• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the characteristics of gaps and natural regeneration of trees on Mt. Makiling, the Philippines. Canopy gaps in or around two 1-ha permanent plots and on 3-km line transects were investigated. Most of the gaps studied were formed or affected by Typhoon Milenyo, which hit the study site in September 2006. The most frequent mode of gap maker death was snap-off, whereas uprooting was relatively less important. The most frequent gap maker was balobo (Diplodiscus paniculatus) followed by magabuyo (Celtis luzonica) and katmon (Dillenia philippinensis). In contrast, the most frequent gap filler was magabuyo (C. luzonica). At the sapling layer, the most important species was magabuyo (C. luzonica), but there was a high proportion of lianas and palms. Most of the gaps had leaf area index (LAI) values between 3 and 5. A clear trend of a decrease in gap size and an increase in LAI was observed for 2 years from 2007 to 2009. New seedlings emerged very abundantly during the same time period. The rapid changes in the gaps were partially due to the excellent capability of tropical trees to resprout after the crown or stem was damaged by the typhoon. This study on gap dynamics may contribute to a better understanding of the natural regeneration process of trees in tropical rainforests.

• CELLMED
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.2.1-2.17
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• 2014

The plant kingdom is considered to be a repository of modern medicine, attributable to their rich source of bio-active molecules and secondary metabolites. It is indeed the Nutraceuticals that enhance immunity and ensure a healthier life because of their prophylactic and therapeutic values. Over centuries, papaya [Caricaceae; (Carica papaya Linn.)] is a renowned nutritious and medicinal plant. Each part of the papaya like root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, seed, rinds, and latex has its own nutraceutical properties. It serves as food, cooking aid, and Ethnomedicine to prevent and treat wide-range of diseases and disorders. It has also been traditionally used as appetite enhancer, meat tenderizer, purgative, medicinal acne, abortifacient and vermifuge. Over decades, a series of scientific attempts were made to authenticate the nutraceutical properties of papaya. These studies validated that the papaya has antiplasmodial, antitrichochramal, antitrichomonal, antidengue, and anti-cancer activities. They have also exhibited that papaya possesses antiseptic, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and contraceptive features, and it helps in the management of sickle-cell anaemia, HIV, heart diseases and digestional disorders too. Nevertheless, the responsible bio-active molecules and their mode of actions remain indistinct and imprecise, and this calls for further pharmacological and clinical research on them. Conclusively, papaya is one of the naturally gifted plants; though its nutraceutical properties as a food or as a quasi-drug are poorly understood or undervalued by people. Accordingly, this scrutiny, demand for instigation of public health awareness campaigns to promote papaya consumption, so that the society shall acquire optimal benefits of papaya and in turn prevent and alleviate various diseases and illness.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.475-481
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• 2014

Background: Pereskia sacharosa is a genus of cacti widely used in folk medicine for cancer-related treatment. Anti-proliferative effects have been studied in recent years against colon, breast, cervical and lung cancer cell lines, with promising results. We here extended study of anti-proliferative effects to a blood malignancy, leukemia. Materials and Methods: Two leukemic cell lines, MV4-11 (acute myeloid leukemia) and K562 (chronic myeloid leukemia), were studied. $IC_{50}$ concentrations were determined and apoptosis and cell cycle regulation were studied by flow cytometric analysis. The expression of apoptosis and cell-cycle related regulatory proteins was assessed by Western blotting. Results: P sacharosa inhibited growth of MV4-11 and K562 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The mode of cell death was via induction of intrinsic apoptotic pathways and cell cycle arrest. There was profound up-regulation of cytochrome c, caspases, p21 and p53 expression and repression of Akt and Bcl-2 expression in treated cells. Conclusions: These results suggest that P sacharosa induces leukemic cell death via apoptosis induction and changes in cell cycle checkpoint, thus deserves further study for anti-leukemic potential.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.13-34
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• 2008

