterpiece level" or "let's obtain an aeronautic safety level" to make citizens relieved and to alert involved persons. However with a vague goal, it is almost impossible to make an implementation plan systematic which helps the authority academically verify and validate if the goal is achieved or not. In this paper, the features of the railway safety are described and the safety models for securing the safety of the urban railway are surveyed and categorized. Based on the comparisons among the features and limitations of the models, we identify a more practical model which can be applied to the urban railway more effectively.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.449-457
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• 2023

In this study, the structural limit for concrete was experimentally determined against corrosion of steel. The structural limit was taken as (1) the deformation of concrete at yielding, (2) the maximum pull-out strength and (3) the pull-out strength at the level for uncorroded specimen. Corrosion of steel was accelerated by extracting charges from steel surface to govern degree of steel corrosion. As a result, an increase in the steel diameter resulted in an increase in the corrosion degree to reach the concrete deformation at yielding. Again, an increase in the steel diameter resulted in an increase in the extracted charge to meet the maximum and uncorroded-equivalent level for the bond strength. However, the mass loss was marginally affected by the steel size, reflecting that these parameters could be used to alert the structural limit.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.153-175
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• 2016

Daecheong Reservoir has suffered eutrophication and water-blooms by blue-green algae from initial impoundment, and algae alert system (AAS) was introduced in 1997. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rainfall and hydrological factors in increase or decrease variability of green-tide and prolonged AAS, studied and analyzed the current situation of AAS has been operating for 19 years (1997~2015) in Daecheong Reservoir. The total issued number of AAS was 46 times, the most frequent period in August and September were 22 times (752 days) and 16 times (431 days), respectively, it accounted for 82.6%. Many number and frequency during this period were significantly associated with rainfall, various discharge and water level. Rainfall and hydrological events are associated with the rainy season of monsoon-Changma and the typhoon, it was concentrated in June~September, total rainfall in this period accounted for 69.9% of the annual rainfall. An increase in inflows was dependent on the intensity, frequency and the amount of rainfall. Accounted for 68.4% of the total annual inflow, it was a time when the most rapidly changing hydrological variability in the reservoir. The total outflow was closely related to rainfall, and compared the distinctive characteristics of hydropower generation and watergate-spillway discharge. In addition, the upreservoir zone of Daecheong Reservoir could be vulnerable to green-tide by regulating discharge of the upstream dam. The issue of AAS was strongly related to the with and without of watergate-spillway discharge. The watergate-spillway discharge had a total of 25 times, it was maximum 17 days from July to September in the year. And the opening times and each duration of the watergate were 1~4 times and the range of 3~37 days, respectively. When the watergate opened, the issue of AAS was maintained to 13 years and the movement of water bodies and green-tide was great about five times than that of non-open, had a profound effect on prolonged AAS within reservoir. In Daecheong Reservoir, Chusori (CHU) area of the So-ok Stream was still showing serious symptoms green-tide levels in the summer, but Janggye (JAN) waters of the main reservoir was pointed out that more important. AAS will be operated by an absolutely consider the rainfall and hydrological effects around the watergate-spillway discharge. The measures of green-tide will be included in the limnological studies more suited to the characteristics of the watershed and reservoir of the our country. Finally, from now on, we will prepare the systematic management and guidelines for vulnerable zone water-blooms that are the source within the reservoir before the monsoon rather than waiting for the arrival of green-tide on the operating stations of AAS.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.337-354
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• 2017

Cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon population is widely distributed in the world, and well known as harmful algae by producing toxins and off-flavor materials, thus belonging to one of the taxa that became more interested in the field of limnoecology. In this study, the frequency, intensity, and duration of Aphanizomenon occurrence were increased with the abnormal drawdown of water level in the winter in Boryeong Reservoir, and the spatial and temporal characteristics of them are compared with each other in the perspective of hydrometeorology (1998 to 2017) and limnology (2010 to 2017). In Korea, Aphanizomenon flourished mainly in high temperature, and the appearance in the low temperature was rare in total five times. The harmful cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon was observed in the low temperature (December to February) in Boryeong Reservoir from 2014, and then reached a maximum value of $2,160cells\;mL^{-1}$ in January 2017. In addition, the period exceeding $1,000cells\;mL^{-1}$ at this time was more than 3 months. This was simultaneously associated with abnormal water level fluctuation in the low temperature ($<10^{\circ}C$). The large drawdown of water level in the winter season has the potential to promote or amplify the germination and development of harmful algae. Also, subsequent water quality and ecological impacts(e.g., algal toxins and off-flavor substances) need to be considered carefully.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.255-265
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• 2003

