• 무역상무연구
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• 제51권
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• pp.3-54
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• 2011

The important and main purpose of revision of Incoterms rules are to adapt it to contemporary commercial practice in world trade, and to contribute to great service to foreign trade. Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 revision basically focuses on trade terms to be used for any mode or modes of transport at compared Incoterms 2000 gouping in four basically different categories, and presents trade terms to be used for traditionally seaborn trade. Therefore the former is for trading in manufactured goods involved in containerization, the latter is for trading in community. This study focuses on a motive of revisions and main features of the Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 rules, an outline, the problems and alternative of them. In conclusion, I would like present as follows; (1) Although they only concerned the models of delivery and critical point, they only say a few of the many factors of a sale contract, that is to say for the devision of fuctions, costs and risks between the contracting parties as supplement law, but the guestion of the legal position of Incoterms rules is various in different countries and scholars. in spite of that, it must focus on the practical application and the wide acceptance of Incoterms rules in world trade. (2) Although they present more simple and clear, unfricative, than Incoterms 2000 rules, in order to help users, the need to unify consistently and fully explanate in contents and expression. (3) Introduction and guidance note of Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 rules basically focuses on the understanding of a motive of revisions as compared Incoterms 2000 rules. But it is well advised to do this on the assumption of understanding the various basic meaning of terms. (4) finally, trade concerned regulations take account of the reflection for the application to domestic and international trade according to formally reconization of availability for both trade.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.129-149
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• 2016

Medical dispute means the dispute between the hospital and the patient due to a medical accident. In general, medical accidents must be in accordance with the terms that are used in the medical dispute adjustment method stated in Article 2 (definition). In relation to this, there is a need to discuss an efficient operation scheme for Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in medical disputes. In addition, it is necessary to look at issues of civil liability and criminal liability. In particular, in the consumer dispute arbitration committee, there is a case to make a "decision not to adjust" in aggressive intervention in the process of conflict resolution. The medical staff, on the basis of its "decision," can use this as a proven material for civil and criminal cases. This is rather upon the determination of the consumer council as a typical side effect to defend the user's perspective. This is the "decision" as was expressed from an order, "not adjusted." It is also determined to be easy and clearly timely. In the medical litigation, it is requesting the burden of proof of a patient's cause-and-effect relationship with the doctors committing negligence and medical malpractice. This seems to require the promotion of legislation in the direction to reduce future cases. It is determined that the burden of proof of medical accidents must be improved. The institution receiving the medical accident should prevent a closure report. Further, it is necessary to limit the transition to a franchise point. In this paper, we understand the problems of the current medical dispute resolution system, trying to establish a medical dispute resolution system desirable through an efficient alternative. In addition, it wants help in the protection and realization in medical consumers' and patients' rights. The relevant authorities will take advantage of these measures. After all, this could contribute to the system for a smooth resolution of a medical dispute.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.177-185
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• 2007

최근에는 IT기술의 발전으로 다양한 기능을 하는 모바일 정보 기기의 보급이 많이 늘어나고 있는 추세이다. 모바일 휴대폰을 이용하여 더 편리하고 효율적인 정보 교환 및 업무를 하는 순기능도 있지만, 휴대폰을 이용한 첨단기술자료 유출, 개인의 프라이버시 침해, 공갈 및 협박등의 범죄의 수단으로 활용되는 역기능도 나타나게 되는 문제점들도 있다. 하지만 이러한 휴대폰을 이용한 범죄에 대해서는 법령 미비 등의 법적 연구도 부족할 뿐더러 수사 관점에서도 삭제, 복사, 이동이 쉬운 디지털증거의 특성상 객관적인 증거로 보장하기 위한 포렌식 디지털증거의 무결성을 입증하여야만 한다. 본 논문에서는 모바일 포렌식의 대표격인 휴대폰을 통하여 일어날 수 있는 디지털증거의 획득 방안에 대하여 실제 검증해보고 해시함수를 이용하여 디지털증거의 무결성을 입증하는 방안을 연구하는데 목적이 있다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2018