In Headgear and Ornaments for Diadem in the Period of the Three States there was Conical Cap(or Pointed Cap), Feathered Cap(Trim), and Crown[Tree-typed Diadem and Tree and Antler-typed Diadem] was excavated from the tombs. Feathered Trim is 5 types, Feathered Trim I-A, Feathered Trim I-B, Feathered Trim II-A, Feathered Trim II-B, Feathered Trim II-C in according to upper part of central insert plate style. Feathered Trim I-A, I-B, II-B type was general style that was found in most of the old tombs in ancient Silla, Gaya. Feathered Trim II-A type was excavated from the only Silla tombs and II-C type was excavated from Gaya tombs. The Ornaments for Diadem in Baekje was excavated from the tombs is adorned with a arranged leaf-stems on either sides and the flower-shaped. They were distinguished with the original mode of Goguryeo and ancient Silla at the time. Tree-typed Diadem is five part in according to the Mountain(;山)-typed piled up. Only one Mountain(;山)-typed one in three stand-up ornament(I-1 type), and three step one in three stand-up one(I-2 type), modification one (I-3 type), three step one of four and five stand-up ones(I-4 type), and four step one of four and five stand-up ones (I-5 type). Tree and Antler-typed Diadem is three part in according to the step of Mountain(; 山)-typed and cross-shaped of the upper part. Three one of three step one of Mountain(;山)-typed and two Antler- typed (II-1 type), cross-shaped one(II-2 type), four step one(II-3 type).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.3191-3196
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• 2013

Leaf extracts of Cassia alata L (akapulko), traditionally used for treatment of a variety of diseases, were evaluated for their potential antitumor properties in vitro. MTT assays were used to examine the cytotoxic effects of crude extracts on five human cancer cell lines, namely MCF-7, derived from a breast carcinoma, SK-BR-3, another breast carcinoma, T24 a bladder carcinoma, Col 2, a colorectal carcinoma, and A549, a nonsmall cell lung adenocarcinoma. Hexane extracts showed remarkable cytotoxicity against MCF-7, T24, and Col 2 in a dose-dependent manner. This observation was confirmed by morphological investigation using light microscopy. Further bioassay-directed fractionation of the cytotoxic extract led to the isolation of a TLC-pure isolate labeled as f6l. Isolate f6l was further evaluated using MTT assay and morphological and biochemical investigations, which likewise showed selectivity to MCF-7, T24, and Col 2 cells with $IC_{50}$ values of 16, 17, and 17 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Isolate f6l, however, showed no cytotoxicity towards the non-cancer Chinese hamster ovarian cell line (CHO-AA8). Cytochemical investigation using DAPI staining and biochemical investigation using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-a method used to detect DNA fragmentation-together with caspase assay, demonstrated apoptotic cell death. Spectral characterization of isolate f6l revealed that it contained polyunsaturated fatty acid esters. Considering the cytotoxicity profile and its mode of action, f6l might represent a new promising compound with potential for development as an anticancer drug with low or no toxicity to non-cancer cells used in this study.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.243-245
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• 2007

This study was begun to classify the paddy fields by the rice varieties and to monitor the temporal change in rice growth using SAR backscatter coefficients $({\sigma}^{circ})$. For nine fine-beam mode images of Radarsat-1 SAR, a growing period time-series of backscatter coefficients was set up from April to October in 2005, and was compared with the field-measured rice growth parameters such as LAI (leaf area index), plant height, fresh and dry biomass, and water content in grain and plant for 45 parcels in Dangjin-gun, Chungcheongnam Province, South Korea. The average backscatter coefficients for early-maturing rice varieties (13 parcels) were ranged from -18.17dB to -6.06dB and were lower than for medium-late maturing rice varieties during most of the growing season. At around the heading stage (July 30) for early-maturing rice, both rice crops showed the highest backscatter coefficient values and the difference was the greatest before harvesting early-maturing rice. The temporal difference in backscatter coefficients between rice varieties was expected to play a key role to identify early-maturing rice fields. On the other hand, comparison with field-measured rice growth parameters showed that the backscatter coefficients decreased or stayed on the plateau after heading stage even though the growth of rice canopy advanced.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.16 no.2 s.107
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• pp.163-168
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• 2006

The PWR Nuclear Fuel assembly consists of more than 250 fuel rods that are supported by leaf springs in the cells of more than 10 Spacer Grids (SG) along the rod length. Since it is not easy to conduct mechanical tests on a full-scale model basis, the small-scaled rod bundle $(5\times5)$ which is called partial fuel assembly is generally used for various performance tests during the development stage. As one of the small-scaled tests, a flow test should be carried out in order to verify the performance of the spacer grid to obtain the Flow-Induced Vibration (FIV) characteristics of the scaled fuel assembly over the specified flow range. A vibration test should be also performed to obtain the modal parameters of the assembly prior to the flow test. In this study, we want to develop the estimation procedure of the damping ratio for the scaled test assembly. For the damping factor of the partial fuel assembly and the grid cage at the first vibration mode, as one of the vibration tests, a so-called pluck testing has been performed in air as a preliminary test prior to in-flow damping measurement test. Logarithmic decrement method is used for calculation of the damping ratio. Estimated damping ratio of the partial fuel assembly is about $0.7\%$ with reasonable error of $2\%$ for the previous results. Nonlinear behavior of the partial fuel assembly might be stem mainly from the rod-grid support configuration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.140-145
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• 2007

