• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.435-445
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• 2017

This study was conducted to overcome the limitations of prior research on the equity of medical care performed by identifying simple differences in the use of medical care or using limited medical needs and medical utilization indicators. Specifically, we used activity limits, chronic diseases, and subjective health status as medical needs, and used outpatient, inpatient, and emergency services as medical uses. In addition, we used concentration index, concentration curve, and Le Grand factor to analyze the equity of medical use considering medical needs. The main results are as follows. First, the amount of medical care for the low-income class is higher than that of the high-income class when considering the concentration of medical use. In particular, the number of hospitalization days for low-income households and hospitalization fees were higher than the fees of outpatient medical consultation and emergency room usage. Second, medical needs were concentrated in the low income class. In other words, low-income group is not as healthy as the high-income group. Third, the Le Grand factor was calculated in order to confirm the fairness of the medical uses considering the medical needs. Even if medical needs are taken into consideration, the high-income earners will have a large amount of medical care. In addition, when considering the limitation of activity and the number of chronic diseases, the medical use of the high income class was more frequent. However, when the subjective health condition and the chronic illness were considered, medical use of the low income class was more frequent. This may be due to the underestimation of the medical needs of the low-income earners by neglecting their own health status and perception of chronic diseases.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.21-27
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• 2014

The influence of the surface roughness on the natural convection heat transfers of a vertical plate were measured experimently. Mass transfer experiments instead of heat transfer experiment were performed based on the analogy. The piecewise electrodes were adopted to measure the local-average Nusselt number. Prandtl number was 2,014 and height of the plate was 0.154m The test results for a smooth surface showed similar heat transfer rate with the Le Fevre heat transfer correlation for a vertical plate. The Nusselt number increased with the roughness Rz $0.5{\sim}14.1{\mu}m$. The test results were presented by a simple correlation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.490-497
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• 2004

Although the E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) is known to be a potent mucosal adjuvant towards co-administrated unrelated antigens and immunoregulator in T-helper 1-type-mediated autoimmune diseases, a more efficient and useful LTB is still required for prospective vaccine adjuvants. To determine whether a novel chimeric LTB subunit would produce an enhanced mucosal adjuvant activity and immune response, a number of LTB subunits were genetically fused with chimeric proteins using the epitope genes of the envelope glycoprotein E2 (gp51-54) from the classical swine fever virus (CSFV). It was found that the total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels of BALB/c mice orally immunized with chimeric proteins containing an N-terminal linked LTB subunit (LE1, LE2, and LE3) were higher than those of mice immunized with LTB, E2 epitope, and chimeric proteins that contained a C-terminal linked LTB subunit. In particular, immunization with LE1 markedly increased both the total serum Ig and fecal IgA level compared to immunization with LTB or the E2 epitope. Accordingly, the current results demonstrated that the LTB subunit in a chimeric protein exhibited a strong mucosal adjuvant effect as a carrier molecule, while the chimeric protein containing the LTB subunit stimulated the mucosal immune system by mediating the induction of antigen-specific serum Ig and mucosal IgA. Consequently, an LE1-mediated mucosal response may contribute to the development of effective antidiarrhea vaccine adjuvants.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.6 s.59
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• pp.213-220
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• 2006

Le Corbusier (1887-1965) is known as a great architect ranking with such master architects as Frank Lloyd Wright and Mies van der Rohe who produced great architectural achievements in an era from the dawning to the maturity of the modem architecture. His works are marked for their peculiarity in expressing his architectural concept as perceived through his artistic sensibility. He has brought the form of his architecture to perfect through the influence of Purism. His architectural concept has instigated him to construct the relations between structure, form and the notion of space through the 'Dom-ino' structural system and the 'Five Principles of the Modem Architecture.' As a result, he has become such an architect as has ripened his works by adopting the 'Modulor' for human measurement. During the decade from 1929 to 1939, he made public the 'Museum of Unlimited Growth' programs in an attempt to give a concrete form to his concept of 'unlimited space' spreading to all directions, which was actually visualized by the constructions of three art museums, located Ahmedabad and Chandigarh in India and Tokyo in Japan. Although a number of researches have so far been publicized on the works and the architectural ideas of Le Corbusier, no systematic research has yet been released on the idea of 'Museum of Unlimited Growth' as a matter of fact. Therefore, this study has set its purpose to grasp the peculiarities of his exhibition space design through an analysis on the characteristics of the 'Museum of Unlimited Growth' so designed as to reflect the concept of a space, which is centrifugally growing. With this purpose in mind, this research is also to suggest how the design of the 'Museum of Unlimited Growth' would influence the modem museum exhibit space. The contents of this study comprise the consideration on the early ideas of Le Corbusier, the typical features of the growing museum and the analysis as well as the integration of his works.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.43-58
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• 2022

The BARC flow is studied via Direct Numerical Simulation at a relatively low turbulent Reynolds number, with focus on the geometrical representation of the leading-edge (LE) corners. The study contributes to further our understanding of the discrepancies between existing numerical and experimental BARC data. In a first part, rounded LE corners with small curvature radii are considered. Results show that a small amount of rounding does not lead to abrupt changes of the mean fields, but that the effects increase with the curvature radius. The shear layer separates from the rounded LE at a lower angle, which reduces the size of the main recirculating region over the cylinder side. In contrast, the longitudinal size of the recirculating region behind the trailing edge (TE) increases, as the TE shear layer is accelerated. The effect of the curvature radii on the turbulent kinetic energy and on its production, dissipation and transport are addressed. The present results should be contrasted with the recent work of Rocchio et al. (2020), who found via implicit Large-Eddy Simulations at larger Reynolds numbers that even a small curvature radius leads to significant changes of the mean flow. In a second part, the LE corners are fully sharp and the exact analytical solution of the Stokes problem in the neighbourhood of the corners is used to locally restore the solution accuracy degraded by the singularity. Changes in the mean flow reveal that the analytical correction leads to streamlines that better follow the corners. The flow separates from the LE with a lower angle, resulting in a slightly smaller recirculating region. The corner-correction approach is valuable in general, and is expected to help developing high-quality numerical simulations at the high Reynolds numbers typical of the experiments with reasonable meshing requirements.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.98-105
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• 1999

