• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.83-90
• /
• 1979

In order to evaluate the effect of lipids on the utilization of the energy and Protein of the diet, the isocaloric and isoprotein diets added with mutton fat, tallow, and lecithin at the levels of two percent and five percent were prepared. The growth of chicken and the feed efficiency were observed on hatched chicken which were fed a commercial diet for the first week, with starters for the next four weeks, and with finisher diets for the last three weeks respectively during the eight weeks of the experiment. Growth rate, feed efficiency, and average body weight gain per day were similar among the chicken fed diets containing various lipids or at the levels of two percent and five percent. The metabolizable energy of the diets was found to be from 2.713kcal to 3.059kcal per gram, and the metabolizability of the gross energy was from 62 percent to 70 percent. Also the metabolizability of basal diet was higher as compared with the diets containing lipids. And the lower energy utilization was found in the broilers fed diets containing five percent lipids than those of two percent, showing not significant difference between them. Daily metabolizable energy of three week old birds ranged from 132kca1 to 168kcal which resulted in also a tendency of lower values in the five percent diets. And daily retained nitrogen of birds ranged from 0.631 gr to 0.738 gr, which showed an increasing tendency on the birds fed five percent mutton fat and tallow in comparison with those of two percent. But the lecithin brought about a reverse tendency. The digestibility of crude fats was found to be from 48 percent to 76 percent, but not significant difference among diets plus lipids or at the levels of two percent and five percent. The birds fed five percent mutton fat and tallow showed a tendency of lower digestibility as. compared with those fed two percent, but the similar results were found between two percent and five percent lecithin fed to the birds. Then, it was tentatively concluded that the effect of the mutton fat on the energy and protein utilization was similar to tallow but resulted different tendency with lecithin.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.1-25
• /
• 1996

The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis can not be summarized as a single process. Lipid infiltration hypothesis and endothelial injury hypothesis have been proposed and investigated. Recent developments show that there are many points of potential interactions between them and that they can actually be regarded as two phases of a single, unifying hypothesis. Among the many risk factors of atherosclerosis, plasma homocysteine and lipoprotein(a) draw a considerable interest because they are independent indicators of atherogenicity. Triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (chylomicron and VLDL) are not considered to be atherogenic but they are related to the metabolism of HDL cholesterol and indirectly related to coronary heart disease (CHD). LDL can of itself be atherogenic but the oxidative products of this lipoprotein are more detrimental. HDL cholesterol has been considered to be a favorable cholesterol. The so-called 'causalist view' claims that HDL traps excess cholesterol from cellular membranes and transfers it to TG-rich lipoproteins that are subsequently removed by hepatic receptors. In the so-called 'noncausalist view', HDL does not interfere directly with cholesterol deposition in the arterial wall but instead reflects he metabolism of TG-rich lipoproteins and their conversion to atherogenic remnants. Approximately 70-80% of the human population shows an effective feedback control mechanism in cholesterol homeostasis. Type of dietary fat has a significant effect on the lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis. Generally, saturated fatty acids elevate and PUFA lower serum cholesterol, whereas MUFA have no specific effect. EPA and DHA inhibit the synthesis of TG, VLDL and LDL, and may have favourable effects on some of the risk factors. Phospholipids, particularly lecithin, have an antiatherosclerotic effect. Essential phospholipids (EPL) may enhance the formation of polyunsaturated cholesteryl ester (CE) which is less sclerotic and more easily dispersed via enhanced hydrolysis of CE in the arterial wall. Also, neutral fecal steroid elimination may be enhanced and cholesterol absorption reduced following EPL treatment. Antioxidants protect lipoproteins from oxidation, and cells from the injury of toxic, oxidized LDL. The rationale for lowering of serum cholesterol is the strong association between elevation of plasma or serum cholesterol and CHD. Cholesterol-lowing, especially LDL cholesterol, to the target level could be achieved using diet and combination of drug therapy. Information on the link between cholesterol and CHD has decreased egg consumption by 16-25%. Some clinical studies have indicated that dietary cholesterol and egg have a significant hypercholesterolemic effect, while others have indicated no effect. These studies differed in the use of purified cholesterol or cholesterol in eggs, in the range of baseline and challenge cholesterol levels, in the quality and quantity of concomitant dietary fat, in the study population demographics and initial serum cholesterol levels, and clinical settings. Cholesterol content of eggs varies to a certain extent depending on the age, breed and diet of hens. However, egg yolk cholesterol level is very resistant to change because of the particular mechanism involved in yolk formation. Egg yolk contains a factor of factors responsible for accelerated cholesterol metabolism and excretion compared with crystalline cholesterol. One of these factors could be egg lecithin. Egg lecithin may not be as effective as soybean lecithin in lowering serum cholesterol level due probably to the differences of fatty acid composition. However, egg lecithin may have positive effects in hypercholesterolemia by increasing serum HDL level and excretion of fecal cholesterol. The association of serum cholesterol with egg consumption has been widely studied. When the basal or control diet contained little or no cholesterol, consumption of 1 or 2 eggs daily increased the concentration of plasma cholesterol, whereas that of the normolipemic persons on a normal diet was not significantly influenced by consuming 2 to 3 eggs daily. At higher levels of egg consumption, the concentration of HDL tends to increase as well as LDL. There exist hyper-and hypo-responders to dietary (egg) cholesterol. Identifying individuals in both categories would be useful from the point of view of nutrition guidelines. Dietary modification of fatty acid composition has been pursued as a viable method of modifying fat composition of eggs and adding value to eggs. In many cases beneficial effects of PUFA enriched eggs have been demonstrated. Generally, consumption of n-3 fatty acids enriched eggs lowered the concentration of plasma TG and total cholesterol compared to the consumption of regular eggs. Due to the highly oxidative nature of PUFA, stability of this fat is essential. The implication of hepatic lipid accumulation which was observed in hens fed on fish oils should be explored. Nutritional manipulations, such as supplementation with iodine, inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, garlic products, amino acids and high fibre ingredients, have met a limited success in lowering egg cholesterol.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.154-160
• /
• 2016