This study was conducted to provide a baseline data for hospice nurses to improve their practices for the spiritual wellbeing of their clients. Analysis of the spiritual wellbeing status of hospice patients was conducted from April 20 to June 20, 2002. A total of 59 cancer patients who admitted to hospice care units of one university medical center, and who have alert mental status were recruited for the study. Paloutzian and Ellison (982) spiritual wellbeing scale and Jungho Kang (996) scale, which was modified for the cancer patients, were used as the study instruments, ANOVA and T-test were applied using SPSS win 10.0 for statistical analysis. The results are as follows : 1. The mean spiritual wellbeing score of the hospice patients was $49.76(SD\pm7.95)$. When it was converted into 4 point scale, the mean score for the spiritual wellbeing was 2.49. The mean religious wellbeing score was $24.17 (SD\pm5.56)$ and that of the existential wellbeing was $25.59 (SD\pm3.10)$. 2 The mean score for the total spiritual wellbeing was $52.54 (SD\pm8.12)$ for female, and $47.86 (SD\pm6.95)$ for male and the difference was statistically significant (t=-2.305, p=.025), 3. In testing the spiritual wellbeing, there was significant difference according to the religion (F=28.931, p=.000). 4. In testing the religious wellbeing, the mean score was $22.77 (SD\pm5.35)$ for male, and $26.20 (SD\pm5.32)$ for female and the difference was statistically significant (t=-2.430, p=.019). 5. In testing the religious wellbeing, there was significant difference according to the religion (F=37.522, p=.000). However, the religious wellbeing was not different according to the age, occupation, marital status and education level. 6. In testing the existential wellbeing. there was significant difference according to the religion (F=8.147, p=.000). However, mean score for the existential wellbeing was not significantly different according to sex, age, occupation, marital status and education level. 7. In testing the existential wellbeing, there was significant difference according to the level of vigor (F=3.662, p=.032), while no difference was observed in the existential wellbeing according to the general health status, degree of pain, and diagnosis. From the results described above it can be concluded that : To improve the spiritual wellbeing status of hospice patients, hospice nurses should identify spiritual needs of the patients according to the religion. gender and the level of vigor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.506-513
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• 2020

Due to climate change, there is an increasing risk of complex (hybrid) disasters, comprising rising sea-levels, typhoons, and torrential rains. This study focuses on Marine City, Busan, a new residential city built on a former landfill site in Suyeong Bay, which recently suffered massive flood damage following a combination of typhoons, storm surges, and wave overtopping and run-up. Preparations for similar complex disasters in future will depend on risk impact assessment and prioritization to establish appropriate countermeasures. A framework was first developed for this study, followed by the collection of data on flood prediction and socioeconomic risk factors. Five socioeconomic risk factors were identified: (1) population density, (2) basement accommodation, (3) building density and design, (4) design of sidewalks, and (5) design of roads. For each factor, absolute criteria were determined with which to assess their level of risk, while expert surveys were consulted to weight each factor. The results were classified into four levels and the risk level was calculated according to the sea-level rise predictions for the year 2100 and a 100-year return period for storm surge and rainfall: Attention 43 %, Caution 24 %, Alert 21 %, and Danger 11 %. Finally, each level, indicated by a different color, was depicted on a complex disaster risk map.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.11
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• pp.496-499
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• 2014

