• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.3-11
• /
• 2010

The present study confirmed the intelligibility improvement benefit of clear speech by investigating the intelligibility of Korean stops produced in different speaking styles: conversational, citation-form, and clear speech. This finding supports the Hypo- & Hyper-speech theory that speakers adjust vocal effort to accommodate hearers' speech perception difficulty. A progressive intelligibility improvement was found for the three speaking styles investigated: clear speech was more intelligible than citation-form speech citation-form speech was more intelligible than conversational speech and clear speech was also more intelligible than conversational speech. These findings suggest that the manipulations to elicit three distinct speaking styles in a laboratory setting were successful. Korean lenis stops showed the least intelligibility improvement among the three Korean stop types, and this result suggests that lenis stops should be more resistant to intelligibility enhancement efforts in clear speech than aspirated and fortis stops.

• Speech Sciences
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.35-51
• /
• 2000

The goal of this paper is to examine how Case Drop (the drop of the case markers) correlates with the prosodic structure in Korean. On the assumption that intervocalic Lenis Stop Voicing (LSV) applies within the domain of the Accentual Phrase (AP), voicing analyses are performed on intervocalic lenis stop consonants before and after Case Drop. A statistical analysis reveals that the drop of the nominative and accusative case markers significantly alter the AP structure. Pitch values will then be extracted to verify that such changes in the AP structure conform to the pitch properties proposed for the AP (Jun 1993, 1998). The results show that the AP structure suggested by LSV does not always coincide with that imposed by the pitch properties.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.277-284
• /
• 2020

Four new species of genus Scalarispongia (Demospongiae: Dictyoceratida: Thorectidae) are described from Jejudo Island, Korea. These new species of Scalarispongia are compared with 14 reported species of the genus by the skeletal structure. Scalarispongia songakensis n. sp. is similar to S. lenis in sponge shape but differs in skeletal structure and meshes are not divided into two sections. The length of secondary fibres between primary fibres of this new species is much longer than S. lenis'. Scalarispongia radicula n. sp. is resembles S. songakensis in sponge shape, but this new species has pseudo-tertiary fibres at the sponge base. Scalarispongia maraensis n. sp. is very similar to S. subjiensis in sponge shape but primary fibres of this new species are not simple because fibres have wide webbing. Scalarispongia massa n. sp. is characterized by the large mass sponge shape and numerous open oscules form a long ling on the ridge of the sponge.

• Journal of Species Research
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.32-40
• /
• 2024

Five new species of the genus Hyattella (Dictyoceratida: Spongiidae) were collected from Jejudo and Gageodo, Korea: Hy. gukheulensis n. sp., Hy. regularis n. sp., Hy. lenis n. sp., Hy. membrana n. sp., and Hy. asper n. sp. Hyattella gukheulensis n. sp. is similar to Hy. munseomensis Sim et al., 2015 in shape, but differs in skeletal structure. Hyattella regularis n. sp. is close to Hy. bakusi Sim et al., 2015 but differs in regular secondary fibres at the surface membrane. Hyattella lenis n. sp. is unique by having numerous windings at the surface. Hyattella membrana n. sp. is similar to Hy. bakusi Sim et al., 2015 in shape, but differs in surface and skeletal fibres. Hyattella asper n. sp. is close to Hy. lendenfeldi Sim and Lee, 2014 in skeletal fibres, but differs in thin secondary fibres. This new species has numerous dense cored primary fibres.

• Speech Sciences
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.137-148
• /
• 2002

This study investigates phonation modes of vowels following the affricate consonants in Korean and English- -tense affricate /c'/, lenis affricate /c/, and aspirated affricate /$c^{h}$/ for Korean; voiced affricate /$\check{J}$/ and aspirated affricate /c/ for English. The investigation makes significant use of the H1*-H2* measure (a normalized amplitude difference between the first and second harmonics) to provide acoustic correlates of the phonation types. The major findings for English are that the H1*-H2* measure at the vowel onset was significantly larger in post-aspirated position than in post-voiced position. The Korean data showed the H1*-H2* measure at the vowel onset to be significantly higher in the post-aspirated class than in the post-tense class. On the other hand, the Fo values for the post-lenis vowels were significantly lower than those of the other two classes during the first half of the vowel. Based on the phonetic results, this study argues for the need to incorporate the [stiff vocal folds] and [slack vocal folds] features into the phonological treatments of Korean affricates, while maintaining the two features [constricted glottis] and [spread glottis].

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.3 no.4
• /
• pp.71-81
• /
• 2011

This paper investigated how prosodic position and word type affect the phonetic structure of Korean coronal stops. Initial segments of prosodic domains were known to be more strongly articulated and longer relative to prosodic domain-medial segments. However, there are few studies examining whether the properties of prosodic domain-initial segments are affected by the information content of words (real vs. nonsense words). In addition, since the scope of domain-initial effect was known to be local to the initial consonant and the effects on the following vowel have been found to be limited, it is thus worth examining whether the prosodic domain-initial effect extends into the vowel after the initial consonant in a systematic way across different prosodic domains. The acoustic properties of Korean coronal stops (lenis /t/, aspirated /$t^h$/, and tense /t'/) were compared across Intonational Phrase, Phonological Phrase and Word-initial positions both in real and nonsense words. The durational intervals such as VOT and CV duration were cumulatively lengthened for /t/ and /$t^h$/ in the higher prosodic domain-initial positions. However, tense stop /t'/ did not show any variation as a function of prosodic position and word type. The domain-initial lenis stop showed significantly longer duration in nonsense words than in real words. But the prosodic domain-initial effect was not found in the properties of F0 and [H1-H2] of the vowel after initial stops. The present study provided evidence that speakers tend to enhance speech clarity when there is less contextual information as in prosodic domain-initial position and in nonsense words.

