• Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.218-232
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• 2015

Piecewise linear (G01-based) tool paths generated by CAM systems lack $G_1$ and $G_2$ continuity. The discontinuity causes vibration and unnecessary hesitation during machining. To ensure efficient high-speed machining, a method to improve the continuity of the tool paths is required, such as B-spline fitting that approximates G01 paths with B-spline curves. Conventional B-spline fitting approaches cannot be directly used for tool path B-spline fitting, because they have shortages such as numerical instability, lack of chord error constraint, and lack of assurance of a usable result. Progressive and Iterative Approximation for Least Squares (LSPIA) is an efficient method for data fitting that solves the numerical instability problem. However, it does not consider chord errors and needs more work to ensure ironclad results for commercial applications. In this paper, we use LSPIA method incorporating Energy term (ELSPIA) to avoid the numerical instability, and lower chord errors by using stretching energy term. We implement several algorithm improvements, including (1) an improved technique for initial control point determination over Dominant Point Method, (2) an algorithm that updates foot point parameters as needed, (3) analysis of the degrees of freedom of control points to insert new control points only when needed, (4) chord error refinement using a similar ELSPIA method with the above enhancements. The proposed approach can generate a shape-preserving B-spline curve. Experiments with data analysis and machining tests are presented for verification of quality and efficiency. Comparisons with other known solutions are included to evaluate the worthiness of the proposed solution.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제33권9C호
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• pp.720-724
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• 2008

OFDM 시스템에서의 채널 추정은 주로 주파수 영역에서 수신단에 알려진 파일럿 신호를 이용하여 이루어진다. 이러한 채널 추정은 크게 LS 기법과 MMSE 기법으로 나누어지는데 LS 기법은 MMSE 기법보다 복잡도가 낮아서 구현이 간단하다는 장점이 있지만 잡음의 효과를 고려하지 않기 때문에 MMSE 기법보다 추정 성능이 다소 떨어진다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 LS 기법의 단점을 극복하기 위하여 시간영역으로 변환된 채널 계수에 최적의 문턱값(Threshold)을 적용하여 잡음을 제거함으로써 채널 추정의 성능을 향상시킬 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 문턱값은 주파수영역에서 추정된 채널 계수의 웨이브렛 변환을 통하여 얻어진 표준편차에 의해 결정된다. 모의실험을 통해 제안된 방법이 기존 LS 기법보다 모든 SNR에서 채널 추정 성능이 우수함을 보인다.

• 약학회지
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.112-117
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• 2016

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of caffeine in forensic aqueous sample. The centrifuged sample ($100{\mu}l$) was diluted 50-fold with distilled water. The diluted sample ($400{\mu}l$) was then diluted further with $200{\mu}l$ of 0.1% formic acid solution and $400{\mu}l$ of acetonitrile containing 500 ng of caffeine-(3-methyl-$^{13}C_3$) prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. The mobile phase was composed of 0.1% formic acid in distilled water (A) and acetonitrile (B). Chromatographic separation was performed by using a Zorbax SB-C18 ($100mm{\times}2.1mm$ i.d., $3.5{\mu}m$) column and caffeine was eluted within 1.1 min. Linear least-squares regression with a 1/x weighting factor was used to generate a calibration curve with the coefficients of determination ($r^2=0.9983$). The lower limit of quantification was $25ng/ml$ for the analyte. The process efficiency was 98.6~100.1%. Intra- and inter-day precisions were not more than 2.1% and 1.7%, while intra- and inter-day accuracies were ranged from -6.8 to 4.5%, respectively. The suitability of the method was examined by analyzing unknown forensic aqueous samples.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

