• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.413-422
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different mixture ratios of vermicasts on the growth of leaf beet(Beta vulgaris var. cicla), young radish (Raphanus sativus L), spinach(Spinacia oleracea) and lettuce(Lactuca sativa) The mixture of ratios of vermicast(fermented pig manure with sawdust) and peatmoss were 100%+0%, 60%+40%, 40%+60% and 0%+100%(control), respectively. The bulk density, particle density, pH, electrolytic conductivity, ash, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, available phosphorous and exchangeable cations increased significantly compared to those grown in the 100% of peatmoss(control). The significantly higher values of plant length, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root weight, root length and biological yield obtained were $40{\sim}100%$ and 40% of vermicast in leaf beet and lettuce, respectively. The young radish and spinach showed that significantly differences of shoot dry weight, root weight and biological yield in the mixture ratios of vermicast were $40{\sim}60%$ and 40% in young radish and spinach, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.356-363
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• 2013

Clinical and preclinical trials of involving drugs with anti-obesity effects have focused on screening for herbal medicines suspected to have anti-obesity activities. In this study, an extract of Aster scaver Thunb., which was prepared in 80% methanol (ASE), was assessed for its total phenol content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity ability to scavenge the ${\alpha}-{\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid radical, and anti-adipogenic effects. The anti-adipogenic effect of ASE on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes to adipocytes was investigated by assaying the suppression of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation by using western blot analysis and the Oil Red-O assay, respectively. The staining results showed that ASE significantly inhibited 3T3-L1. Western blot analysis results showed that ASE decreased the levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ${\alpha}$, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c. These results demonstrate that ASE directly inhibits the differentiation of preadipocytes, and might be an important adjunct in the therapeutic efforts to reduce adipogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.325-332
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• 2013

We aimed to determine the quality indicators for quality prediction of frozen green pumpkin in distribution. Freshly harvested green pumpkin slices were blanched under optimal conditions (confirmed in a preliminary experiment), quick-frozen at $-40^{\circ}C$ for 24 h, and stored at 0, -5, -15, and $-25^{\circ}C$. The correlation between each quality characteristic and the sensory preference rate was analyzed. There was a significant correlation between storage temperature-related drip rate and preference rate across all temperatures, except at$-25^{\circ}C$. Hunter values, a and b, showed relatively high correlation coefficient values at -5, -15, and $-25^{\circ}C$. Therefore, a change in the Hunter values should be considered when storing green pumpkin, because of their significant correlation with changes in the sensory preference and drip rates. Furthermore, they should be applied as quality indicators for the quality prediction of frozen green pumpkin in distribution.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.166-170
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• 2011

Silk fibroin, a natural protein produced by silkworm, is a good biomaterial which has biodegradability and biocompatibility. To ascertain the effects of silk fibroin on cell growth, silk fibroin films were prepared using silk fibroin aqueous solutions of various concentrations. We investigated the attachment, proliferation, morphology of the cells and the expression levels of genes related to cell attachment and growth on the silk fibroin films. When the cells were cultured on the 0.1 and 1% silk fibroin film, the cell adhesion ability was very excellent. Particularly, overall cell growth on the 1% silk fibroin film was definitely superior to the others. Also, expression levels of genes related cell growth were increased on the 0.1 and 1% silk fibroin film. These results suggest silk as a material for medical applications.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.164-169
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• 2008

This experiment was carried out to find the growth response and changes of nitrate and soluble sugar content in tomato leaves with salt stress. Tomato (Solanum lycopericum) seedlings were grown under different electrical conductivity (EC) levels adjusted with $CaCl_2$ as 1, 2, and $6dS\;m^{-1}$. The growth response and contents of nitrate and soluble sugar in tomato plants were examined at 7 and 14 days after salt treatment. Leaf area and dry weight ratio of shoot to root of tomato plants were decreased as EC level increased. Photosynthetic rate of leaves was reduced under high EC level due to the stomatal closure and the reduction of transpiration rate. The soluble sugar and starch content were lower in the tomato leaves grown under high EC level. Total nitrogen and nitrate contents were decreased in high EC level, whereas the ammonium content was increased. High-salt stress induced the accumulation of salt crystal in mesophyll cells of tomato leaf.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1281-1291
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• 2005

Chungpae-tang is suggested to have the antitumor activity on lung cancer. This study was peformed to investigate apoptotic effect in vitro and antitumor effect and immune response after injection of B16-F10 melanoma cells and Chungpae-tang into a tail vein of C57BL/6 mice and administratition of Chungpae-tang in A549 human lung cancer cell line in vivo, respectively. Experimental studies were obtained by measuring the median survival time and cytokine expression through RT-PCR, and ELISA assay. The results were summarized as follows: 5 mg/ml of Chungpae-tang causing DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 enzyme activation, PARP fragmentation, and cytochrome c release, suggested that Chungpae-tang has in vitro apoptotic effect in A549 human lung cancer cell line in the apoptosis-induced experiment. The median survival time of the Chungpae-tang treated group was 21 days and that of control group was 22 days, suggesting that the median survival time between the Chungpae-tang treated group and the control group was not significant. Cytokine expression between the Chungpae-fang treated group and the control group was noticeable, but was not significant in the RT-PCR. In the ELISA assay, IL-2 productivity in the Chungpae-tang treated group was to increase more than that in the normal group (p<0.05) and was no significant between the Chungpae-tang treated group and the control group. $INF-\gamma$ productivity of the control group decreased more than that of the normal group (p<0.05) and that of the Chungpae-tang-treated group increased more than that of the control group (p<0.05). IL-12 productivity of the control group increased more than that of the normal group (p<0.05) and that of the Chungpae-tang-treated group decreased more than that of the control group (p<0.05) and the normal group. IL-4 productivity of the Chungpae-tang-treated group increased more than that of the normal group and the control group (p<0.05). IL-10 productivity of the Chungpae-tang-treated group increased more than that of the normal group and the control group (p<0.05). Accordingly the results show Chungpae-tang could induce apoptosis in A549 human lung cancer cell line and bring to antitumor effect and immune response against injection of B16-F10 melanoma cells into a tail vein of C57BL/6 mice but it needs more research on the precise mechanism of such effects.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.37-43
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• 2008

