• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2022

이 연구의 목적은 상악 측절치 과잉치의 해부학적인 특징과 정상 측절치와의 관계에 대해 정량적 분석을 시행하는 것에 있다. 43명의 44개의 상악 측절치 과잉치를 대상으로 전산화 단층 방사선사진을 이용하여 측절치 과잉치의 위치, 형태, 방향 및 측절치 과잉치와 인접한 영구전치와의 관계를 관찰하였다. 또한 측절치 과잉치와 인접한 측절치 및 반대측 측절치의 크기를 비교하기 위해 각각의 치관 근원심 폭경을 계측하였고, 치아성숙도를 비교하기 위해 Nolla stage를 이용하여 각 치아의 치근 발육 정도를 평가하였다. 측절치 과잉치는 90.9%의 비율로 정위 방향으로 존재하였고, 84.1%가 보충형의 형태로 존재하였다. 측절치 과잉치는 인접한 측절치나 반대측의 측절치에 비해 치관의 크기가 통계적으로 유의하게 작았고(p < .0001), 치근 발육 단계에서는 통계적 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결론적으로, 상악 측절치 과잉치는 정상측절치와 매우 유사하지만 치관 크기에 있어서 차이를 보인다. 상악 측절치 과잉치가 존재하는 경우, 교정적 혹은 심미적인 문제를 줄이기 위해 측절치와 과잉치를 정확하게 구분하여 치료하는 것이 중요하다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.292-296
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• 2003

The lateral root formation in soybean sprout culture declines its quality. This study was done to measure the effect of fluorescent light treatment during 24 hour imbibition and 6-day culture on seed germination and growth of soybean sprout. After 6 day culture, the sprouts were sorted as normal (＞4cm), abnormal (＜4cm) and non-germination by their hypocotyl lengths, and lateral roots, fresh and dry weights were measured. Lateral roots were less formed in the fluorescent light treatment lasted during the whole period of the imbibition than in the treatment for 50 minutes a day during the culture. The fluorescent light treatment during the imbibition mainly affected the germination and growth compared to the treatment done during the culture. Compared to the dark imbibition, the light treatment during the imbibition resulted in more normal sprouts, thicker diameters of hypocotyl and hook, and more fresh weights in cotyledon, hypocotyl, whole sprout, and economic yield. However, these results were reverse in lengths of hypocotyl and root, and fresh and dry weights of roots. It is concluded that the fluorescent lamp mainly irradiating red and blue lights can be used for the sprout production as an alternative light replacing blue and red lights treated during the imbibition because it blocked the lateral root appearance and stimulated growth of the sprout.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.697-709
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• 1997