Background: Curcumin has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, and antinociceptive activity when administered systemically. We investigated the analgesic efficacy of intrathecal curcumin in a rat model of inflammatory pain. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were prepared for intrathecal catheterization. Pain was evoked by injection of formalin solution (5%, $50{\mu}l$) into the hind paw. Curcumin doses of 62.5, 125, 250, and $500{\mu}g$were delivered through an intrathecal catheter to examine the flinching responses. The $ED_{50}$ values (half-maximal effective dose) with 95% confidence intervals of curcumin for both phases of the formalin test were calculated from the dose-response lines fitted by least-squares linear regression on a log scale. Results: In rats with intrathecal administration of curcumin, the flinching responses were significantly decreased in both phases. The slope of the regression line was significantly different from zero only in phase 2, and the $ED_{50}$ value (95% confidence interval) of curcumin was $511.4{\mu}g$ (23.5-1126.5). There was no apparent abnormal behavior following the administration of curcumin. Conclusions: Intrathecal administration of curcumin decreased inflammatory pain in rats, and further investigation to elucidate the precise mechanism of spinal action of curcumin is warranted.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.191-201
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• 1999

현재까지 전기비저항 탐사자료의 해석은 대부분 지하구조가 1차원 또는 2차원으로 가정하는데 근간을 두고 있다. 그러나, 국내와 같이 지질구조가 복잡하며 지형의 기복이 심한 경우, 이와 같은 가정을 사용은 전기비저항 탐사자료의 해석에 오류를 야기할 가능성이 높다. 본 연구에서는 3차원적으로 복잡하게 변화하는 지하구조 및 지형의 기복에 의한 지형효과를 정확히 계산할 수 있는 유한요소법에 의한 3차원 전기비저항 모델링 알고리듬을 근간으로 하는 역산 알고리듬을 개발하였다. 이 알고리듬은 ACB(Active Constraint Balancing)법을 채용함으로써 역산의 분해능 향상을 기하였다. 간단한 3차원 지하구조 및 지형기복에 대한 수치모형 실험결과 지표의 불규칙한 기복을 포함하여 역산을 수행함으로써 정확한 지하구조 영상을 획득할 수 있음을 보였으며, 국내의 교량건설 예정부지에서 수행된 격자망을 이룬 전기비저항 탐사자료에 대한 3차원 역산 결과 매우 신뢰도 높은 지하구조에 대한 영상을 도출할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.105-116
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• 2017

Several wireless localization algorithms are evaluated for the IR-UWB-based indoor location with the assumption that the ranging measurements contain the channelwise Non-Calibration Error (NCE). The localization algorithms can be divided into the Model-free Localization (MfL) methods and Model-based Kalman Filtering (MbKF). The algorithms covered in this paper include Iterative Least Squares (ILS), Direct Solution (DS), Difference of Squared Ranging Measurements (DSRM), and ILS-Common (ILS-C) methods for the MfL methods, and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), EKF-Each Channel (EKF-EC), EKF-C, Cubature Kalman Filter (CKF), and CKF-C for the MbKF. Experimental results show that the DSRM method has better accuracy than the other MfL methods. Also, it demands smallest computation time. On the other hand, the EKF-C and CKF-C require some more computation time than the DSRM method. The accuracy of the EKF-C and CKF-C is, however, best among the 9 methods. When comparing the EKF-C and CKF-C, the CKF-C can be easily used. Finally, it is concluded that the CKF-C can be widely used because of its ease of use as well as it accuracy.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.582-585
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• 1989