For any conceivable desalination process using the gas hydrate formation, the kinetics has to be one of the most important parameters from the economic point of view. We thus were to improve the kinetics of the R-134a (also known as HFC-134a) gas hydrate formation by using promoters and three different kinds of edible surfactants were selected for the desalination process targeted to produce potable water; κ-carrageenan, lecithin, and polysorbate 80 among anionic, amphoteric, and nonionic surfactants, respectively. Then, the kinetics change of the R-134a hydrate formation was monitored by varying the surfactant concentration. Experimental results demonstrated that the rate of R-134a hydrate formation increases with the addition of edible surfactants in general and the effect as a promotor has an order of polysorbate 80 > κ-carrageenan > lecithin. As a supportive measure, the atomic charges of each surfactant were calculated by using a DFT (density functional theory)-based molecular modeling and the results showed a positive relationship between the promotor effect of each surfactant and the number of oxygens available for hydrogen bonding and the negativity of their atomic charge values.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.303-311
• /
• 1997

Proliposomal patch of clenbuterol, ${\beta}_2-agonist$ bronchodilator, was prepared and its feasibility as a novel transdermal drug delivery system was examined. Proliposomal granules containing clenbuterol was prepared by a standard method using sorbitol and lecithin with (Rx 2) or without cholesterol (Rx 1). The porous structure of sorbitol in the proliposomes was maintained allowing tree flowability of the granules. Following contact with water, the granules were converted probably to liposomes almost completely within several minutes. It indicates that proliposomes may be hydrated, when they are applied on the skin under occlusive condition in vivo, by the sweat to form liposomes. Clenbuterol release from Rx 1 and Rx 2 proliposomes to pH 7.4 isotonic phospate buffer (PBS) across cellulose membrane (mol. wt. cut-off of 12000-14000) was retarded significantly compared with that from the mixture of clenbuterol powder and blank proliposomes. Interestingly, proliposomes prepared with lecithin and cholesterol (i.e., Rx 2 proliposomes) showed much more retarded release of clenbuterol than proliposomes prepared only with lecithin (i.e.. Rx 1 proliposomes), indicating that clenbuterol release from proliposomes can be controlled by the addition of cholesterol to the proliposomes. Proliposomal patches were prepared using PVC film as an occlusive backing sheet, two sides adhesive tape (urethane, 1.45 mm thickness) as a reservoir for proliposome granules and Millipore MF-membrane (0.45 mm pore size) as a drug release-controlling membrane. Rx 1 or Rx 2 proliposomes containing 4.6 mg of clenbuterol were loaded into the reservoir of the patch. Clenbuterol release from the patches to pH 7.4 PBS was determined using USP paddle (50 rpm)-over-disc release method. Clenbuterol release from the proliposomal patches was much more retarded even than from a matrix type clenbuterol patch (Boehringer Ingelheim ltd). Being consistent with clenbuterol release from the proliposomal granules, the release from the patches was highly dependent on the presence of cholesterol in the proliposomes : Patches containing Rx 2 proliposomes showed several fold slower drug release than patches containing Rx 1 proliposomes. When the patch containing Rx 1 proliposomes was applied on to the back of a hair-removed rat, clenbuterol concentration in the rat blood was maintained during 6-72 hrs. Transdermal absorption of clenbuterol from the patch was accelerated when the patch was prehydrated with 50 ml of pH 7.4 PBS before topical application. Above results indicate that sustained transdermal delivery of clenbuterol is feasible using proliposomal patches if the cholesterol content and pore size of the release rate-controlling membrane of patches, for example, are appropriately controlled.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.1077-1083
• /
• 1999