In the present study, buoyant force and its stabilizing effects in an electrostatic field were examined systematically in order to reduce the effect of natural convection with thermal stratification in a horizontal fluid-saturated porous layer. The correlation of ionic mass transport induced by double-diffusive convection in a horizontal porous layer has been derived theoretically. And the theoretical model was examined by electrochemical experiments. The theoretical correlation for mass transport which is satisfying Forchheimer's flow equation and based on the micro-turbulence model is derived as a function of soltual Darcy-Rayleigh number, thermal Darcy-Rayleigh number and Lewis number. In the experiment, the mass transport of copper ions in $CuSO_4-H_2SO_4$ solution is measured by electrochemical technique. By assembling theoretical correlation and experimental results, the mass transport correlation induced by double-diffusive convection is proposed as $$Sh=\frac{0.03054(Rs_D-LeRa_D)^{1/2}}{1-3.8788(Rs_D-LeRa_D)^{-1/10}}$$ The present correlation looks flirty reasonable with comparing experimental results, and very promising for the applications of its prototype into various systems involving heat transfer as well as mass transfer, in order to control the effects of natural convection effectively.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.272-276
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• 2019

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy and safety of procedures using ultrasound equipment for acupuncture treatment. Methods: A pilot, prospective randomized, single blinded, crossover clinical study on the accuracy and safety of ultrasound-guided Gyeontonghyeol (BP-LE6) acupuncture treatment was conducted. Patients (n = 13) with shoulder pain were randomly divided into 2 groups. During Visit 1, ultrasound-guided BP-LE6 acupuncture was administered to the experimental group. In the control group, patients received BP-LE6 acupuncture (without checking ultrasound images) by manipulating the ultrasound probe as if administering ultrasound-guided acupuncture. Visit 2 was arranged within 7-14 days and the remaining procedures, other than those administered in Visit 1, were performed. In both the experimental group and control group, the number of needle insertions, and time required for the treatment to result in the patients feeling de-qi was recorded. The numeric rating scale (NRS) score for shoulder pain was recorded before and after the acupuncture treatment. Results: The number of needle insertions was $5.31{\pm}3.50$ times in the experimental group, and $6.62{\pm}3.38$ times in the control group, however, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05). The mean time required to perform the procedure was $151.54{\pm}48.59$ seconds in the experimental group and $86.69{\pm}37.17$ seconds in the control group, which was statistically significantly different (p < 0.05). The changes observed in numerical rating scale scores between groups were not statistically significantly different. Conclusion: Although there was no statistically significant difference, administering acupuncture using ultrasound guidance may lead to accurate needling with a reduced number of needle insertion attempts. A large-scale clinical study of better design should be conducted in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.728-733
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• 2018

Deep learning has been actively studied for predicting protein secondary structure based only on the sequence information of the amino acids constituting the protein. In this paper, we compared the performances of the convolutional neural networks of various structures to predict the protein secondary structure. To investigate the optimal depth of the layer of neural network for the prediction of protein secondary structure, the performance according to the number of layers was investigated. We also applied the structure of GoogLeNet and ResNet which constitute building blocks of many image classification methods. These methods extract various features from input data, and smooth the gradient transmission in the learning process even using the deep layer. These architectures of convolutional neural networks were modified to suit the characteristics of protein data to improve performance.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.75-97
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• 2018

In this paper, a novel higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is proposed for the analysis of the hygro-thermo-mechanical behavior of functionally graded (FG) plates resting on elastic foundations. The developed model uses a novel kinematic by considering undetermined integral terms and only four variables are used in this model. The governing equations are deduced based on the principle of virtual work and the number of unknown functions involved is reduced to only four, which is less than the first shear deformation theory (FSDT) and others HSDTs. The Navier-type exact solutions for static analysis of simply supported FG plates subjected to hygro-thermo-mechanical loads are presented. The accuracy and efficiency of the present model is validated by comparing it with various available solutions in the literature. The influences of material properties, temperature, moisture, plate aspect ratio, side-to-thickness ratios and elastic coefficients parameters on deflections and stresses of FG plates are also investigated.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.320-325
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of the total setback of maxilla. It also discussed the surgical considerations of the procedure. Methods: The study consisted of 15 patients (mean age, $25.53{\pm}5.71$) who were treated with total setback Le Fort I osteotomy (with or without additional posterior maxillary impaction). The cone beam computed tomography was obtained before surgery (T0), 3~4 days after surgery (T1), and 6 months after surgery (T2). The surgical changes as well as the relapse of reference points in relation to the reference planes were statistically analyzed. Results: The mean maxillary setback was 2.35 mm. There were posterior movements of A-point ($0.73{\pm}0.83$ mm) during T2-T1. An opening of the nasolabial angle (mean $12.58^{\circ}$) was noted. Conclusion: Total maxillary setback allows combining satisfactory functional and cosmetic results for a number of carefully selected patients.