• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 2014

The effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers esterified in diacylglycerol (DAG)-rich oil on lipid metabolism was investigated. Since dietary DAG has been known to induce the regression of atherosclerosis, CLA-DAG and olive-DAG oils containing similar levels of DAG (51.4~54.2%) were synthesized from olive oil. Hyperlipidemic C57BL/6J mice were then fed high-fat high-cholesterol diets supplemented with these oils (5% each) for 7 wk. The CLA-DAG diet containing 2.1% CLA isomers (0.78% c9,t11-CLA; 1.18% t10,c12-CLA) remarkably increased the levels of total plasma cholesterol and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) along with hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerol (TAG) contents. Furthermore, the CLA-DAG diet inhibited fat uptake into adipose tissue whereas fat deposition (especially in the liver) was increased, resulting in the development of fatty livers. Hepatic fatty acid composition in the CLA-DAG mice was different from that of the olive-DAG mice, showing higher ratios of C16:1/C16:0 and C18:1/C18:0 in the liver. The activity of hepatic acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) was higher in CLA-DAG mice while plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were lower in CLA-DAG mice compared to the olive-DAG animals. Results of the present study suggest that CLA incorporation into DAG oil could induce atherosclerosis in mice.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.694-699
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• 1997

Normal-phase HPLC was used to separate the useful phospholipids, PE, PI and PC in soybean lecithin. The mobile phase used in this experiments were haxane, isopropanol and methanol, the gradient mode was applied as the three components could not be separated by the isocratic mode. To find the optimum separation condition, the concentration profiles of effluents were calculated from the plate theory and the capacity factor in step-gradient mode. From the calculated results, PE was separated with hexane/isopropanol/methanol = 90/5/5vol.% in isocratic mode and PI and PC were resolved in the conditions of 10min gradient time and the second mobile phase of hexane/isopropanol/methanol=50/20/30vol.% in step-gradient mode. The agreement between the calculated concentration profile and experimental data was good, so the methodology developed in this work can be used to obtain the optimum separation condition in gradient mode.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.220-224
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• 1991

Six reagents (water, citric acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, acetic anhydride and maleic anhydride) were evaluated for their effectiveness is degumming rice bran oil. All chemical reagents tested were found to be significantly more effective than water in removing phosphatides from crude rice bran oil. Especially acetic anhydride and phosphoric acid were effective in reducing phosphorous levels (92.5% and 93.3% removeal, respectively). Nonhydratable phospholipids, lysophosphatidyl choline, were removed more effectively by the chemical reagents than by the water degumming. The major phospholipid(PL) components were phophatidyl choline. Oleic, linolieic and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids of PL in rice bran acetone insolubles(AI). The AI recovered by acetic anhydride degumming produced the most stable emulsions. However, the AI obtained from phophoric acid or oxalic acid treatments had very poor emulsifying properties.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.694-700
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• 2007

It is a gel type high functional toothpaste containing vitamin C, E, propolis extract and the rest of herb with a nanoemulsion state. Vitamin C, E is known as the material with an eminent anti-oxidation effect. Propolis is known as the material with an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect. We have been succeeding in making nanoemulsion of vitamin C, E and propolis through the high pressure homogenizer using stable oil and lecithin and the gel type high functional tooth paste were made from nanoemulsion of vitamin C, E and propolis. We observed the process of wound protecting effect and cure effect for a wound of soft tissue, gingival tissue and mucous membrane showing ulcer and inflammation in oral cavity after applying a gel type high functional toothpaste to patient. As a result, the wound were healed very fast and any side effects were not shown. We confirmed that a gel type high functional toothpaste with nanoemulsion of vitamin C, E and propolis extract has good effect not only for wound healing but also for treatment of ulcer-like lesion in oral cavity. So we report our cases with review of literatures.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.202-206
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• 2006

