• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.3105-3108
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• 2013

Background: This study used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III to study the relationship between blood lead concentration and all cause, all cancer and lung cancer mortality in adults. Patients and Methods: Public use National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) data were used. NHANES III uses stratified, multistage probabilistic methods to sample nationally representative samples. Household adult, laboratory and mortality data were merged. Sample persons who were available to be examined in aMobile Examination Center (MEC) were included in this study. Specialized survey analysis software was used. Results: A total of 3,482 sample participants with complete information for all variables were included in this analysis. For all cause death, the odds ratios (S.E.) for statistically significant variables were body mass index, 1.03 (1.01-1.06); 1.01 (1.01-1.01); blood lead concentration, 1.05 (1.01-1.08); poverty income ratio, 0.823 (0.76-0.89); and drinking hard liquor, 1.01 (1.00-1.02). For all cancer mortality, the odds ratios (S.E.) of the statistically signigicant variables were: age, 1.01 (1.01-1.01); blood lead concentration, 1.07 (1.04-1.12), black race, using non-Hispanic white as reference, 1.69 (1.12-2.56); and smoking, 1.02 (1.01-1.04). For lung cancer mortality, the odds ratios (S.E.) of the statistically significant variables were: age, 1.01(1.01-1.01); blood lead concentration, 1.09 (1.05-1.13); Mexican Americans, using non-Hispanic white as refrence, 0.33 (0.129-0.850); other races, 1.80 (0.53-6.18); and smoking, 1.03 (1.02-1.05). Conclusion: Blood lead concentration correlated with all cause, all cancer, and lung cancer mortality in adults.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2013

Objectives: This study attempted to develop a method to measure ultra-trace lead concentrations in plasma using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS) and to test whether plasma lead can be used as a biomarker for the biological monitoring of exposure to lead. Methods: Lead concentrations in 160 plasma samples of field workers and 42 plasma samples from the control group were measured by ICP-MS. Blood zinc protophorphyrin(ZPP) concentrations and urinary ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid${\delta}-ALA$) were measured for correlation analysis with plasma lead. Results: The mean lead level in the plasma of the workers exposed to lead at work were 786.1 ng/L. Plasma lead levels were not correlated with blood ZPP or urinary ${\delta}-ALA$ concentrations. Otherwise, plasma lead levels showed a good correlation coefficient of 0.400 with blood lead levels, and their correlation coefficient had a better value of 0.552 for the non-smoking and drinking group. In the general population group which was not exposed to lead in the workplace and was considered the control group, the mean concentration of plasma lead was 123.1 ng/L. The plasma lead levels for the general population group showed a good correlation coefficient of 0.520 with blood ZPP and urinary ${\delta}-ALA$ concentrations.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.340-348
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• 2012

This study was performed in order to investigate dietary habits, health related lifestyle and blood cadmium and lead levels in female college students. 80 college students (43 males and 37 females) participated in the survey questionnaires. Body weight and height, blood pressure, and body composition were measured. The systolic blood pressure of male and female students were $128.9{\pm}13.9$ and $109.8{\pm}12.0$, respectively. The diastolic blood pressure of male and female students were $77.1{\pm}10.3 $and $66.0{\pm}6.9$, respectively, showing that male students had significantly higher blood pressure than female students (P < 0.001). The BMI of male and female students were $23.4{\pm}3.3$ and $20.2{\pm}2.3$, respectively. Most male students were in the range of being overweight. The dietary habits score of female students was significantly higher than that of male students (P < 0.01).The blood cadmium level of male and female students were $0.54{\pm}0.23$ and $0.52{\pm}0.36$, respectively. There was no significant difference between male and female students. The blood lead level of male and female students were $1.09{\pm}0.49 $and $0.59{\pm}0.45$, respectively. The blood lead level of male students was significantly higher than that of female students (P < 0.001). The blood cadmium level of smokers and nonsmokers were $0.69{\pm}0.29 $and $0.49{\pm}0.29$ respectively (P < 0.05). The blood cadmium level of smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers (P < 0.05). The blood lead level of smokers and nonsmokers were $1.09{\pm}0.43$ and $0.80{\pm}0.54$, respectively. The blood lead level of smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers (P < 0.05). Therefore, proper nutritional education programs are required for college students in order to improve their dietary and health related living habits.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.132-137
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• 2010

Lead (Pb) is a metal that is generally considered to be toxic to the cardiovascular system. Pb-exposed animals display the evidence of increased oxidative stress and hypertension. The current study was designed to examine whether Korean red ginseng (KRG) has protective effects against Pb-induced hypertension and oxidative stress in Pb-exposed rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to Pb exposure or control groups. KRG was administered in drinking water at a concentration of 100 mg/kg/day; the control group received plain drinking water. Animals in the Pb-exposed groups were provided with drinking water containing 100 ppm Pb acetate for 12 weeks. Blood pressure, plasma glutathione, blood Pb concentration, and hematologic data, such as red blood cell quantity, were determined. Pb poisoning was assessed by measuring the blood Pb concentration. Pb exposure (100 ppm) for 12 weeks resulted in a marked rise in systolic blood pressure and blood Pb concentration, as well as a significant reduction in plasma glutathione levels and red blood cell quantity. Other measurements, such as heart rate, body weight, and white blood cell quantity, were unchanged. Treatment with KRG significantly lowered blood pressure, raised plasma glutathione and increased red blood cell numbers in Pb-exposed animals; it also had no effect on heart rate, body weight, or white blood cell quantity. However, the elevated blood Pb concentration was not reduced by treatment with KRG (100 mg/kg). Taken together, these data indicate that treatment with KRG in Pb-exposed animals can reduce oxidative stress and lower blood pressure, suggesting that KRG might be protective against Pb-exposed hypertension and oxidative stress.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 1994년도 교수 연수회(환경)
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• pp.549-559
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• 1994

