• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.255-262
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• 2008

It is settled in the economic arena that electronic commerce which used the Internet is new recently by explosive increase of the rapid development and Internet use of the information and communication technology. The problem that is legitimate at a point called the business of the form that the electronic transactions to set together if I drift are new of the times is the situation caused a lot. However, the use custom of construction and electronic transactions of the maintenance that is the legislation thief who can do rules of electronic transactions is the fact that it was not able to be still established It may not be just applied to the Internet electronic transactions that an exchange promise between our characters does against unspecified number of the general public person in the property even if I say that the conclusion of the purchase agreement is concluded in Internet electronic transactions by EDI method. That can have the approval of contract in the main legal problem of such an Internet electronic transactions contract. We civil law sorts it by a contract between the talks characters and a contract between the remote area people and all the adopted children are equal and must decide the formation of contract time in a principle of Empfangstheorie because it may be said that the rule of the civil law that it be heated and decides to be able to be available is irrational.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.67-82
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• 2002

Objectives: In recent years, extensive focus has been laid on adulteration of herbal medicine with heavy metals. This may be mainly due to soil contamination by environmental pollution. The objective of this study is to identify the contents of various heavy metals in the blood from Ohjeok-san (Wuji-san) Decoction (OD) treated-rats. Methods: For this study, 13 kinds of metals including essential and heavy metals, i.e. A1, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn were analyzed by a slight modification of EP A methods and the following results are obtained. Results: 1. There was no significant difference between the OD-treated groups and control group in liver, kidney, bone, brain and weight, especially no significant difference at the 5th and 10th days in weight and the amount of food intake. 2. The amount of each metal analyzed in the blood were as follows; A1: 2.3~3.07 mg/l, As: 2.90~3.66 mg/l, Cd: 0~0.001 mg/l, Co: 0~0.01 mg/l, Cr: 0.40~043 mg/l, Cu: 0.93~1.88 mg/l, Fe: 414.35~464.46 mg/l, Hg: 0.01 mg/l, Mn: 0.10~0.17 mg/l, Ni: 0.01 mg/l, Pb: 0.03~012 mg/l, Se: 0.73 mg/l, Zn: 3.41~4.13 mg/l by groups, respectively. In control and experimental group, Experimental I and other experimental II, III, IV, and V groups, there were no significant differences. 3. The amount of non-toxic metals (A1, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn) were $64.1{\pm}7.71{\;}mg/l$ in the control group and 60.70~67.58 mg/l in the experimental groups I, II, III, IV and V. The amount of Toxic metals (As, Cd, Cr, Ag, Pb) were $0.68{\pm}0.21{\;}mg/l$ in the control group and 0.57 ~ 0.66mg/l in the experimental groups. The total amount of metals were 32.35 mg/l in the control group and 30.48~34.12 mg/l in the test groups I, II, III, IV and V, respectively. Conclusions: There was no significant difference of metal concentration in the blood from the OD-treated-rats compared to those of the control group even if higher dosage (1~8 times the dosage for a person) of OD was administered. This may be mainly due to a decoction treatment which contains only supernatants filtered from the herb-mass after boiling. This indicates the legal limitation for metal concentration in herbal medicine must be applied according to different treatment methods of herbal medicine.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.38
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• pp.153-179
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• 1999

Despite the enforcement of minimum legal drinking age of 18 years of age since 1997, alcohol experimentation among Korean youth is believed to be greater than ever before. The use of alcohol jeopardizes physical, mental, and social development during a person's formative years, thereby endangering successful transitions from adolescent to adulthood. Even infrequent use of alcohol may result in intoxication and acute consequences, especially among youth, who may have low tolerance due to their smaller body size and may lack experience with the effects of alcohol. Using self-report questionnaire data collected from 1,697 highschool students nation-wide, the drinking behavior among Korean high school students and the relation between adolescents' alcohol expectancy and adolescent alcohol use patterns were examined. Results indicated that gender and the type of school(academic or vocational) were significant effects on the drinking behavior(drinking frequency, experience of drunkenness, the amount of alcohol consumed, experience of binge drinking and that of problems due to drinking). Male students than female students, and students of vocational schools rather than those of academic high schools reported more alcohol experimentation. Also, positive alcohol expectancy proved to have a significant relation with alcohol use among high-school students. That is, students who reported to think alcohol would have a positive effect on socializing, aggressiveness, relaxation of tensions, and enforcing sexual ability tended to drink more, to experience more binge drinking and more drinking problems. Variables of gender and the type of school also were found to have significant effects on alcohol expectancy. Males and students of vocational school held ideas of positive outcomes on drinking than others. Implications for further study on developing prevention programs are presented.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.53
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• pp.109-147
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• 2017