Acrylamide has been found in many foods. Acrylamide in foodstuffs were analyzed by a GC/MS after bromination of acrylamide or by a LC/MS for underivatized acylamide. Time consuming and laborious clean up procedures is applied for the purification of the extract, in these methods. In this study, a simple and fast method without clean up step for the analysis of acrylamide in mainstream cigarette smoke was developed by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and the effects of tobacco leaf constituents on acrylamide content was observed. The analysis of acrylamide in mainstream cigarette smoke started to collect TPM (total particulate matter) from smoking and to extract by 0.1 % acetic acid solution and then to detect by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray in the positive mode. The recovery of acrylamide in 2R4F reference cigarette was 98 % and the reproducibility was 2.5 % and the limit of detection was 1.6 ng/mL. Reducing sugars and amino acids are considered to be main precursors of acrylamide in foodstuffs. Cut tobacco contain substantial amounts of reducing sugars and amino acid which may be explained the occurrence of acrylamide in mainstream cigarette smoke. The effects of reducing sugars and total nitrogen studied in an experiment with a various tobacco types. This result indicated that reducing sugars are not limiting factor for acrylamide formation, but the level of acrylamide in cigarette smoke was significantly correlated with the total nitrogen contents.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1994

The effects of S-23142{N-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-propargyloxyphenyl)-3, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydrophtalimide}, on protoporphyrin IX(PPIX) biosynthesis in Spinacia oleracea L, leaf in vivo and in vitro condition were investigated by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorescence detector. The stroma and the membrane fraction of spinach chloroplast were isolated by osmotic regulation. The conversion of ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid(ALA) to PPIX occured more in the stroma than in the membrane fraction. It suggested that the enzymes that catalyse PPIX biosynthesis from ALA were localized in the stroma. Also, the synthesized PPIX content from ALA was completely inhibited by $10^{-8}M$ of S-23412 or $10^{-7}M$ of acifluorfen in the stroma but not in the membrane fractions. Therefore, these results suggested that the target site of S-23142 and acifluorfen may exist in the stroma fraction of spinach chloroplast.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.79-94
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the epidermal structure, the stomatal types, the ontogeny of stomara in various parts of each organ of K. blossfeldiana, K. kewensis, and K. tometosa belonging to Kalanchoe. The epidermal cells were polygonal or isodiametric ones in the leaves, and mostly rectangular, tetragonal, and elongated ones in the leaves, and mostly rectangular, tetragonal, and elongated ones in the other organs. The candelabrum-like, triradiate stellete trichomes in the aerial parts of all organs of K. tomentosa were found. The cuticular striations and square crystals of calcium oxalate in the epidermal cells of petals of K. blossfeldiana were observed. The great majority of the mature stomata in various parts of all the organs were commonly helicocytic types. This type was subdivided into three subtypes such as parahelicocytic, anomohelicocytic, and dianisocytic stomata on the basis of the division angle of the guard mother cells. Somethies, the anisocytic type was found in most organs. This type was subdivided into three subtyes such as paranisocytic, nomoanisocytic, and dianisocytic stomata in the same way as the helicocytic type. A new stomataltype with anisocytic stoma within a girdle of four subsidiary cells of tetracytic type in the leaf of K. kewensis was firstly observed in the vascular plants. This type was termed the coaniso-tetracytic type. The anomomeristic pattern in the mesogenous category of stomatal types was found in various organs of all the material plants. Developmental mode of stomata was constant in all the parts of each organ within the same plant. The stomata was observed to be a few similar stomatal types in various parts of each organ within the same plant. The ontogeny of all the types is eumesogenous or mesogenous type. The ontogenetic type of stomata was mostly helico-eumesogenous type in all the organs of all the material plants. The mature stoma varied from organ to in regard of the number and arrangement of subsidiary cells.