The oxidation stability of fish oil containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which is very susceptible to oxidative deterioration, needs to be improved before it can be successfully applied to functional foods. The antioxidant activities of 17 species of materials in anchovy oil (AO) were compared and a potent antioxidant was determined to improve the shelf-life of refined AO. Antioxidant activities of the 0.05% (w/w) materials in AO were compared against control during storage at $30^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. While no antioxidant effect was shown in alpha tocopherol against control, 3 species of grapefruit seed extracts (GSEs), astaxanthin (AX), soybean lecithin, and green tea extract showed good antioxidant activities. Especially, GSE B, GSE C, and AX showed significantly high peroxide inhibitory activities (PIAs) of $16.2{\pm}2.1$, $20.{\pm}3.5$, and $17.7{\pm}3.5%$, respectively, after the 4th day (p<0.01). Radical scavenging activities (RSAs) of GSE B, GSE C, and AX were $85.1{\pm}0.8$, $95.3{\pm}0.3$, and $85.9{\pm}0.8%$, respectively. Correlation between PIAs and RSAs was high ($R^2=0.926$) in GSE B, GSE C, and AX. Therefore, we concluded that one of the main antioxidative mechanisms of GSEs and AX must operate through an RSA pathway. The $RC_{50}$ (concentration required for 50% reduction of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, DPPH) of GSE C was $258\;{\mu}g/mL$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.621-627
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• 2006

To characterize aroma properties of burnt beef reaction flavor manufactured by extrusion, volatile flavor compounds and aroma-active compounds were analyzed by simultaneous steam distillation and solvent extraction (SDE)-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O). Hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP) was successfully extruded with precursors (glucose, cystine, furaneol, thiamin, methionine, garlic powder, and lecithin) at $160^{\circ}C$, screw speed of 45 rpm, and feed rate of 38 kg/hr. Sixty eight volatile flavor compounds were found in burnt beef reaction flavor. The number of volatile flavor compounds decreased significantly when HVP was extruded either with furaneol-free precursors or without precursors. Twenty seven aroma-active compounds were detected in burnt beef reaction flavor. Of these, methional and 2-methyl-3-furanthiol were the most intense aroma-active compounds. It was suggested that furaneol played an important role in the formation of burnt beef reaction flavor.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2017

In the present work, the interaction of fatty acid with vesicle membrane of phospholipids was investigated using 3 different kinds of fatty acids such as stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (OA) and linoleic acid (LA). Basically, the same trend has been found in 3 fatty acid systems. The addition of fatty acid produced a close packing of liposome due to the penetration of fatty acid molecules into liposome vesicles, which resulted in a decrease in size and an increase in zeta potential of liposome. However, excessive addition of fatty acid produced a transition from liposomes to aggregates of lipid particles having polymorphic structure. The membrane fluidity, characterized by measuring membrane deformability and fluorescence anisotropy ratio of liposomes, was in good agreement with measurement results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size. The minimum size and closest packing of liposome with SA, OA and LA were found when the molar ratios of fatty acid to lecithin were 0.70, 0.50, and 0.25 respectively.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.443-448
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• 1996

The effects of Taheebo on the diabetic-piegnant rats and their fetus was investigated. It has been reported that diabetic condition of the pregnant rats can affect the process of liver formation and damage the respiratory function in the fetus. Therefore we investigated the effects of Taheebo on the prevention of liver damage and respiratory failure in the fetus and those results were compared with that of dexamethasone (DXM). In pregnant rats, streptozotocin(STZ, 45 mg/kg, 0.01 M citrate buffer) was injected into the pregnant rats on the third day of pregnancy. Methanol extracts of Taheebo(500 mg/kg p.o.) was administered once daily during pregnancy. DXM (10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g i.p.) was injected into the pregnant rats in 16th and 18th days of pregnancy. Body weights were measured and fetal number and abortion rate in pregnancy rats were determined. Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid and malondialdehyde, glycogen, triglyceride, protein and cholesterol levels in the liver homogenate were determined. Also blood glucose level was analyzed. Body weights of maternal rats were increased in the all groups except the DXM group. Fetal number of the Taheebo treated group was similar to the control group, and a significant increase in the body weights of fetus was observed in the STZ treated group and the Taheebo treated group compared with the control group. Blood glucose of fetus produced hypoglycemia in the control group and hyperglycemia in the diabetic-pregnant rats. The protein and cholesterol levels in fetus liver were significantly increased in the DXM treated group compared with the control group. Triglyceride content was significantly increased in all groups compared with the control group. Liver malondialdehyde level of fetus in the STZ treated group was similar to the control group. Glycogen level was significantly increased in the all groups compared with the control group. Methanol extract of Taheebo showed hypoglycemic effect on the pregnant rats. However, we could not observe any hypoglycemic effect on the fetus. There's no difference between the control and Taheebo treated group in terms of the levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, protein and glycogen in the fetus liver. Further study to identify the effect of Taheebo on the fetus is under investigation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.289-295
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• 2016