The research attempted to develop an eco-friendly wood adhesive based on vegetable oil (soybean oil), the renewable and sustainable natural resources, using ozonification technology for the chemical structure modification. The soybean oils (SBO) were reacted with $O_3$ at the rate of 7.13 g/h for different times, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes. Modified chemical structure of the ozonized SBOs were examined by Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrum. The FT-IR spectrum of SBO had an absorbance peak at $3010cm^{-1}$ that is the characteristic peak of the unsaturated double bonds. As ozone treatment time increased, the peak of the double bond was disappeared and aldehyde or carboxyl peak appeared at $1700cm^{-1}$. The dry, wet, and cyclic boiling bond strengths of the ozonized SBO mixed with polymeric diphenylmethane-4, 4-diisocyanate (pMDI) were also investigated. In the dry shear test, all strengths met constantly the standard requirement of $7.0kgf/cm^2$ (KS F3101 2006). The bond strengths gradually increased with increasing ozone treatment time. The highest strength showed at 60 minutes ozone treatment and decreased values at 120 minutes. In the cyclic boiling shear test, 30, 60 and 120 minutes exceeded the standard requirement.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate and develop an eco-friendly wood adhesive based on vegetable oil (especially soybean oil), the renewable and sustainable natural resources, using ozonification technology for the chemical structure modification. The soybean oil (SBO) was reacted with $O_3$ at the rate of 7.13 g/h for different times, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes. The investigation of the modified chemical structure of the ozonized SBOs were conducted using FT-IR, $^1H$-NMR, MALDI-TOF MS, and GC/MS. As ozonification time increased, the peak of the unsaturated double bonds was disappeared and aldehyde or carboxyl peak appeared because ozonification broke the oil into small molecules. The plywoods were made at $110^{\circ}C$ with 30 seconds/mm hot-press time using the different ozonized SBO/pMDI adhesives and were tested for the dry, wet, cyclic boil test according to the Korea Industrial Standard F3101 Ordinary plywood. The bond strengths gradually increased with increasing ozonification time. The weight ratio 1:1 (ozonized SBO/pMDI), all strengths in 15, 30 and 60 minuets, exceeded constantly the dry, wet, cyclic boiling standard requirement. The range of ozonification time and weight ratio can fulfil1 the requirment of the wet test standard were 30~60 minutes and more than 0.5 pMDI. From the comprehensive view on the results of above experiments, it could be confirmed through experiments that ozonized SBO/pMDI has characteristics of effective reactivity and wet stability showed as an excellent candidate of wood adhesive applications.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.369-383
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• 2012

This experiment was carried out to investigate the optimal stocking rate of earthworm populations grown under different stocking rates. The stocking rate in terms of ratio of biomass of earthworms to biomass of feeds(organic resources) is an important factors for biomass productivity of earthworms and vermicast production. The different stocking rates were 1:16(S-1), 1:32(S-2), 1:48(S-3) and 1:64(S-4), as the ratios of biomass of earthworm to biomass of organic dairy cow manure, respectively. The stocking rate of 1:32(S-2) and 1:46(S-3) were obtained a higher values on increasing rates and conversion efficiency of organic matter to earthworm biomass than other stocking rates. Thus, a stocking rates of 1:32 and 1:46 estimated an optimal stocking rates for maximum biomass productivity of earthworms. A stocking rate of 1:16(S-1) showed a significantly highest values of vermicast production and ratios of vermicasts during the rearing periods.($$P{\leq_-}0.05$$) A stocking rate of 1:48(S-3) showed a highest values of the number of cocoons and vermicasts production per earthworm biomass among the treatment ($$P{\leq_-}0.05$$) The contents of nitrogen, available phosphorus, cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations of vermicasts tended to increase with stocking rate and rearing progressed. Vermicasts have a great deal of potential for crop production and protection in sustainable organic cropping systems.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.271-282
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• 2013

This experiments was conducted to investigate the influence on organic rice cultivation by continuous use of cow manure in the central region of Korea and investigated productivity of organic rice and feed value, stock carrying capacity of organic rice straw. In the results, application of chemical fertilizer showed higher one of 1st and 2nd year in fresh matter yield (15.77, 30.30ton/ha), dry matter yield (9.90, 13.89 ton/ha), dry matter yield of rice straw (4.88, 7.15ton/ha), dry matter weight of kernel per plant (29.81, 39.99g) and number of kernel per plant (1212.58, 1701units), but there were not significantly differences with each experimental plots in 3rd year. And harvest index showed higher one in application of chemical fertilizer (0.52, 0.48, 0.43) until 3 years. But their quantitative difference between application of chemical fertilizer and cow manure was gradually decreased each year. And the average value of $K_{CP}$ and $K_{TDN}$ showed higher one in application of chemical fertilizer (2.01, 2.94, 1.95 head/ha/yr) until 3 years. However, quantitative difference between chemical fertilizer and cow manure was gradually decreased each year. Especially, application of cow manure showed higher value of 3rd year in $K_{ME}$, but there was not significantly difference with each experimental plots. According to the results, continuous use of cow manure will be reduced their quantitative differences between chemical fertilizer as the year progress in the central region of Korea in terms of productivity of organic rice and feed value, stock carrying capacity of organic rice straw.