발치 환자의 치료에서 결과의 안정성과 심미적인 요구를 만족하기 위해서는 상악 전치의 전후방 및 수직적인 위치와 순설측 경사를 올바르게 설정하여야 한다. 상악 치열에서 제 1 소구치를 발거하고 견치를 발치 공간으로 후방이동시킨 상태에서, 호선을 이용하여 전치를 후방견인시킬 때 치아의 설측 경사와 정출과 같은 부작용이 일어날 수 있으므로 이를 방지하기 위해 다양한 방법으로 힘과 모멘트의 조절을 시도하여야 한다. 치관의 한 지점에 적용되는 힘의 크기와 모멘트의 비율에 따라 치근막에 나타나는 응력분포가 변화하고 이를 알아냄으로써 치아이동 양상을 예측할 수 있다. 상악 전치부에 직접 힘을 가하게 되는 J-hook headgear는 전치부의 모멘트를 변화시키는 효과를 제공하므로, 본 연구에서는 호선의 전치부에 각각 다른 토오크를 부여하고 각 상태에서 J-hook headgear를 후상방으로 적용하였을 때 모멘트 변화에 따른 응력분포의 변화를 광탄성법으로 관찰하였다. 치조골 부위를 광탄성 레진으로 대체한 모형을 제작하고 인공 치아에 .022" slot의 standard edgewise bracket을 부착하였다. 측절치 bracket 원심 1mm지점 에 높이 7mm의 vertical loop을 가지는 호선을 .020" $\times$ .025" stainless steel wire 로 제작하였으며 중절치와 측절치 사이에 high pull f-hook headgear를 위한 hook을 납착하였다. 전치부에서 $0^{\circ},\;7^{\circ},\;14^{\circ}$ 의 토오크를 각각 부여한 뒤, loop을 1mm activation하였을 때 나타나는 응력분포와 각각에 high pull J-hook headgear를 교합면에 대하여 후상방 $35^{\circ}$ 방향으로 200mg의 힘을 적용했을 때의 응력분포를 비교하였여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 결론 1. $0^{\circ}$ 토오크에서는 치근의 치근단측 1/2부위에 응력이 분포하였으나 순측에 비해 설측이 약하고 좁게 나타났고 특히 치근단에 집중된 응력은 순, 설측 모두에서 high pull J-hook headgear의 사용으로 감소하였다. 2. $7^{\circ}$ 토오크에서는 치근면을 따라서 응력이 분포하는데, 순측으로는 치조정에서부터 나타나는 응력이 치근면을 따라 서 치근단측 1/3부위까지 점차 폭이 좁아졌고, 설측은 순측보다는 약한 응력이 치근의 치관측 1/3에서부터 치근단까지 나타났다. 치근단에서는 순측보다 설측이 더 강하게 나타났고, high pull J-hook headgear의 사용으로 전반적으로 응력의 크기와 폭의 증가가 있었다. 3. $14^{\circ}$ 토오크의 호선에서는$7^{\circ}$ 토오크의 호선과 분포하는 응력의 양상은 유사하지만 좀 더 강하게 나타났고, 순측에서 는 치근면의 중앙부위가 폭이 가장 넓게, 설측에서는 순측에 비해 균일한 폭으로 응력이 분포하였다. 치근면을 따라서 나타나는 응력은 headgear를 사용하는 것이 사용하지 않은 경우보다 강하였고 순측보다는 설측이 더 강하였다. headgear를 사용하였을 때 치근단의 응력 집중은 순측에서보다 설측에서 더 크게 나타났다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 2016

Objectives: The goal of this study was to compare the density of gutta-percha root fillings obturated with the following techniques: cold lateral (CL) compaction, ultrasonic lateral (UL) compaction, and warm vertical (WV) compaction. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three extracted mandibular first molars, with two separate mesial canals in each, were selected. After instrumentation, the canals were stratified into three groups based on canal length and curvature, and underwent obturation with one of the techniques. No sealer was used in order to avoid masking any voids. The teeth were imaged pre- and post-obturation using micro-computed tomography. The reconstructed three-dimensional images were analyzed volumetrically to determine the amount of gutta-percha present in every 2 mm segment of the canal. P values < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: The overall mean volume fraction of gutta-percha was $68.51{\pm}6.75%$ for CL, $86.56{\pm}5.00%$ for UL, and $88.91{\pm}5.16%$ for WV. Significant differences were found between CL and UL and between CL and WV (p < 0.05), but not between UL and WV (p = 0.526). The gutta-percha density of the roots treated with WV and UL increased towards the coronal aspect, but this trend was not noted in the CL group. Conclusions: WV compaction and UL compaction produced a significantly denser gutta-percha root filling than CL compaction. The density of gutta-percha was observed to increase towards the coronal aspect when the former two techniques were used.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.169-175
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• 1984

