• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.95-103
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• 2021

While the existing pile foundation had the role of supporting the superstructure or reducing the earth pressure, recently there are cases where it is integrated with the superstructure to increase the lateral resistance. This study aims to evaluate a lateral resistance of block-type breakwaters with group piles by modelling experiments. The lateral resistance and bending moments of the piles by penetrated depths for the piles were measured. As a result, it was found that the lateral resistance increased as the depth of embedment of the group piles. In particular, the lateral resistance was 1.52 times greater in the case where the pile embedded up to the riprap layer than the case where the pile was embedded into the block. For the bending moment, the rear piles ware larger than the front piles, and the outside piles were larger than the inside piles. The location of the maximum bending moment in the ground was shown at the interface between the riprap layer and the natural ground.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.155-163
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• 2023

A two-dimensional numerical analysis was performed on the depth of pile embedment, the magnitude of the residual water level, and the condition of the presence or absence of cap concrete to understand the behavior of the block-type quay wall with piles. The results showed the control effect of the lateral displacement of the quay wall depending on the embedment of the pile. When the piles were not embedded, the lateral displacement of the quay wall increased proportionally as the residual water level difference increased. In contrast, when the piles were embedded into the ground, the control of the lateral displacement of the quay wall was greatly exerted even if the residual water level difference increased. There was little difference in the lateral displacement of the block-type quay wall regardless of the presence or absence of cap concrete. Under the condition where the piles were embedded down to the rubble mound layer, the piles exhibited the rotational behavior seen in the short piles. As the embedment depth of the piles increased, the piles showed the same bending behavior as the intermediate piles. Thus, the piles significantly contribute to the control of lateral displacement in the block-type quay wall with piles.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.289-294
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• 2008

Purpose: The nasal bone fracture is known as the most common facial fracture. Several authors reported the classification of nasal bone fracture. Stranc classified the type of nasal fractures based on a pattern of impaction and level of injuries. Stranc classification proposed here is based on careful clinical observation and relates to both treatment and prognosis. The aim of this study is to determine any predictive value to the preoperative classification of nasal fracture, using the description by Stranc and Robertson. Methods: We reviewed 310 patients with nasal bone fracture treated at our hospital for last two years. Results: Lateral impact type of nasal bone fracture predominated more than frontal impact in the ratio of 2.3:1. The most common type of Stranc classification was lateral impact plane I(48.4%). Male predominated more than female in the ratio of 3:1. The most frequent age group was first decade(27.1%), second decade in frontal impact(30.5%), first decade in lateral impact (30.7%). The most common etiology was violence (31.3%) followed by slip down(21.3%), and traffic accident(18.1 %).The most common associated fracture was orbital(22.9%) followed by zygoma(10%), and maxilla (6.1%). The most common complication was septal deviation(20.0%) in frontal impact, and nasal deformity (26.0%) in lateral impact. The incidence of nasal deformity in lateral impact(26.0%) was more higher than frontal impact(15.8%) Conclusion: By assessing the pathomechanics and resultant degree of injury to the nasal skeleton, a better understanding of the treatment plan and prognosis was obtained. Using this information, satisfactory informed patient consent can be obtained.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.39-49
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• 2017

It is difficult to build a hipped and gable roof in slender rectangular type due to restraint in variation of lateral length caused by gongpo arranged on the side, purlin space and the form of gable part and aesthetical effect of chunyeo maru. Against this backdrop and with the assumption that this phenomenon is more apparent in roofs of three-bay-kan Buddhist temples with the hipped and gable roof among national treasure Buddhist temples, this study has aimed to prove that a roof can be built in a less slender rectangular type than that of flat form and to present the building methodology and found the following findings. First, The ratio of lateral to longitudinal length of the roof has been adjusted by protruding the chunyeo and the method of adjusting the ratio of lateral to longitudinal length of the roof is considered to be determined depending on the availability of woods to be used in chunyeo. Second, in order to symmetrically arrange the edge of the roof, which is critical from the perspective of construction morphology, the chunyeo angle has been intentionally adjusted to reduce the gap of length between the front roof and the lateral roof. To sum up, the characteristic of the hipped and gable roof, which is difficult to be built in slender rectangular type, is more clearly shown in the roof and it is identified that the length of the front roof and the lateral roof has been intentionally adjusted to achieve the symmetrical arrangement of roofline of the roof edge.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.29-41
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• 2005

The small harbors and fishing ports in Korea have less economic efficiency if the previous construction method of breakwater would be utilized due to bad ground conditions in spite of low design waves. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new type breakwater economically applicable to the cases with low design wave. In this study, a soldier pile type breakwater, which is found to be economic and can be easily constructed on the ground without any need of treatment of the ground, was newly introduced. The effects of embedded depth, reinforcement methods as well as pile types including saw type and flat type on the lateral behavior of the proposed breakwaters installed in loose sandy soils were investigated from model test. The test results revealed that the lateral resistance increases by increasing the embedded depth and by adopting the reinforcement techniques such as raker and anchor. Furthermore, it was also verified that the saw type breakwater shows better geotechnical performance than the flat type breakwater.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2018

