• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.223-228
• /
• 1997

Quinones have been reported to undergo nonenzymatic reaction with thiols to generate reactive oxygens. It is therefore possible that the nonenzymatic reaction of quinones with thiols in plasma could lead to potentJared cellular toxicity or disease. When 1 mM menadione was added in plasma under pH 11.2, 7.4 and 5.0, the increase in oxygen consumption rate was the order of pH 11.2 > pH 7.4 > pH 5.0. In addition, oxygen consumption rates under plasma anticoagulated with trisodium citrate solution (pH 7.85) was significantly higher than those with acid-citrate-dextrose solution (pH 6.87). SOD and catalase reduced the rate of oxygen consumption induced by menadione in plasma. Taken together, these results suggest that the menadione-induced increased oxygen consumption was due to nonenzymatic reaction of menadione with thiols in the plasma. The presence of plasma has an additive effect on the increased oxygen consumption rates induced by the menadione treatments on our model tissue, platelets, as compared between washed platelet (WP) and platelet rich plasma (PRP). Cytotoxicity, as determined by LDH release, are well correlated with the oxygen consumption rates observed in each system and strongly suggest that menadione-induced cytotoxicity can be increased with the presence of blood plasma.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.485-492
• /
• 2001

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been rapidly increased in parallel with the westernization of eating behavior in Korea. Increased consumption of animal fat and simple sugar can be potential contributors for insulin resistance. The purpose of the study was to determine whether Western-(WD) and Korean-style(KD) diets altered insulin secretion and insulin resistance in male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats weighing 98$\pm$5g were provided by KD(77 En% of starch, 5 En% of corn oil and 13 En% of gluten plus 5 En% of casein), WD(42 En% of starch, 40 En% of butter and 18% of casein) or control diet(62 En% of starch, 20 En% of corn oil and 18% of casein) for 12 weeks. Body weights were lower in KD compared to WD. Fasting blood glucose levels were not different among diets. Insulin secretion from the beta cells was higher by 2.2$\pm$0.4 folds in WD than KD at baseline. In hyperglycemic clamp insulin secretion was higher in WD than KD and CD. Whole body glucose disposal rates referred to the state of insulin sensitivity were lowest in WD among groups. Glycogen deposits in soleus and quadriceps muscles were lowest in WD among all groups, but their triglyceride contents were highest. GLUT4 contents and glycogen synthase were lowest in WD in both muscles. In conclusions, westernization of diets needed more insulin to normalization of blood glucose levels due to increased insulin resistance. Thus, WD would lead to increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus when increased insulin resistance could not be compensated by insulin secretion in the case of elevated blood glucose levels. (Korean J Nutriton 34(5) : 485~492, 2001)

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.8-13
• /
• 1992

Low doses of ionizing radiation from external or internal sources cause heterogeneous distribution of energy deposition events in the exposed biological system. With the cell being the individual element of the tissue system, the fraction of cells hit, the dose received by the hit, and the biological response of the cell to the dose received eventually determine the effect in tissue. The hit cell may experience detriment, such as change in its DNA leading to a malignant transformation, or it may derive benefit in terms of an adaptive response such as a temporary improvement of DNA repair or temporary prevention of effects from intracellular radicals through enhanced radical detoxification. These responses are protective also to toxic substances that are generated during normal metabolism. Within a multicellular system, the probability of detriment must be weighed against the probability of benefit through adaptive responses with protection against various toxic agents including those produced by normal metabolism. Because irradiation can principally induce both, detriment and adaptive responses, one type of affected cells may not be simply summed up at the expense of cells with other types of effects, in assessing risk to tissue. An inventory of various types of effects in the blood forming system of mammals, even with large ranges of uncertainty, uncovers the possibility of benefit to the system from exposure to low doses of low LET radiation. This experimental approach may complement epidemiological data on individuals exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation and may lead to a more rational appraisal of risk.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.57-64
• /
• 1981