This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of hydrophilic, lipophilic antioxidants and emulsifiers by HLB (hydrophilic lipophilic balance) in different oil systems. Lipophilic antioxidant (${\delta}-tocopherol$), hydrophilic antioxidant (gallic acid) and emulsifier(lecithin, tween 20, span 60) were evaluated in relation to oil stability in bulk oil system (soybean oil) and emulsified with Tween 80 at $60^{\circ}C$. In the storage test ($60^{\circ}C$), gallic acid was more effective on the stability of oil oxidation than ${\delta}-tocopherol$ in bulk and emulsion system. Lecithin as a hydrophilic emulsifier was more effective than tween 20 on the stability of oil oxidation in bulk and emulsion system. Also span 60, a lipophilic emulsifier, was more effective than tween 20, a hydrophilic emulsifier, in bulk and emulsion systems.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.635-639
• /
• 1995

The effective extraction of antioxidative substances from soybean was investigated by using various solvents, such as water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform, benzene, ethyl acetate, ether, dichloromethane, and hexane. Extraction was performed by cold method at $30^{\circ}C$ and by reflux method at $85^{\circ}C$. The antioxidative effect of the extracts was determined by peroxide value during the oxidation of soybean oil containing the extracts at $105^{\circ}C$ for 10 hours, and also by TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) formed during the peroxidation of egg lecithin liposomes. The antioxidant activity of the extracts from raw soybean was higher than that from defatted soybean. The antioxidant activity of the extracts by reflux method was higher than that by cold method. The methanol extract from defatted and roasted soybean(DRS) showed the highest antioxidative effect against oxidation of soybean oil, while the water extract from DRS in egg lecithin liposomes. In the peroxidation of egg lecithin liposomes, the antioxidative effect of polar solvents extracts were higher than those by nonpolar solvents extracts.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.101-109
• /
• 2003

Provitamin $B_5$ liquid crystal ($PVB_5$-LC) was the new emulsion system to enhance moisturizing activity on the skin. In this study, it should be mentioned that PVB5-LC could be prepared with the main compound of hydrogenated lecithin (HL) in oil-in water (O/W) emulsion. The key ingredient of humectants was contained 2% of provitamin $B_5$ ($PVB_5$) into the $PVB_5$-LC. The best suitable compositions of $PVB_5$-LC were made from 4.0 wt% of HL, 4.0 wt% of cetostearyl alcohol (CSA) as emulsifier and gelling agent, 3.0 wt% of 1,3-butylene glycol (1,3-BG) and 2.0 wt% of glycerin as moisturizers, 3.0 wt% of cyclomethicone (CMC), 3.0 wt% of isononanoate (ININ), 3.0 wt% of capric/caprylic triglyceride (CCTG), 3.0 wt% of macadamia nut oil (MNO) as emollients. As the analytical result of $PVB_5$-LC, it could know that the distribution range of particle size was 0.14 to 12.37 m level (mean size 3.24 m). It was certified the multi lamellar phase around the droplet of liquid crystal when observed the droplet particles through a polarization microscope. And it clinically was tested the effectiveness of moisturizing activity (in-vivo) compared with control sample (O/W emulsion). The effectiveness of moisturizing activity of $PVB_5$-LC with Skincon-200EX after 6 hours went up 49.0% (p<0.05, n=20) whereas the effectiveness of moisturizing activity of generally O/W emulsion cream was 25.7% (p<005, n=20). Also, in case of Comeometer CM-825, the moisturizing activity of $PVB_5$-LC after 6 hours rose 36.6% (p<0.05, n=20) whereas the effectiveness of moisturizing activity of generally O/W emulsion cream was 10.8%. Therefore, it was known that the effectiveness moisturizing activity of $PVB_5$-LC with HL was remarkably superior compared with O/W emulsion cream.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.503-508
• /
• 1990