A subgroup or workers from a secondary lead smelter was defined to include those with blood lead levels not exceeding $80{\mu}g/100\;ml$ and with no pest history of elevated blood lead. Central nervous system symptoms (tiredness, sleeplessness, irritability, headache) were reported by 55% of the group and muscle and joint pain by 39%. Zinc proteporphyrin (ZPP) levels were elevated in 71% or cases. Low hemoglobin levels (less than 14 gm/l00 ml) were round in more than a third of the workers. While BUN and creatinine were mostly in the normal range, there - nevertheless n correlation between ZPP and both BUN and creatinine. Reduced nerve-conduction velocities were present in 25% or the group; this was not significantly different from findings in Ii control group. The data indicate that n blood level of $80{\mu}g/100\;ml$ is an inappropriate biological guide in the prevention or lead disease.

• 산업보건소식
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• 제46호
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• pp.3-13
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• 1987

For the purpose of investigating the effect of occupational health service in terms of environmental control and health provision of workers on the improvement of worker's health, authors analysed the data of environmental measurement and health check-up of one lead using industry who started his investment to environmental improvement from 1980. Six hundred million won was invested for environmental improvement from 1980 to 1986. This investment brought about apparent improvement of working conditions of all of the workplaces from mean concentration of lead in air over 0.15mg/$m^3$ 1981 to mean concentration of lead in air less than 0.15mg/$m^3$. Environmental control reduced mean blood lead level from 51.2 $\pm$ 11.5ug/이 in 1983 to 39.2 $\pm$ 16.0ug/dl in 1986, and delta-aminolevulinic acid concentration 3.15 $\pm$ 2.1mg/l in 1982 to 1.96 $\pm$ 1. 7mg/l in 1986, respectively. Blood ZPP levels were decreased from 76.1 $\pm$ 58.9ug/dl in 1983 to 42.23 $\pm$ 30.3ug/dl in 1986. If 150ug/dl of blood ZPP is considered as unacceptable limit of lead intoxication, more than 10 percent of workers belonged to this category in 1983, but only 0.5 of workers showed their blood ZPP level over the 150ug/dl in 1986 It was observed that no workers whose work duration were less than one year showed their blood ZPP level over 100ug/dl, but there were high percentages of lead workers with high blood ZPP (over 150 ug/dl) who were working in uncontrolled had working condition and whose work duration were less than one year.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.59-67
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• 1995

현재 국내에서 원자흡광법에 의한 혈중연 분석은 분석선 283.3 nm에서의 $D_2$ 보정 방식을 이용한 흑연로 원자흡광법이 주로 이용되고 있으며, 일반적인 시료중 납에 관한 분석은 217.0 nm에서의 $D_2$ 보정 방식이 보편화되어 있다. 그러나 이들 방식은 바탕 보정에 제한성 때문에 새로운 바탕 보정법에 대해 관심을 가지게 되었다. 그러던 중 1980년대 말부터 혈중연 분석자들은 연 분석에 있어 Zeeman effect 보정방식이 보다 좋은 결과를 나타낸다 하여 이 방법에 대하여 관심을 갖게 되었다. 따라서 본 연구는 국내 대부분의 혈중연 분석기관들이 보유하고 있는 $D_2$ 보정방식 (217.0과 283.3 nm)의 혈중연 측정결과를 편광 Zeeman effect 보정방식의 측정 결과와 비교함으로서 현재 사용 중인 기기 들의 측정결과의 타당성을 검토하기 위하여 시도하였으며 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Zeeman형의 바탕보정 방식을 사용하는 기기의 결과를 편의상 1.00으로 하고, $D_2$ 형 보정 장치의 217.0 nm와 283.3 nm에서의 결과를 짝비교 (paired t-test)를 하였을 때 혈중연 농도가 $20.0{\mu}g/dl$ 이하인 경우에 0.92와 0.90으로 Zeeman형보다 낮은 값으로 분석되었으며 통계적으로 유의하였다.(P<0.001). $20.1-40.0{\mu}g/dl$인 군에서는 $D_2$ 보정방식의 결과간에 차이는 없었다. Zeeman 및 $D_2$ 보정방법에서는 혈중연 증가에 따른 바탕보정장치의 변동이 적었고 혈중연 이외의 다른 금속 즉, 철, 구리, 아연에서는 바탕보정장치에 관계없이 철은 역상관인 것으로 나타났으며, 구리와 아연은 정상관을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 연구 결과로 미루어보아 두방법간의 차이가 없으므로 혈중연 분석에 있어서 Zeeman형 바탕보정 장치를 사용하거나 $D_2$ 바탕보정 방식(217.0, 283.3nm)의 기기를 사용하여도 무난할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 1986