Wernicke's encephalopathy is an acute neurological disorder characterized by mental confusion, oculomotor dysfunction, and ataxia. It has been reported in individuals with alcohol dependence, hyperemesis gravidarum, and prolonged parenteral nutrition without vitamin supplementation. Here we present the case of a 13-year-old male patient with neuroblastoma and a history of poor oral intake and nausea for 3 months. After admission, he showed gait disturbances, nystagmus, and excessive dizziness; his mental state, however, indicated he was alert, which did not fit the classical triad of Wernicke's encephalopathy. A diagnosis of Wernicke's encephalopathy was made only after brain magnetic resonance imaging and serum thiamine level analyses were performed. The patient's symptoms remained after 5 days of treatment with 100-mg thiamine once daily; thus, we increased the dosage to 500 mg 3 times daily, 1,500 mg per day. His symptoms then improved after 20 days of replacement therapy. This case report describes a pediatric patient who was promptly diagnosed with Wernicke's encephalopathy, despite only 2 suspicious symptoms, and who completely recovered after high doses of thiamine were given intravenously.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2013

Hyponatremia, the most common electrolyte disorder, has been rarely reported as causing rhabdomyolysis. Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), a demyelinating disease of the central pons and/or other areas of the brain, is infrequently reported as associated with rapid correction of hyponatremia. This paper reports a case of ODS after correction of severe hyponatremia complicated by rhabdomyolysis. A 47-year-old female with a history of chronic alcoholism presented herself at the hospital with altered consciousness after three days of nausea and vomiting. She was on a thiazide diuretic for essential hypertension. Her blood tests upon her hospital admission showed hyponatremia ($Na^+$ 98 mEq/L), hypokalemia ($K^+$ 3.0 mEq/L), and elevation of her serum creatine phosphokinase (3,370 IU/L) with an increase in her serum myoglobin level 11,267 ng/mL). She was treated with intravenous fluid therapy that included isotonic and hypertonic salines along with potassium chloride. She became more alert, and her neurological condition gradually improved after the first five days of her therapy. On the ninth day after her admission, she developed progressive quadiaresis associated with dysarthria, dysphagia, and dystonia despite the resolution of her hyponatremia. Magnetic resonance imaging of her brain on 16th day revealed symmetrical areas of signal hyperintensity in her central pons, basal ganglia, and precentral gyrus in T2-weighted images, which are consistent with ODS. Her neurological symptoms steadily improved after six weeks with only supportive treatment and rehabilitation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.82-88
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• 2013

It is important to give lightning warning prior to a cloud-to-ground (CG) discharge within an Area of Concern (AOC) because most of lightning damage and victim are usually occurred by the first lightning in the AOC. The aim of this study is to find the optimal operation conditions of the automated lightning warning systems in order to make the best use of the available data. In this paper, the test-operated results of the automated lightning alert and risk management system (ALARM) based on detections of CG discharge and eletrostatic field and optimized at probability of lightning have been described. It was possible to obtain the following warning performance parameters: probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR), probability of lightning (POL) and failure-to-warn rate (FTW). The data obtained from trial operation for 5months were not sufficient but the first analysis of domestic lightning warning was carried out. We have observed that the evaluated statistical results through trial operation depend on the various factors such as analysis methods and criteria, topographical conditions, etc. Also we suggest some methods for improvement of POL and POD including the finding of the optimal electric field threshold level to be used, based on the high values of FAR and FTW found in this work.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.262-266
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• 2011

A 4-year-old intact male, Maltese dog weighing 2.2 kg was presented for evaluation of tachypnea and hyperthermia. On initial evaluation, the dog was dyspneic, but alert and responsive. Muffled heart sound was noted with auscultation of the right hemithorax. The radiographic findings were consolidation of the right middle lung lobe, pleural effusion, and abdominal fluid accumulation. Thoracic computed tomography confirmed a contrast-enhancing mass within the right middle lung lobe. Surgical exploration of the thoracic cavity was performed using a right fifth intercostal thoracotomy. Examination of the right lung lobe revealed $360^{\circ}C$ torsion of the right middle lung lobe at the level of the hilus, in a clockwise direction. Lung lobectomy was performed using a thoracoabdominal stapling device with 2.5-mm vascular staples. Full-thickness intestinal biopsy by exploratory laparotomy was taken from the jejunum for histological assessment. Histopathologic examination of the full-thickness intestinal biopsy revealed distended lacteal located within the submucosa of the jejunum. Intestinal lymphangiectasia was resolved with prednisone and low fat diets. Subsequent communication with the owner revealed that the patient was in good health 6 months post-discharge.