North Korean defectors had left North Korea often to escape from food shortages in the mid-1990s. Since the 2000s, the reasons of their flee from North Korea have more resulted from their exposure to external information, and a desire for democracy and freedom. However, North Korean defectors living in China are not recognized as refugees and thus subject to various human rights violations including forced repatriation. It needs to be thought that wether North Korean defectors who escape from North Korea are political refugees under international law. If they are not recognized as refugees in their new countries, it is imperative to consider a possible way to protect their human rights under international law. The problem of recognition of the refugee status of a person is a matter of involving the sovereignty of individual countries, however, the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees should provide protection of their unique rights, as recognizes by the UNHCR, and their status should be treated as a refugees issue in a broad sense. In the future, it is a necessary to establish international solidarity among individual countries, the UN General Assembly, the decisions of the Human Rights Council and support of UNHCR, to anticipate the need for the refugee recognition and the protection of International Human Rights in preparation for possible mass defections and refugees from North Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.225-232
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• 2020

In This paper examines how "Kamishibai" was used for ideological education of children during the war. "Kamishibai" was proposed by the Ministry of Education as a methodology to "cultivate children's right concentricity. In particular, , which was produced based on a true story, highlights the father's love sent to children by obtaining chocolate wrappers from comrades, and the children's envy for chocolate. Kazuo's interview, saying, "I will succeed my father," showed that he has a continuous personality that comes with another sacrifice. After the Sino-Japanese War, the war situation intensified, and in 1940, a new edict decided to enact the "Army Support Corps". This is a measure to select eligible youth applicants from 15 to 17 years of age, after training for 4 years, and then appoint them to aviation soldiers and sergeants. This is a legal maintenance that can be put into the battlefield at any time according to the trend of the war. Just as Kazuo, a real character in "Chocolate and Soldiers", also became a "boy flight soldier" after his father's death, flying airplanes to boys at the time was also a dream that Japan's great citizens should have. In the , it is suggested that "the father enshrined in Yasukuni" is a great person, and that "I" will also grow and become a "good citizen". In particular, the two brothers in the work show the value of eternal sacrifices in Yasukuni as a typical model of the "great people".

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.72
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• pp.165-203
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• 2022

Many people create records in digital space, and the amount of digital records left after individual dies has increased. The digital record left by the deceased is different from the record heritage that has physical substances. In many cases, the records of the deceased not just belong to the deceased, and many deceased did not explicitly disclose their online accounts and method of dispose of digital records during their lifetime, so this problem may lead to problems of inheritance to the bereaved family. In addition, digital records may be neglected or deleted after a person's death due to software problems, specific platform's terms of use, account deletion by bereaved family, etc. This leads to the problem that daily records, which are important clues to the social aspects at the time, are easily lost. Several studies have revealed that individuals are interested in preserving their digital records, but do not know how to do it, so they are benign neglect. For this reason, it is necessary to pay attention to personal digital records and personal digital legacy, and to prepare related policies and plans. Accordingly, this study analyzes problems related to the management of digital records after an individual's death, related to laws and systems, the status and policies of platforms and industries, the status of personal record management, etc. Various solutions were suggested, such as a need for enactment for digital personal record management act, platform's explicit policy for individual's post-mortem records, digital records management plan for archival institutions, individual's a preemptive management plan for his/her own records, and a method for writing a will related to digital account information.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.59-66
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• 2022

