• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.215-224
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• 2013

Recently, many cosmetic researchers have been focused on the development of high functional cosmetics including anti-wrinkle and whitening. In these studies, they couldn't afford to pay a deep attention to stable encapsulations for unstable materials and efficient drug deliveries for them. Particularly, in order to show a degree of instant effects as cosmetics, they can't also ignore moisturizing effect enough to satisfy customers just after applying and its maintenance by improving the function of skin barrier as well as above two effects. Therefore, skin analogue systems have attracted considerable attention in the view of structural and compositional similarity to intercellular membrane in stratum corneum. And, some models for skin analogue composition were developed to improve the function of skin barrier, stably encapsulate unstable materials such as retinol, vitamin B, C, E, etc., and control their skin penetration in order to show good effects as cosmetics. In this study, we suggest the new skin analogue model having the compositional similarity as well as conventional structural ones. Our skin analogue membrane(SAM) is mainly composed of ceramide/ cholesterol/phosphatidylcholin/fatty acids and its structural defects are compensated by including cholesterol amphiphile and controlling the ratio of ceramide/cholesterol. It was possible to confirm the formation of skin analogue membrane having highly-densed multilamella structure and compare them according to the change of each ratio with a polarized microscope, X-ray diffraction. More detaily, we observed their structures with a electron microscope(TEM). Finally, we dispersed them in excess of continuous water phase, observed the formation of maltese-cross liquid crystalline and measured the efficiency of drug deliveries and moisturizing effects.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.279-283
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• 1985

As a method of breeding L-lysine producing strains, the intergeneric protoplast fusion between Brevibacterium flavum and Corynebacterium glutamicum was performed. As a results, Brevibacterium flavum ATCC 21528 R showed 99％ of protoplast formation and 10％ of regeneration frequencies when treated with 400$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of lysozyme for 12hrs. In Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 21514 S, 99％ and 12％ were obtained by treatment of 300$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ lysozyme for 12 hrs. In intergeneric protoplast fusion between Brevibacterium flavum ATCC 21528 R and Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 21831 S, 1.0$\times$10$^{-6}$ of recombinant frequency per regenerable cells was observed by use of PEG 6000, 30％(w/v). Among the strains obtained KR$_{43}$ strain showed 12％ higher productivity of L-lysine than the parental cell. Then, the activity of aspartokinase of KR$_{43}$ was about 13％ higher than the parental cell.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.537-541
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• 2008

Log-Structured File System(LFS) is a disk based file system that is optimized for improving the write performance. LFS gathers dirty data in memory as long as possible, and flushes all dirty data sequentially at once. In a real system, however, maintaining dirty data in memory should be flushed into a disk to meet file system consistency issues even if more memory is still available. This synchronizations increase the cleaner overhead of LFS and make LFS to write down more metadata into a disk. In this paper, by adapting Non-volatile RAM(NV-RAM) we modifies LFS and virtual memory subsystem to guarantee that LFS could gather enough dirty data in the memory and reduce small disk writes. By doing so, we improves the performance of LFS by around 2.5 times than the original LFS.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.281-287
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to measure patients satisfaction and expectation with hospital foodservices, and thereby identify areas for improvement and provide basic data for the introduction of total quality management with hospital foodservices. This survey was carried out on 383 hospitalized patients of 7 hospitals in Deagu, Busan, Changwon with 350 beds to determine the quality satisfaction with foodservices. The subjects were 50.5% male and 49.5% female. 62.6% of the subjects were over 40 age, 31.4% were only educated to middle school or below, 28.3% were hospitalized for 7-14 days. The mean score for taste of diet was 2.79, temperature 3.23, appearances 2.96. Most subjects agreed with following foodservice characteristics that meals of movement (4.03), dress of employees (3.84), kindness of employees and meals arrived exactly the same time every day (3.47) and cleanliness of foods (3.34) and dishes (3.33). The unsatisfied quality attributies were information provide (2.82), variety of the meals (2.91), mixing of meals (2.95), the opportunity to meet with a dietitian (2.97) and prompt dealings with meal complaints (3.01). Most subjects expectation that the decrease the multiple of menus, increase provide of fruits in hospital meals and selective menus in hospital foodservices operations. In conclusion, it would seem to be desirable that hospital foodservices departments introduce selective menus, quality assurance, and increase the meal rounding of dietitians in the patient foodservice.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.138-143
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• 2004

Soybean curd residues (SCR) obtained from hot and cold manufacturing processes were fermented by indigenous microorganisms, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LS and Bacillus firmus NA-l for 15 h at 37$^{\circ}C$. The pH, acidity, viable cell counts, and tyrosine content were evaluated in samples with variations in sugar, starter and type of SCR. The raw Doowon SCR (D-SCR, cold-processed) fermented by indigenous microorganism had a 0.9% acidity and 6.7 ${\times}$ 10$^{7}$ CFU/g viable cell counts, compared with the 0.11 % acidity and 6.7 ${\times}$ 10$^{6}$ CFU/g viable cell counts of raw fermented Pulmuwon SCR (P-SCR, hot-processed). After fermentation of raw P-SCR with 1 % glucose and 1 % L. rhamnosus LS starter, the viable cell counts, tyrosine content and acidity were 4.7 ${\times}$ 10$^{8}$ CFU/g, 16.3 mg% and 0.9%, respectively. In addition, the raw P-SCR fermented with Bacillus firmus NA-l as co-starter had a 0.45% acidity, 2.4 ${\times}$ 10$^{8}$ CFU/g lactic acid bacteria, and 3.3 ${\times}$ 10$^{6}$ CFU/g Bacillus sp. In particular, the tyrosine content was increased 5 fold. The drying of fermented SCR was completed by hot-air drying (5$0^{\circ}C$) within 12 h; the dried P-SCR and D-SCR had 1.8 ${\times}$ 10$^{7}$ CFU/g and 5.3 ${\times}$ 10$^{6}$ CFU/g viable cell counts, respectively. The concentrate of methanol extract from fermented D-SCR inhibited the initial cell growth of E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in liquid culture.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1289-1294
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• 2013