The clinical need for agents to modify immune response in the treatment of viral infection has lead to an increased interest in cellular and biochemical mechanisms regulating the immune response and to the development of a variety of biological and chemical substance with immunomodulatory activity. Inosiplex has shown antiviral activity in tissue culture, animal models and huamn studies through augmentation of immune response. However, the effect of inosiplex on immune response in animal has not been extensively analyzed, and the effect of inosiplex on immune response has been paradoxical depending on the time of administration of inosiplex in relation to that of antigen. Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess the effect of inosiplex on the immune response to sheep red blood cells(SRBC) in normal and viral infected mice. Inosiplex increased cellular immune response and plaque forming lymphocyte response to SRBC, decreased the recovery of S. typhimurium from infected mice spleen, and restored the depressed cellular immune response by measle and newcastle disease virus infections. All of the above results were observed only when inosiplex was given after immunization but did not when given before immunization. These results indicate that inosiplex stimulate the efferent are of immune response and may even block the afferent are, and suggest that inosiplex is a very promising drug in therapy of many viral infections.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.151-157
• /
• 1974

This study was carried out to investigate on the morphology, distribution and stainability of the mast cells in the Korean Native goat. For the study, the experimental animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and opened the anterior abdomianl wall to remove immediately the specimens with a minimum of mechanical effects. The mesenteries were fixed in 10% neutral formalin, 4% basic lead acetate, absolute alcohol and ethlene glycol monoethyl ether. Following 24 hours of fixation, the toto preparation stained with 0.4% toluidine blue, 1% methylene blue, 1.5% bismark brown, saturated thionine and thionlne-methylene blue complex solution. The preparation were observed from 10 microscopic field with 450 magnification. The results were as follows: 1. The form of the mesenteric mast cell was found 2 types. One was spindle form in larger number around vessels, the other was ovoid or spherical form in connective tissue far from blood vessels. 2. The average size was $18.63{\pm}5.75{\mu}m$ in length, $10.61{\pm}3.39{\mu}m$ in width and number was $105.50{\pm}18.45$. 3. Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether was particularly useful in preserving the mast cell granules. 4. Thione-methylene blue complex solution might be recommended to stain of granules.

• Genomics & Informatics
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.70-77
• /
• 2016

Transposable elements are one of major sources to cause genomic instability through various mechanisms including de novo insertion, insertion-mediated genomic deletion, and recombination-associated genomic deletion. Among them is Alu element which is the most abundant element, composing ~10% of the human genome. The element emerged in the primate genome 65 million years ago and has since propagated successfully in the human and non-human primate genomes. Alu element is a non-autonomous retrotransposon and therefore retrotransposed using L1-enzyme machinery. The 'master gene' model has been generally accepted to explain Alu element amplification in primate genomes. According to the model, different subfamilies of Alu elements are created by mutations on the master gene and most Alu elements are amplified from the hyperactive master genes. Alu element is frequently involved in genomic rearrangements in the human genome due to its abundance and sequence identity between them. The genomic rearrangements caused by Alu elements could lead to genetic disorders such as hereditary disease, blood disorder, and neurological disorder. In fact, Alu elements are associated with approximately 0.1% of human genetic disorders. The first part of this review discusses mechanisms of Alu amplification and diversity among different Alu subfamilies. The second part discusses the particular role of Alu elements in generating genomic rearrangements as well as human genetic disorders.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.113-120
• /
• 2003