This study aims to find out how architectural designers applied the design process and what content is applied in the practical process of architectural design in Korea, and to improve it if there is a problem. So the study is carried out by investigating 13 architects(Including one person who wants to keep his work private) with extensive experience in architectural design. The architects were questioned on how and what content the design process was used for their representative works that had been designed. And interviews and field surveys were conducted on other matters to be improved. The survey was conducted from November 2021 to July 2022. According to the conclusion of this study, First, Most architects were applying the design process in the architectural design practice. These are caused by an impact on education, but there was also an aspect of preparation in terms of guidelines such as the Architects Association and storage rights. Second, Although the design process differed in each name and phase, it was generally carried out in the order of the start phase, the planning work phase, the basic design phase, the intermediate design phase, the implementation quarterly, and construction. Third, The step-by-step work of the design process differed slightly depending on the architect, but counseling and contract work were mainly performed at the start-up phase, and field surveys, legal investigations, and case studys were conducted at the planning phase. In the basic design phase, some contents related to architectural programming, basic drawings, images, and models were used as main work contents. In the intermediate design phase, secondary contents such as licensed books and facility facilities were the main tasks. In the implementation design phase, detailed maps and various frost facilities were finally inspected. Since then, construction and supervision have been carried out in the order of progress. Forth, As for the contents to be improved in the future, the architect's ability, the designer's knowledge of the overall architecture, the design supervision system, and the expansion of time for the initial design process were answered.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.123-150
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• 2023

The National Library for the Disabled was upgraded to a primary affiliated organization of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism on June 4, 2020, in accordance with Article 24 (1) of the Library Act (Law No. 16685). The National Library for the Disabled is currently preparing to build an independent library building. Now that the National Library for the Disabled has secured its independent legal status, it must become a specialized national library by comprehensively collecting not only alternative materials for the disabled, but also domestic and foreign materials useful to researchers related to the disabled. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to conduct basic research for comprehensive and strategic collection of library materials for people with disabilities, which is an essential part of the statutory work of the National Library for the Disabled. To this end, the concept and category of library materials for the disabled that are expected to be useful for satisfying the intellectual needs of the disabled and for education and research related to the disabled were established targeting knowledge information resources produced and distributed domestically and internationally. Next, based on the current collection development policy of the National Library for the Disabled, an implementation strategy and mid to long term roadmap for comprehensively collecting library materials were presented.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