This study evaluated the in vitro effect of medicinal plant extracts on ruminal methanogenesis, four different groups of methanogens and ruminal fermentation characteristics. A fistulated Holstein cow was used as a donor of rumen fluid. Licorice and mugwort extracts (Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Artemisia capillaris, 0.5% and 1% of total substrate DM, respectively), previously used as folk remedies, were added to an in vitro fermentation incubated with buffered-rumen fluid. Total gas production in Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract treatment was not significantly different between treatments (p<0.05) while total gas production in the Artemisia capillaris extract treatment was lower than that of the control. Artemisia capillaris extract and Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract reduced $CH_4$ emission by 14% (p<0.05) and 8% (p<0.05), respectively. Ciliate-associated methanogens population decreased by 18% in the medicinal plant extracts treatments. Medicinal plant extracts also affected the order Methanobacteriales community. Methanobacteriales diversity decreased by 35% in the Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract treatment and 30% in the Artemisia capillaris extract treatment. The order Methanomicrobiales population decreased by 50% in the 0.5% of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract treatment. These findings demonstrate that medicinal plant extracts have the potential to inhibit in vitro ruminal methanogenesis.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.231-234
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• 2005

Coronoid impingement can cause limitation of mouth opening. In many cases, it appears to be related to the coronoid hyperplasia. We present a case of mouth opening limitation caused by coronoid impingement on the posterior surface of the zygomatic bone without coronoid hyperplasia. The bony changes in coronoid and zygoma including surface irregularity and discontinuity of the cortex and sclerotic change of inner medullary space were noted on computed tomography (CT) scans in different level of axial planes. Through another CT scans in open mouth position could demonstrate that those bony changes were caused by the contact of both surfaces against each other. In case coronoid impingement is suspected of the many possible causes, the open mouth CT scans will be needed to reveal the direct impingement of coronoid on zygoma even without coronoid hyperplasia.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.307-314
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• 2014

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), which belongs to the Ewing's sarcoma (ES) family of tumors, is mainly seen in children and young adults. PNETs are extremely rare in the maxilla. Here, we report a case of PNET of the left maxillary sinus in an elderly male. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a slightly enhanced solid mass occupying the left maxillary sinus and infiltrating into the retroantral space. A partial maxillectomy was performed. Despite postoperative chemotherapy, follow-up computed tomography (CT) and MRI revealed a nodal metastasis in the submandibular space. Neck dissection was performed. However, the patient died 10 months after the second surgery because of distant metastasis to the liver. MRI and CT were particularly useful in detecting the extent of the tumor, recurrence, and metastasis. Further, a literature review of the previously reported PNET cases of the maxilla was carried out. In this paper, we also discuss the current approach for the diagnosis and management of these tumors.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.301-305
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of postoperative maxillary cyst (POMC) diagnosis by panoramic radiographs versus computed tomography (CT) and by oral and maxillofacial radiologists versus non-specialists. Materials and Methods: Sixty-five maxillary sinuses with POMCs and 63 without any lesion were assessed using panoramic radiographs and CT images by five oral and maxillofacial radiologists and five non-specialists on a five-point scale. The areas under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were analyzed to determine the differences in diagnostic accuracy between the two imaging modalities and between the two groups of observers. The intra-observer agreement was determined, too. Results: The diagnostic accuracy of CT images was higher than that of panoramic radiographs in both groups of observers (p<0.05). The diagnostic accuracy of oral and maxillofacial radiologists for each method was higher than that of non-specialists (p<0.05). Conclusion: The use of CT improves the diagnosis of POMC, and radiological training and experience leads to more accurate evaluation.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2008

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between 3D bone architectural parameters and direction-related elastic moduli of cancellous bone of mandibular condyle. Materials and Methods: Two micro-pigs (Micro-$pig^R$, PWG Genetics Korea) were used. Each pig was about 12 months old and weighing around 44 kg. 31 cylindrical bone specimen were obtained from cancellous bone of condyles for 3D analysis and measured by micro-computed tomography. Six parameters were trabecular thickness (Tb. Th), bone specific surface (BS/BV), percent bone volume (BV/TV), structure model index (SMI), degree of anisotropy (DA) and 3-dimensional fractal dimension (3DFD). Elastic moduli of three orthogonal directions (superior-inferior (SI), medial-lateral (ML), andterior-posterior (AP) direction) were calculated through finite element analysis. Results: Elastic modulus of superior-inferior direction was higher than those of other directions. Elastic moduli of 3 orthogonal directions showed different correlation with 3D architectural parameters. Elastic moduli of SI and ML directions showed significant strong to moderate correlation with BV/TV, SMI and 3DFD. Conclusion: Elastic modulus of cancellous bone of pig mandibular condyle was highest in the SI direction and it was supposed that the change into plate-like structure of trabeculae was mainly affected by increase of trabeculae of SI and ML directions.