Curcumin is a flavonoid found in the rhizome of the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa L.) and has recently attracted interest because it has numerous biological functions and therapeutic properties. In the present study, we attempted to incorporate curcumin into medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) nanoemulsions (0.15 wt% curcumin, 10 wt% MCT oil, and 10 wt% emulsifiers) with various emulsifiers [polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween-20), sorbitan monooleate (SM), and soy lecithin (SL)]. The physicochemical properties of the nanoemulsions including the Ostwald ripening stability were investigated. The initial droplet size was found to be 89.08 nm for the nanoemulsion with 10 wt% Tween-20 (control), and when Tween-20 was partially replaced with SM and SL, the size decreased: 73.43 nm with 4 wt% SM+6 wt% Tween-20 and 67.68 nm with 4 wt% SL+6 wt% Tween-20 (prepared at 15,000 psi). When the nanoemulsions were stored for 28 days at room temperature, the droplet size increased as the storage time increased. The largest increase was observed for the control nanoemulsion, followed by the 4 wt% SL+6 wt% Tween-20 and 4 wt% SM+6 wt% Tween-20 systems. The Turbiscan dispersion stability results strongly supported the relationship between droplet size and storage time. The time-dependent increase in droplet size was attributed to the Ostwald ripening phenomenon. Thus, the Ostwald ripening stability of curcumin-loaded MCT nanoemulsions with Tween-20 was considerably improved by partially replacing the Tween-20 with SM or SL. In addition, curcumin may have acted as an Ostwald ripening inhibitor.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.116-122
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• 1998

It is well known that all-trans-retinol is not only very unstable in heat, light, air, and water, but also skin-irritant despite a good anti-wrinkle effect. Therefore, it is very difficult to stabilize retinol and make the safe retinol containing cosmetics by using a certain concentration of retinol with real effect. In order to dissolve these problems and apply retinol for skin care cream, firstly retinol is to be encapsulated in the vesicle called Liposphere (pseudo-liposome) which is made by homogenizing under high pressure the mixtures of lecithin, retinol, caprylic/capric triglyceride, and hydroalcoholic solution ; and then this retinol containing Liposphere is to be intercalated in lamellar liquid crystal layer which is prepared by emulsifying in an optimal ratio the mixtures composed of non-ionic emulsifier (cetearyl glucoside, sorbitan stearate & sucrose cocoate etc), cetearyl alcohol, stearic acid, cholesterol, and ceramide. In addition, the stability of the retinol containing oil in water cream by adding the polymeric emulsifier such as acrylate /C10-30 alkyl alkylate crosspolymer is to be ensured even at 55 C. Retinol containing oil in water cream prepared through above procedure could be very stable at 45 C for at least 50 days. The structure identification of lamellar liquid crystal was determined using polarized light microscope and electron microscope Conclusively, we could make the very stable retinol containing oil in water cream by triple procedure, that is, encapsulation of retinol in Liposphere, intercalation of retinol in lamellar liquid crystal layer, and assurance of the high temperature stability of cream even at 55 C.