This study investigated Chinese Laws on the kind of urban green spaces and the legal requirements for the green spaces of urban habitat and analyzed the specificities of them intending to provide basic data to suggest bringing in or not the relevant Chinese Laws to Korea. This study can be summarized as follows: First, the concept of Chinese urban green spaces(g.s.) classified by 5 kinds(park g.s., production g.s., protection g.s., attachment g.s., the others g.s.) placed the park and green spaces in the same category unlike the Korean urban green spaces that only distinguishes between park and green spaces. The Chinese Urban Park is classified by 4 kinds(composite park, community park, special park, linear park) at the 'Standard for urban green spaces classification' which is below in rank of the legal system. Second, in case of calculation for green spaces ratio of urban green spaces in China, the green rooftop landscaping area should not be included as a green spaces area except the rooftop of a basement or semi basement building to which residents have easy access. The green spaces requirements and compulsory secure ratio by 3 habitat kinds(habitat, small habit, minimum habitat) of when to act as a residential plan is regulated. Third, the green spaces system is obligated to establish at habitat green spaces plan and is specified to conserve and improve existing trees and green spaces. The green spaces ratio on reconstruction for old habitat is relaxed to be lower than for new habitat and a gradient of green spaces is peculiarly clarified. The details and requirements for establishment and the minimum area intending for each classes of the central green spaces(habitat park, children park, minimum habitat's green spaces) are regulated. Especially at a garden style of minimum habitat's green spaces, intervals between the south and north houses and a compulsory security for green spaces area classifying into two groups(closing type green spaces and open type green spaces) by a middle-rise or high-rise building are clarified. System of calculation for green spaces area is presented at a special regulation. Fourth, a general index(area/person) of public green spaces within habitat to achieve by 3 habitat kinds is determined, in this case, the index on reconstruction for a deterioration zone can be relaxed to be lower to the extent of a specified quantity. A location and scale, minimum width and minimum area per place of public green spaces are regulated. A space plot principle including adjacent to a road, greening area ratio against total area, security of open space and the shadow line boundary of sunshine are also regulated to intend for public green spaces. Fifth, the minimum horizontal distance between the underground cables and the surrounding greening trees are regulated as the considerable items for green spaces when setting up the underground cables. The principle to establish green spaces within public service facilities is regulated according to the kind of service contents. It shall be examined in order to import or not the special regulations that only exist in Chinese Laws but not in Korean Laws. The result of this study will contribute to gain the domestic landscape architect's' sympathy of the research related to Chinese urban green spaces laws requiring immediate attention and will be a good chance to advance into the internationalization of Korean Landscape Architectural Laws.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.97-158
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to research on the contents and improvement of national legislations relating to space development in Korea to make the sustainable progress of space development project in Korea. Korea has launched its first satellite KITST-1 in 1992. The National Space Committee has established "The Space Development Promotion Basic Plan" in 2007. The plan addressed the development of total 13 satellites by 2010 and the space launch vehicle by 2020, and the launch of moon exploration spaceship by 2021. Korea has built the space center at Oinarodo, Goheng Province in June 2009. In Korea the first small launch vehicle KSLV-1 was launched at the Naro Space Center in August 2009, and its second launch was made in June 2010. The United Nations has adopted five treaties relating to the development of outer space as follows : The Outer Space Treaty of 1967, the Rescue and Return Agreement of 1968, the Liability Convention of 1972, the Registration Convention of 1974, and the Moon Treaty of 1979. All five treaties has come into force. Korea has ratified the Outer Space Treaty, the Rescue and Return Agreement, the Liability Convention and the Registration Convention excepting the Moon Treaty. Most of development countries have enacted the national legislation relating to the development of our space as follows : The National Aeronautic and Space Act of 1958 and the Commercial Space Act of 1998 in the United States, Outer Space Act of 1986 in England, Establishment Act of National Space Center of 1961 in France, Canadian Space Agency Act of 1990 in Canada, Space Basic Act of 2008 in Japan, and Law on Space Activity of 1993 in Russia. There are currently three national legislations relating to space development in Korea as follows : Aerospace Industry Development Promotion Act of 1987, Outer Space Development Promotion Act of 2005, Outer Space Damage Compensation Act of 2008. The Ministry of Knowledge Economy of Korea has announced the Full Amendment Draft of Aerospace Industry Development Promotion Act in December 2009, and it's main contents are as follows : (1) Changing the title of Act into Aerospace Industry Promotion Act, (2) Newly regulating the definition of air flight test place, etc., (3) Establishment of aerospace industry basic plan, establishment of aerospace industry committee, (4) Project for promoting aerospace industry, (5) Exploration development, international joint development, (6) Cooperative research development, (7) Mutual benefit project, (8) Project for furthering basis of aerospace industry, (9) Activating cluster of aerospace industry, (10) Designation of air flight test place, etc., (11) Abolishing the designation and assistance of specific enterprise, (12) Abolishing the inspection of performance and quality. The Outer Space Development Promotion Act should be revised with regard to the following matters : (1) Overlapping problem in legal system between the Outer Space Development Promotion Act and the Aerospace industry Development promotion Act, (2) Distribution and adjustment problem of the national research development budget for space development between National Space Committee and National Science Technology Committee, (3) Consideration and preservation of environment in space development, (4) Taking the legal action and maintaining the legal system for policy and regulation relating to space development. The Outer Space Damage Compensation Act should be revised with regard to the following matters : (1) Definition of space damage and indirect damage, (2) Currency unit of limit of compensation liability, (3) Joint liability and compensation claim right of launching person of space object, (4) Establishment of Space Damage Compensation Council. In Korea, it will be possible to make a space tourism in 2013, and it is planned to introduce and operate a manned spaceship in 2013. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the policy relating to the promotion of commercial space transportation industry. Also it is necessary to make the proper maintenance of the current Aviation Law and space development-related laws and regulations for the promotion of space transportation industry in Korea.