Stews were prepared by 2 processes and 4 treatments, and stored for 3 different storage periods. The two processes were beef cooked in a stew and stored in a polyethylene container at $5^{\circ}C(P1)$ and in a barrier bag at $0^{\circ}C(P2)$. The four treatments were beef cooked alone (T1), with onions (T2), with carrots (T3) and with onions and carrots (T4). Stews in P1 were stored for 0, 2 and 4 days and stews in P2 were stored for 0, 2 and 4weeks. Cooking decreased the cephalin content by 39%. the lecithin content by 21% and most of the prolipid fatty acid concentrations as well as the fatty aldehyde levels in the phospholipids of beef from stew. Process or storage did not significantly affect the level of either phospholipids. however cooking beef with carrots seemed to exhibit some protection against hydrolysis of cephalin. P1 stews had a higher TBA-value (p<0.05) than P2 stews, and the TBA-value of P1 stews increased linearly during 4 days storage. The TBA-value was not affected (p<0.05) by treatment for any of the stews and did not change significantly during 4 weeks storage in P2 stews.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.371-385
• /
• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Soy isoflavone (SIF) and soy lecithin (SL) have beneficial effects on many chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Regretfully, there is little evidence to show the combined effects of these soy extractives on the impairment of cognition and abnormal cerebral blood flow (CBF). This study examined the optimal combination dose of SIF + SL to provide evidence for improving CBF and protecting cerebrovascular endothelial cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: In vivo study, SIF50 + SL40, SIF50 + SL80 and SIF50 + SL160 groups were obtained. Morris water maze, laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), and hematoxylin-eosin staining were used to detect learning and memory impairment, CBF, and damage to the cerebrovascular tissue in rat. The 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were detected. The anti-oxidative damage index of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) in the serum of an animal model was also tested. In vitro study, an immortalized mouse brain endothelial cell line (bEND.3 cells) was used to confirm the cerebrovascular endothelial cell protection of SIF + SL. In this study, 50 µM of Gen were used, while the 25, 50, or 100 µM of SL for different incubation times were selected first. The intracellular levels of 8-OHdG, SOD, GSH, and GSSG were also detected in the cells. RESULTS: In vivo study, SIF + SL could increase the target crossing times significantly and shorten the total swimming distance of rats. The CBF in the rats of the SIF50 + SL40 group and SIF50 + SL160 group was enhanced. Pathological changes, such as attenuation of the endothelium in cerebral vessels were much less in the SIF50 + SL40 group and SIF50 + SL160 group. The 8-OHdG was reduced in the SIF50 + SL40 group. The GSSG showed a significant decrease in all SIF + SL pretreatment groups, but the GSH showed an opposite result. SOD was upregulated by SIF + SL pretreatment. Different combinations of Genistein (Gen)+SL, the secondary proof of health benefits found in vivo study, showed they have effective anti-oxidation and less side reaction on protecting cerebrovascular endothelial cell. SIF50 + SL40 in rats experiment and Gen50 + SL25 in cell test were the optimum joint doses on alleviating cognitive impairment and regulating CBF through protecting cerebrovascular tissue by its antioxidant activity. CONCLUSIONS: SIF+SL could significantly prevent cognitive defect induced by β-Amyloid through regulating CBF. This kind of effect might be attributed to its antioxidant activity on protecting cerebral vessels.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 1994.04a
• /
• pp.348-348
• /
• 1994

니코틴은 분자량이 작고 지용성이 커서 경피투과가 매우 잘 되므로 부작용이 일어날 가능성이 크다. 그러므로 약물의 경피투과를 조절할 필요가 있다. 이 실험에서는 지속성 경피흡수제제로서 프로리포솜계를 응용한 니코틴 팻취를 설계하고자 하였다. 니코틴을 약물로, 60% egg lecithin을 인지질로, 솔비톨(105-3500m)을 담체로 선택하여 니코틴을 함유한 프로리포솜을 제조하였다. 프로리포솜이 재현성있게 잘 만들어지는지 확인하기 위해 전자현미경(SEM)으로 제조된 프로리포솜의 표면을 관찰하였고, 전자현미경(TEM)으로 프로리포솜의 수화 (hydration)과정을 관찰하였다.