Drug interactions with food, on occasion, lead to serious nutritional and functional changes in the body as well as alternations of pharmacological effect. It, therefore, should be necessary to take drug interactions with food into consideration for effective and safe therapeutics. Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormal glucose homeostasis, resulting in hyperglycemia, and is associated with increased risk of micovascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic complications. However, the precise mechanism of diabetes mellitus remains unclear. Three basic objectives in the care of diabetic patients are maintaining optimal nutrition, avoiding hypo- or hyperglycemia and preventing complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate thε effect of Laminaria japonica diet on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of glipizide which are frequently used in the treatment of diabetes. Diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin were employed in this study. Blood concentrations of oral hypoglycemic agents were measured by HPLC and resultant pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by RSTRIP. The mechanisms of drug interaction with food were evaluated on the basis of pharmacokinetic parameters such as $k_{a},\;t_{1/2},\;C_{max},\;t_{max}$ and AUC. Administration of glipizide in normal rats treated with Laminaria japonica diet showed significant increase in AUC, $k_{a},\;t_{1/2},\;t_{max}$ and decrease in $C_{max}$, compared to those without Laminaria japonica diet. This might result from adsorption of glipizide on components of Laminaria japonica, causing delayed absorption. Administration of glipizide in diabetic rats treated with Laminaria japonica diet showed significant increase in $t_{1/2}\;and\;t_{max}$, and decrease in $C_{max}$, compared to those without Laminaria japonica diet. This might also result from adsorption of glipizide on components of Laminaria japonica, causing delayed absorption and flattened blood concentration of glipizide. The oral glucose test showed that Laminaria japonica diet could lower blood glucose level probably through either inhibiting the activity of disaccharidases, intestinal digestive enzymes, or delaying the absorption of glucose. More studies should be followed to fully understand pharmacokinetic changes of glipizide caused by long-term Laminaria japonica diet.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.280-286
• /
• 2017

Objective: This case series aims to report the efficacy and the safety of using snake venom pharmacopuncture (SVP) for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Methods: Three heterogeneous cancer (1 endometrium, 1 cervix, and 1 prostate cancer) patients were referred to the East-West Cancer Center (EWCC), Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, from August 02, 2017, to September 15, 2017, for treatment with SVP, and they were treated with SVP 4 times, 6 times, and 8 times, respectively. During the treatment period, the efficacy of SVP therapy was assessed by using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), and the stability was evaluated by using blood tests. Following each session, all patients were examined closely for any allergenic responses or adverse effects. Results: All patients showed noticeable improvements of their NRS and CTCAE scores. Except for bleeding and bruising at the SVP injection site, no major side effects were noted. One of the patients reported mild chilling and a sore throat after receiving the second treatment; those symptoms went away after a few hours. No hematologic toxicity, hepatotoxicity, or nephrotoxicity was found on the blood test. Conclusion: The results of this research suggest positive potential benefits of using SVP for treating patients with CIPN. Also, the excellent safety results of SVP seen in this research should lead to larger clinical trials aimed at developing SVP into a potential intervention for managing patients with the symptoms of CIPN.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.41-48
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between obesity and, erythrocyte SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity and serum antioxidant mineral (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and Se) concentrations of adolescents. Subjects were assigned to one of two groups such as obese ($BMI{\geq}25$, 32 boys, 24 girls) and normal group (18.5 < BMI < 23, 27 boys, 30 girls) Subjects were evaluated based on anthropometric measurements, 24-hr dietary recalls and blood analysis. The mean age of the total subjects was 13.8 years. The mean weight (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001) and body fat (p < 0.001) of obese were higher than those of normal group. There was no significant difference in nutrient intake between obese and normal groups. SOD activity of obese group was not significantly different from normal groups, in both males and females. However, in the males, serum Cu concentration of obese were significantly lower than those of normal group. In the females, Serum Mn concentration of obese were significantly lower then those of normal group. In the correlation analysis, BMI of the subjects had significantly negative correlations with serum Cu, Zn and Mn. To summarize the results, increase of obesity may lead to decrease of serum antioxidant minerals such as Cu, Zn and Mn.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.223-227
• /
• 2016

A static, unilateral, and focal bone depression located lingually within the ascending ramus, identical to the Stafne's bone cavity of the angle of the mandible, is being reported. During development of the mandible, submandibular gland inclusion may lead to the formation of a lingual concavity, which could contain fatty tissue, blood vessels, or soft tissue. However, similar occurrences in the ascending ramus at the level of the parotid gland are extremely rare. Similar cases were previously reported in dry, excavated mandibles, and 3 cases were reported in living patients. A 52-year-old African American male patient was seen for pain in the mandibular teeth. Panoramic radiography showed an unusual concavity within the left ascending ramus. Cone-beam computed tomography confirmed this incidental finding. The patient was cleared for the extraction of non-restorable teeth and scheduled for annual follow-up.