This study was undertaken to obtain the average canal length of upper & lower anterior teeth which was important in canal length measuring procedure of endodontic treatment. It was based upon 827 out-patients who had endodontic treatment on their upper & lower anterior teeth at the Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental Infirmary, Yonsei Medical Center from February, 1978 to June, 1984. The 1249 teeth of these patients were devided into sex and age groups. The root canal length of these teeth were measured. The following results were obtained; 1. The mean root canal length of upper & lower anterior teeth were as follows; Upper central incisors : 21.8mm Upper lateral incisors : 21.0mm Upper canines : 24.1mm Lower central incisors : 18.6mm Lower lateral incisors : 19.9mm Lower canines : 22.6mm 2. There was no significant difference in root canal length between sex. (P > 0.05) 3. There was no significant difference in root canal length between age groups. (p > 0.05) 4. The distribution of upper central incisors showed the highest distribution followed by upper lateral incisors and lower central incisors between 10 to 40 year old age groups, and there was no signigicant difference in the rest of the age groups. There was no significant difference in sex distribution, which was 49.5% for males and 50.4% for females. The number of the upper anterior teeth was 74.3% of all the specimens and the lower anterior 25.7%, and 40.6% of all the specimens were upper central incisors.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.366-378
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• 1998

Thermocondensation root canal filling technique have been used to fill accessary canals or to obtain homogeneous root caral fillings. But these thermocondensation technique inevitably produce heat in the canal which can be transmitted through the dentin and cementum and consequently damage periodontal ligamental cells and osteoblasts. In this study, System $B^{TM}$(Analytic technology, WA.D.S.A.) was used to evaluate the reaction of periodontal ligament tissue to "Continous Wave condensation technique" introduced by Buchanan, and the transmitted root surface temperature was measured according to measured root thicknesses. 12 Mandibular incisors of two adult dogs were used for the experiment. 6 controls were filled by lateral condensation technique with sealer.3 specimens were apically filled by Continuous Wave technique at $200^{\circ}C$ for 5 seconds and remaining 3 specimens were additionally backfilled using System $B^{TM}$(Analytic technology, WA.D.S.A.) was used to evaluate the reaction of periodontal ligament tissue to "Continous Wave condensation technique" introduced by Buchanan, and the transmitted root surface temperature was measured according to measured root thicknesses. 12 Mandibular incisors of two adult dogs were used for the experiment. 6 controls were filled by lateral condensation technique with sealer.3 specimens were apically filled by Continuous Wave technique at $200^{\circ}C$ for 5 seconds and remaining 3 specimens were additionally backfilled using System $B^{TM}$ at $100^{\circ}C$ for 20 seconds. Six weeks later, the dogs were sacrificed and the teeth stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin for histologic examination. 6 extracted human teeth were used to measure the transmitted temperature. After cutting off the crown, the canals were prepared and divided into 3 groups with root thickness of 1.5mm, 1.0mm, 0.5mm, 2 teeth in each group. Inside each root canal, System $B^{TM}$ was heated as with the temperature for the apically condensed and the back filled group, and the transmitted heat was measured on the external surface of the root. The temperature of System $B^{TM}$ heat spreader at $200^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$ was also measured at root temperature. It can be concluded as follows: 1. In the thin area (200-$250{\mu}m$) of the root, root resorption could be seen even with heating at $200^{\circ}C$ for 5 seconds. 2. When the spreader was heated at $200^{\circ}C$ for 5 seconds and additionally at $100^{\circ}C$ for 20 seconds for backfill, all teeth showed root resorption regardless of their root thickness. 3. The transmitted external root surface temperature was higher as the root thickness decreased and as the heating time increased. In the thermocompaction technique using System $B^{TM}$, the spreader should be heated for the minimal time and used only in the apical area. The heated spreader shouldn't inserted to the binding point of the canal and backfilling should be done with other means of minimally heated gutta percha technique.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.365-382
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adaptation of filling material to the dentinal walls of root canals with and without smear layer. Fifty extracted upper and lower anterior teeth were selected, and the root canals were instrumented with K - files 1mm short of the apical foramen by step - back method. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups of 25 each : in the group I, smear layers were not removed, and in the group II, smear layers were removed by 15% EDTA solution. Again the two groups 25 teeth were randomly divided into unfilled contol group and filling groups(lateral, ultrasonic, ULTRAFIL, McSpadden compaction group). Upon completion of root canal filling, the teeth were grooved on the both the labial and lingual surfaces and then split with mallet and chisel. Each specimens were examined with JSM - 840 Scanning Electron Microscope (JEOL., Japan). The results were as follows : 1. In the contol group, dentinal tubules of group I couldn't be distinguished in the canal wall, but those of group II appeared to be open and patent. 2. In the filling groups of group I, the tubular penetration of the sealer or gutta percha couldn't be seen, but in the filling groups of group II, it could be seen except McSpadden compaction group. 3. In the filling groups, ULTRAFIL group showed the best adaptation of filling material to root canal wall among the group I, and lateral and ultrasonic condensation group showed the best adaptation of filling material among the group II. McSpadden compaction group showed the worst adaptation in group I, II. 4. Generally, the group II showed better adapation of filling material to root canal wall than the group I.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.193-202
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• 2010