• Speech Sciences
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.109-141
• /
• 2000

Acoustic and aerodynamic characteristics of Cheju consonants were examined with the focus on the well-known three-way distinction among stops (i.e., lenis, fortis, aspirated) and the two-way distinction between sand s*. Acoustic parameters examined for the stops included VOT, relative stop burst energy, Fo at the vowel onset, H1-H2, and H1-F2 at the vowel onset. For the fricatives s and s*, acoustic parameters were fricative duration, Fo, centroid of the fricative noise, RMS energy of the frication, H1-H2 and Hl-F2 at the onset of the following vowel. In investigating aerodynamics, intraoral pressure and oral flow were included for the bilabial stops. Results indicate that, although Cheju and Korean are not mutually intelligible, acoustic and aerodynamic properties of Cheju consonants are very similar in every respect to those of the standard Korean. Among other findings there are three crucial points worth recapitulating. First, stops are systematically differentiated by the voice quality of the following vowel. Second, stops are also differentiated by aerodynamic mechanisms. The aspirated and fortis stops are similar in supralaryngeal articulation, but employ a different relation between intraoral pressure and flow. Finally, our study suggests that the fricative s is better categorized as 'lenis' than as 'aspirated' in terms of its phonetic realization.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.39-45
• /
• 2015

Changes in speech production in normal elderly might be subtle and gradual. Therefore, an acoustic analysis is appropriate to identify the effect of aging on speech. For this purpose, this study examined four speech parameters; voice onset time (VOT), VOT range, $f_0$ of following vowel($f_0FV$), and $f_0FV$ difference in two age groups, old (mean age 74.57 yrs.) and young (m: 27.43 yrs.). The results show that compared to the older group the younger demonstrated significantly shorter VOTs in lenis and longer in aspirated stop. VOT ranges were relatively broad and consequently overlapped between the phonation types (e.g., lenis, fortis, aspirated). The $f_0FV$ values in the older group which are an integral parameter with VOT were lower compared with the young group. The $f_0FV$ differences in the old female group were significantly narrower than the young female group, therefore, clear distinction became difficult. In conclusion, contrast in temporal information was obscured, and the domain of glottal information was diminished on stop consonants in Korean elderly. The findings suggest that central/peripheral changes by aging could lead to a deficit in coordination between phonation and articulation.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.137-143
• /
• 2013

Recent investigation of acoustic correlates of Korean stop manner contrasts has reported a diachronic transition in Korean stops: young Seoul speakers are relatively more dependent on the F0 characteristics of the stops than on the VOT characteristics in aspirated and lenis stop distinction. This finding has been examined against tonal dialects of Korean and the results suggested that the speakers of tonal dialects are not sharing the transition. These results also suggested that F0 function for segmental stop classification interferes with the function for lexical tone classification in their tonal speech. The current study investigated these findings in terms of perception. Perceptual behavior of Seoul and Busan speakers of Korean was examined in a comparative manner through the measurement of perceptual cue weight of F0 and VOT in particular. The results from regression and correlation analyses revealed that Busan speakers are closer to older Seoul speakers than to younger Seoul speakers in that the cue weight for VOT and F0 were comparable in the aspirated-lenis stop distinction. This result was in contrast to the perceptual behavior of younger Seoul speakers who showed clear dominance of F0 over VOT for the same distinction. These findings provided perceptual evidence of the dual function of F0 for segmental and lexical distinctions in tonal dialects of Korean.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
• /
• 2003.10a
• /
• pp.163-167
• /
• 2003

The present thesis examines the correlation of VOT and F0 in the three-way distinction of Korean obstruents, conducting production and perception tests. In the production test, one female native speaker of Korean with a Seoul dialect (the author) recorded 15 repetitions of a monosyllabic word list including /ka, kha, k*a, pa, pha, p*a, ta, tha, t*a, ca, cha, c*a/ in random order, VOT and F0 of the following vowels were measured, and the result was significant for the three-way distinction with a strong correlation between VOT and F0, and also in the VOT-F0 plot, no overlapping among the domains was observed. As for the perception test, I manipulated the data recorded in the production test, heightening or lowering their F0 values. In all, 14 subjects (seven males and seven females) participated in the identification test. The result was as follows: the fortis stimuli were not influenced by F0 changes, and the VOT and F0 values at the lenis-aspirated boundary were negatively correlated. From these results I concluded the following: 1) VOT and F0 can distinguish the three domains of Korean obstruents without overlapping; 2) the fortis perception does not need F0 as its acoustic cue; and 3) VOT and F0 in the distinction between the lenis and aspirated are in the phonetic trading relation[2].