This study was attempted to clarify differences in sizes and shapes of foot between 20's and 60-70's women and analyzed the characteristics of elderly women's foot shapes as compared with those of young. The 2D data were 101 elderly and 101 young women in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. The results are as follows: Firstly, the foot length of the elderly was shorter than that of the young, the foot breadth and the heel width were widened, but the toes breadth became smaller and the deformity of the toe 1 and the first metatarsal part appeared. Secondly, in the Foot Index, there was a significant difference in age group, the young is more than the elderly in the narrow type, standard type, the elderly women showed more than three times the young in the wide type. Thirdly, in the factor analysis for the foot type classification, 'foot length' factors in both age groups were large. Next, young group were influenced by 'toes breadth', lateral ball breadth' factors, elderly group was influenced by the 'lateral ball breadth', 'medial ball breadth' factors. Lastly, in the cluster analysis of the elderly group, the types of sole were classified as W-Type(20.8%, wide foot and toes, large heel), H-type(20.8%, small toes breadth, heel), D-type(31.7%, long length and wide lateral ball) and A-Type(26.7%, which is found only in the elderly, small length and large toes angle). As a result, it is necessary to design the shoes that match the characteristics of the soles of the elderly women.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.821-828
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• 2011

A significantly larger lateral load and moment are applied on a high speed railway bridge foundation than other bridge foundations. Therefore most of bridge foundations on Honam high speed railway project were designed by high strength steel pipe piles to resist lateral load and moment, which caused the increase of construction costs. In order to perform optimum design, it is important to estimate accurate lateral resistance when designing this type of structure. Lateral load tests were carried out based on the field design data with the purpose of examining the lateral behavioral characteristics of a railway bridge foundation. The standard load test method(ASTM D 3966) was used for field tests by applying twice of design load. Total four load tests were performed on high speed railway bridge foundations with strain gages installed by every 1m along piles to measure load-resistance characteristics under applied lateral loads. The back-calculated P-y curves from strain gages were compared with estimated P-y curves using theoretical methods based on geotechnical investment data. Back-calculated P-y curves from field tests for sand and clay ground conditions were presented in this paper, which are different from theoretical P-y curves. By using the research results of this study, more accurate estimations of pile design under lateral loads can be available for similar geotechnical conditions.

• Clinical Pain
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.138-141
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• 2019

Lateral epicondylopathy represents pain in the lateral (radial aspect) of the elbow caused by degeneration in the common extensor tendon. Calcium deposit frequently developes in lateral epicondylopathy, with the prevalence up to 46%. There are considerable debates on its treatment protocols for lateral epicondylopathy so far, likewise, the effective treatment method for calcific lateral epicondylopathy has not been established. We report here a case of chronic intractable calcific lateral epicondylopathy treated with ultrasound-guided barbotage and focused type extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT). To our knowledge, this is the first report of calcific lateral epicondylopathy treated by ultrasound-guided barbotage combined with ESWT.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1233-1241
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• 2010

This study analyzes the body characteristics of high school boys according to 3 different body types in order to improve the fit of upper garments. First, among the lateral body types, the straight body type was selected from the SizeKorea 3D scanned data and 2D measurement data. Second, high school boys (classified as straight lateral body type) were grouped into type B, A, and Y drop groups. The percentages of type B, type A, type Y are 17.8%, 48.1%, 32.1% respectively. The characteristics of the body types were analyzed. While the bust circumference were the same among the three body types (chest width, back width, back across shoulder, and bust width did not show a significant difference); however, waist and hip measurements showed a significant difference among the three body types. Third, the height of the high school boys ranged between 165cm and 180cm and the bust circumference between 85cm and 97cm. For the bust size categories, type B and type Y are distributed similarly; however, type A is distributed in the smaller bust size categories.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.602-609
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• 2001

This paper is concerned with the orthotropic problem of diaphragm-type air springs which consist of rubber linings, nylon reinforced rubber composite and bead ring. The analysis is carried out with a finite element method developed to consider the orthotropic properties, geometric nonlinearity using four-node degenerated shell element with reduced integration. Physical stabilization scheme is used to control the zeroenergy mode of the element. The analysis includes an inflation analysis and a lateral analysis of an air spring for the deformed shape and the spring load with respect to the vertical and l ateral deflection. Numerical results demonstrate the variation of the outer diameter, the fold height, the vertical force and the lateral force with respect to the inflation pressure and the lateral deflection.