To analyze the effects of tree roots on the stability of damage slope, distributional and physical properties of five-year Pinus densiflora roots were investigated. In the composition of roots, the proportion of main root to lateral root was 1 to 9 in slope condition. Root tensile force was increased in accordance with increased proportion to diameter of Pinus densiflora roots. However, tensile strength was decreased in proportion to diameter of roots. Root shear strength showed that soil containing Pinus densiflora roots was higher than that of non-treated soils. This result shows that Pinus densiflora roots significantly stabilize the surface-soil rather than sub-soil in damage slopes.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.439-445
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• 2004

Continuous Wave 가압법으로 근관충전시 플러거 삽입 깊이에 따른 근관실러의 치근단 정출을 평가하고자 직선형의 단근관 및 15번 크기의 치근단공을 가지는 발거된 40개의 치아에서 0.06 경사도 40번 크기가 되게 니켈-티타늄 전동화일인 $ProFile^{\circledR}$로 근관을 형성하고 플러거 삽입깊이를 근단 3, 5 또는 7 mm로 하여 System $B^{TM}$를 이용한 Continuous Wave 가압법 및 측방가압법으로 근관을 충전하였다. 치근단으로 정출된 근관실러의 무게를 측정하여 일원변량분석법과 Duncan's Multiple Range Test로 통계분석하였다. 플러거 삽입깊이 3 mm 또는 5 mm의 Continuous Wave 가압 충전군은 삽입깊이 7 mm 가압충전 군 및 측방가압 충전군에 비해 유의하게 많은 근관실러의 치근단 정출을 나타내었다 (p < 0.05). 그러나 플러거 삽입깊이 3 mm군과 5 mm군 사이 및 플러거 삽입깊이 7 mm Continuous Wave 가압군과 측방가압 군 사이에는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다 (p > 0.05). 본 연구의 결과로 보아 Continuous Wave 가압법으로 근관충전시에는 플러거 삽입깊이가 깊을수록 근관실러의 치근단 정출이 많음을 알 수 있다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.157-161
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• 2011

Growth characteristics, root yield and ginsenoside contents of 3-year-old ginseng in greenhouse shaded by $30^{\circ}$ sloped-curtain made of aluminum were compared to traditional shade facility in order to develop cultural practice for organic ginseng. Light transmittance ratio in greenhouse with $30^{\circ}$ sloped-curtain shade was distinctly lower than that of traditional shade from sunrise to 9 a.m., while its ratio in greenhouse was higher than traditional shade since 9 a.m. due to the reflection of light. Air temperature of greenhouse was $1.3^{\circ}C$ higher than that of traditional shade on the first ten days of August due to more reflected light. Root yield of greenhouse was 44% higher than that of traditional cultivation because of the inflow of reflected light and the decrease of disease of Alternaria and Anthracnose by blocking rainfall. Dry matter partitioning ratio of rhizome and lateral root were increased in ginseng cultivated at greenhouse due to longer survival time in leaf than traditional cultivation. Total ginsenoside contents cultivated at greenhouse was decreased in the part of taproot, while it was increased in the part of lateral and fine root compare to traditional cultivation. Individual ginsenoside contents between greenhouse and traditional cultivation showed significant difference more frequent in fine root than taproot and lateral root. Total ginsenoside contents including $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, $Rg_1$, and $Rg_2$ in whole root of 3-year-old ginseng did not showed significant difference by greenhouse and traditional cultivation.