본 연구는 우리나라 제4차 산업혁명 대응에 있어 사회-기술시스템론적 공공관리의 적용 가능성을 살펴보는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 제4차 산업혁명의 주요 개념과 논의점 검토와 함께 해외 선도국가들의 대응 전략을 국내외 문헌 연구를 통해 분석하였다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 기술 중심에서 벗어나 사회적 난제 해결과 인간중심의 사회 혁신을 위해 제4차 산업혁명을 이끄는 정부 정책기조의 변화 필요성을 강조하였다. 즉 제4차 산업혁명의 변화에 대응하여 사회적 난제를 해결하기 위해서는 기존의 수직적, 계층적, 분화적, 기계적 정부시스템을 과감히 탈피하고, 사회-기술시스템론적 공공관리 방식을 강조해야 한다고 보았다. 향후 정부의 정책 방향은 혁신을 확산할 수 있는 창발적이며 내재적인 모습을 보여야 하며, 정부조직과 정부운영방식의 재설계, 정부 정책영역의 재설정과 이를 입법적으로 뒷받침하는 입법행정의 공조 전략이 필요하다. 본 연구는 공공부문의 제4차 산업혁명 대응성 강화를 위한 정책연구의 첫 논의라는 점에 의미가 있으며 후속연구가 이러지기를 바란다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.27-48
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• 2011

싱글 윈도우는 무역 촉진의 중요한 부분으로 세계 각국 특히 무역 의존도가 높은 아시아 국가들이 적극적으로 참여하고 있다. 한국은 지난 1990년대 무역자동화를 시작으로 2007년 한국형 싱글윈도우인 uTradeHub를 오픈했고 2010년에는 uTradeHub상의 전자네고시스템을 개발, 인터넷에서도 신용장 네고가 실현되었다. 특히 통관 부분에 국한된 많은 나라들의 싱글윈도우와 달리 한국의 uTraHub는 세계 최초의 웹 기반 싱글 윈도우로 바이어나 셀러를 찾는 단계에서부터 최종 결제까지 인터넷에서 이루어지는 것이 특징이다. 현재까지는 국내에서만 한해 이와 같은 싱글 윈도우서비스가 가능하지만 외국 싱글윈도우와의 연계를 통해 단절없는 싱글 윈도우 서비스를 제공한다는 목표이다. 중국은 싱글윈도우 구축에 있어서 여타 아시아 국가에 비해서 다소 늦게 출발했다. 골든게이트 프로젝트로 시작된 무역 자동화가 E-port 프로젝트를 통해서 전자 통판서비스로 이어졌다. 현재중국에서 싱글윈도우의 주체로 고려되는 대상은 전자통관시스템주체인 '차이나 E포트'와 한국의 KTNET과 유사한 CIECC, 싱글 윈도우를 운영하는 각 지방 정부 등이다. 싱글윈도우의 성공 조건인 적극적인 정부 지원, 법적 기반의 마련, 관련 기관간의 협조, 적절한 기술 조화 등을 고려했을 때 법적 기반이 다소 미흡하긴 하지만 중국은 이미 성공을 위한 요건은 대부분 갖추었다고 볼 수 있다. 중국의 싱글 윈도우를 이끄는 주체로는 경쟁 체제인 지방 정부보다는 중앙 정부의 적극적인 지원을 전제로 해서 기업인 CIECC가 진행하는 형태가 바람직할 것으로 생각한다, 특히 향후 외국 싱글윈도우와의 원활한 연계를 위해서도 기업이 비즈니스 파트너로서 나서는 것이 바람직하다고 분석되어진다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.45-65
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• 2009

China and Taiwan had opened complete Three Linkages era December 2008, in the 59 years. The improvement of two countries' relationship is expecting to spur two countries more on the economy exchange. However the increasement of investment and trade between two countries will increase disputes to ratio. In order to settle the disputes related to economy between two countries, the most favorite way is to use arbitral system which involve less public power. After China and Taiwan recognized this point, they announced provisions which allow to solve controversies through the arbitration between parties of two countries since 1980, and prepared legal basis for dispute settlement between two countries. However, because China and Taiwan do not authorize each party as a country, the execution application made by each party based on New York Convention related to foreign arbitral awards cannot be approved. Because of these kind of reasons China and Taiwan should agree in order to guarantee mutual execution of arbitral awards which is an ultimate purpose of arbitration. However because of the political situation of two countries there are provisions related to execution for arbitral awards decided by each party. In this paper, I separated the provision related to mutual execution for arbitral awards of each party of China and Taiwan, examined exposed problems, and suggested ways to improve. It can support some of assistance and implication to establish basis of arbitral system between South Korea and North Korea and to suggest direction to derive through this kind of study.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.67-78
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• 2015