Two crystal structures of dehydrated $Sr^{2+}\;and\;Tl^+$ exchanged zeolite A, $Sr_xTl_{12-2x}-A$ (x = 1.6 and 5.45), have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Their structures were solved and refined in the cubic space group Pm3m at $21(1)^{\circ}C.$ Both crystals were ion exchanged in flowing streams of mixed $Sr(NO_3)_2\;and\;TlNO_3$ aqueous solution, followed by dehydration at $360^{\circ}C\; and\; 2${\times}$10^{-6}$ Torr for 2 days. Full-matrix least-squares refinements of the dehydrated $Sr_{1.6}Tl_{8.8}-A (a = 12.214(2){\AA})\; and\;Sr_{5.45}Tl{1.1}-A (a=12.291(2){\AA})$ have converged to final error indices, $R_1=0.055\; and\;R_2=0.061$ with 286 reflections, and R1 = 0.072 and R2 = 0.090 with 217 reflections, respectively, for which$\;I\;{>}\;3{\sigma}(I)$. In both structures, all Sr(II) ions are coordinated by three framework oxygens; Sr(II) to O(3) distances are $2.21(2){\AA}\;for\;Sr_{1.6}Tl_{8.8}-A \;and\;2.31(1){\AA} \;for\;Sr_{5.45}Tl_{1.1}-A,$and Tl(I) to O(3) distances are $2.657(6){\AA}\;for\;Sr_{1.6}Tl_{8.8}-A\;and\;2.845(8){\AA}\;for\;Sr_{5.45}Tl_{1.1}-A,$ respectively. In each structure, the angle subtended at Sr(II), O(3)-Sr(II)-O(3) is $118.7(4)^{\circ}\;for\; Sr_{1.6}Tl_{8.8}-A \;and\;120.0(4)^{\circ}\;for\;Sr_{5.45}Tl_{1.1}-A.\;Sr^{2+}$ ions prefer to 6-ring sites and $Tl^+$ ions to 8-ring sites when total number of ions per unit cell is more than 8.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.868-877
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 SVR(Support Vector Regression)을 이용한 컨포멀 배열 안테나의 빔 형성 알고리즘을 제안한다. 기존의 최소자승법 기반 알고리즘은 모든 샘플의 오차를 고려하는 반면에, SVR은 정해진 오차 한계를 벗어나는 샘플들을 통해 가중치를 결정하여 희소(sparse)한 해를 가지며 과적합(over-fitting) 문제를 최소화하는 장점을 갖고 있다. 제안된 알고리즘의 성능을 검증하기 위해 실험적으로 측정된 컨포멀 배열 안테나 능동 소자 패턴을 SVR에 적용하여 목적 빔 배턴으로 근사시키는 가중치를 구하였으며, SVR로 얻은 가중치와 최소자승법을 통해 얻은 가중치를 실측한 소자패턴에 적용하여 빔 형성 성능을 비교하였다.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.443-449
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• 2018

SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) 기반 모바일 매핑 시스템을 활용한 실내 공간의 포인트 클라우드 취득은 건축물의 유지, 관리를 위한 as-built BIM (Building Information Model) 구축의 기초 공정이다. 본 연구에서는 다중 2D 레이저 스캐너로 구성된 모바일 매핑 시스템의 구축을 위한 시뮬레이션 기반 검정(calibration) 표적의 구조 결정 방법을 제안하였다. 2D 레이저 스캐너의 외부 표정요소 검정을 위해 (1) 원형, (2) 사각형, (3) 이중 원형, (4) 이중 사각형 형태의 표적을 구성하였다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 얻어진 각 표적 관측 값을 토대로, 최소제곱법 기반의 외부 표정요소 검정을 수행하였다. 그 결과 사각형 형태의 표적 구조가 주어진 시스템의 검정에 가장 적합한 형태임을 확인하였다. 또한 외부 표정요소 간의 높은 상관성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 표적의 구조에 따른 외부 표정요소의 검정 결과가 상이한 것으로 나타났다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2023

As well-known, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) is a powerful tool for parameter identification with limited measurements. However, traditional EKF is not applicable when the external excitation is unknown. By using least-squares estimation (LSE) for force identification, an EKF with unknown input (EKF-UI) approach was recently proposed by the authors. In this approach, to ensure the influence matrix be of full column rank, the sensors have to be deployed at all the degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) corresponding to the unknown excitation, saying collocated measurements are required. However, it is not easy to guarantee that the sensors can be installed at all these locations. To circumvent this limitation, based on the idea of first-order-holder discretization (FOHD), an improved EKF with unknown input (IEKF-UI) approach is proposed in this study for the simultaneous identification of structural parameters and unknown excitation. By using projection matrix, an improved observation equation is obtained. Few displacement measurements are fused into the observation equation to avoid the so-called low-frequency drift. To avoid the ill-conditioning problem for force identification without collocated measurements, the idea of FOHD is employed. The recursive solution of the structural states and unknown loads is then analytically derived. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated via several numerical examples. Results show that the proposed approach is capable of satisfactorily identifying the parameters of linear and nonlinear structures and the unknown excitation applied to them.