연 폭로에 의한 조혈기능의 장해정도를 파악하고 연중독 환자를 조기에 발견하기 위하여 1985년 8월부터 1년간 경상북도 구미공단내 5개 산업장의 연취급 여성근로자 284명과 대조군 123명을 대상으로 혈중 연량콰 혈색소량을 측정하여 얻은 성적을 분석한 결과 다음과 같다. 연 취급 근로자의 평균연령은 $20.3{\pm}2.9$세이었고 대조군의 평균연령은 $21.1{\pm}3.5$세이었으며, 연작업자의 평균 근속기간은 $26.46{\pm}19.26$개월이었다. 연 취급 근로자의 평한 혈중연량은 $30.11{\pm}6.61{\mu}g/100ml$이었고 대조군의 경우 $21.86{\pm}3.75{\mu}g/100ml$로 두군 모두 정상범외내였으나, 폭로군이 대조군에 비해 유의하게 (P<0.01) 높았다. 연 취급 근로자의 평균 혈색소량은 $14.00{\pm}0.57g/100ml$이었고 대조군의 경우 $14.03{\pm}0.64g/100ml$로 정상치를 나타내었다. 혈색소치 12g/100ml이하는 한사람도 없었으며, 12.0~13.0g/100ml경우는 연 취급근로자에서 4.5%로 나타났다. 혈중 연량과 빈혈과의 용량-반응관계, 연령 및 근속기간과 혈중연량 및 혈색소치와의 사이에 유의한 상관관계를 관찰할 수 없었다. 이상의 성적으로 보아 작업장의 연 허용기준치를 넘지 않으면 장기간 근무하여도 연 중독의 피해가 없는 것으로 판단되기 때문에 작업장의 위생공학적인 환경관리가 무엇보다도 중요하다고 본다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.1130-1134
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• 2005

An experiment was performed using 20 calves of about one-month old to investigate the effect of chelation therapy with calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate ($CaNa_2$EDTA) alone or along with antioxidant $\alpha$-tocopherol in lead loaded calves on blood trace minerals, erythrocytic sulfahydryl groups and some haematobiochemical parameters. Fifteen calves were given lead orally at a daily dose of 7.5 mg of 99% pure lead acetate/kg body weight for 28 days. Then the lead was withdrawn on day 28 and the calves were randomly divided into three groups. Each group of five animals was either treated with $CaNa_2$EDTA alone at the dose rate of 110 mg/kg body weight in two divided doses for 4 days or along with $\alpha$-tocopherol at the dose rate of 100 mg/kg body weight orally daily for 7 days, keeping the remaining five calves as lead-exposed untreated controls. Blood samples were collected at the end of the lead exposure (day 0) and thereafter on day 2, 4, 7 and 10 from the start of the chelation treatment. The treatment with EDTA alone led to slow but non-significant improvement in blood copper level, but incorporation of antioxidant $\alpha$-tocopherol in chelation therapy resulted in its significant decline, as recorded on day 7-post treatment. Withdrawal of lead or treatment with $CaNa_2$EDTA alone or along with $\alpha$-tocopherol enhanced the erythrocytic thiol contents and the levels of T-SH and P-SH became statistically (p<0.05) comparable to those of lead-exposed controls by day 7 and 4, respectively. There was no significant (p>0.05) change in serum urea, creatinine, total protein and albumin levels between the treatment groups. It is concluded from the present investigation that treatment with $CaNa_2$EDTA at the present dose rate is safe to be used for chelation in lead loaded calves.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.518-526
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• 2011

To determine blood heavy metal concentrations by seafood consumption in Korean adults, blood cadmium, mercury, and lead concentrations in a representative sample of 1,709 Koreans participated in the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES IV-2) in 2008 were analyzed by age and seafood consumption frequency. The mean blood cadmium, mercury, and lead concentrations were $1.14{\pm}0.73{\mu}g/L$, $5.50{\pm}3.83{\mu}g/L$, and $2.56{\pm}1.22{\mu}g/dL$, respectively. The subjects aged ${\geq}$ 50 years had significantly higher blood cadmium concentrations than the subjects aged 20~39 years. Blood mercury concentrations of the 50's were significantly higher than those of the 20's and 30's (p < 0.05). Approximately, 43% of males and 22% of females had blood mercury concentrations > $5.8{\mu}g/L$ which is a blood mercury level equivalent to the current Reference Dose. Only 2 subjects had lead concentrations > $10{\mu}g/dL$, the standard lead level by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. The subjects consuming pollack, mackerel, anchovy, corvina, shellfish, and salted seafood at least once a week had significantly higher mercury concentrations than the subjects consuming those seafoods less than once a month. However, there were no clear relationships between blood cadmium and lead concentrations and seafood consumption frequencies.