유비쿼터스도시의 건설 등에 관한 법률은 2010년까지 신도시 지역에 활발히 추진된 U-City 사업의 제도적 근간으로 작용하여 왔다. 그러나 최근 기성시가지 재활성화, 도시재생 중심으로 국가의 도시정책이 변화됨에 따라 신도시 중심의 절차법적 성격이 강한 U-City법 개정에 관한 요구가 증대되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국가 도시정책의 변화와 U-City를 둘러싼 여건변화를 감안하여 U-City법 개정방향을 U-City 사업다양화, U-City 관리운영 강화, U-City 사업지원으로 설정하고 그에 따른 세부 추진방안을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 국가 도시정책 흐름 및 수요를 반영함에 있어 실무적 관점에서 현행 U-City법이 가지는 문제점을 살피고 그 개선방안을 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 지속적인 U-City 발전 및 확산을 법제도적으로 지원하기 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2016

Product liability (PL), which began enforcement in 2002, refers to the legal responsibility of the manufacturers or sellers (wholesales or retailers) for the property damage or bodily harm caused by their product. With a strong enforcement of the Product Liability (PL) Act, companies are required to structure and operate a response system to defend or prevent product accidents efficiently, but small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are unable to respond more aggressively due to limitation of management resources. In this manner, it is important to develop response strategies for SMEs to efficiently cope with the PL Act. In this paper, the PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological) analysis is performed to reveal the impact of the PL Act on SMEs in macro-economic point of view. To formulate SME's PL response strategy, SWOT analysis is performed to categorize each factors from PEST analysis and AHP is applied to identify the intensities of SWOT factors. The prioritized SWOT factor, results of PEST-SWOT-AHP analysis, are used to formulate SME's PL response strategies. The study results are briefly summarized as follows. To reduce product defects, it is necessary for SMEs to formulate PL response strategies for each phase of the product life cycle by continuously collecting and analyzing PL cases in the same industry or for similar products. In addition, SMEs should invest more technological effort to ensure product safety. Further, SMEs should spread PL awareness to all staff members by training internal PL experts. Moreover, a SME should enroll in PL insurance and spread this information to its customers so that they become aware that the company is proactively conforming to the PL law.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.20-30
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• 2007

Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map (ECVAM) is the class map to divide the national land into conservation areas and development areas based on legal and ecological assessment criteria. It contributes to enhancements of the efficiency and the scientificity when framing a policy in various fields including the environment. However, it is impossible to understand the multiphase vegetation structure as data on judging the national forest class in ECVAM are restricted to areal information of Ecological Nature Status, Degree of Green Naturality and Forest Map. This point drops the reliability of ECVAM. Therefore we constructed vegetation information using LiDAR (Light Detection And Raging) technology. We generated Biomass Class Maps as final results of this study, to introduce the new forest assessment criterion in ECVAM that alternates or makes up for existing forest assessment criteria. And then, we compared these with Forest Map and Landsat TM NDVI image. As a result, biomass classes are generally higher than stand age classes and DBH classes of Vegetation Map, and lower than NDVI of Landsat TM image because of the difference of time on data construction. However distributions between these classes are mostly similar. Therefore we estimates that it is possible to apply the biomass item to the new forest assessment criterion of ECVAM. The introduction of the biomass in ECVAM makes it useful to detect the vegetation succession, to adjust the class of the changed zone since the production of Vegetation Map and to rectify the class error of Vegetation Map because variations on tree heights, forest area, gaps between trees, vegetation vitality and so on are acquired as interim findings in process of computing biomass.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.245-251
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to estimate the shelf life of butter and cheese products, with shelf life being a guide used to determine the storage period of food before deterioration. Butter and cheese samples stored at $10^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$ had a shelf life of 221 d, while those stored at $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ had a shelf life of 109 d. Quality changes, including total cell count, coliform counts, Listeria monocytogenes counts, acid value, moisture content, pH, acidity and overall sensory evaluation, were monitored. In order to pass the overall sensory evaluation, a quality score of 5 points on a 9-point scale was required. For other quality criteria, legal quality limits were established based on the "Process Criteria and Ingredient Standard of Livestock Products" by the Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency (Republic of Korea). The nonlegal quality limit was estimated by regression analysis between non-quality criteria (y) and overall sensory evaluation (x). The shelf life was estimated based on the number of days that the product passed the quality limit of the quality criteria. The shelf life of samples stored at $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ was 21.94, 17.18, 6.10 and 0.58 mon, respectively, for butter and 10.81, 9.47, 4.64 and 0.20 mon, respectively, for cheese.