• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.165-183
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• 2022

Most transportation departments have recognized and developed procedures to address the ever-increasing weights of trucks traveling on bridges in a service today. Transportation agencies also recognize the issues with overheight vehicles' collisions with bridges, but few stakeholders have definitive countermeasures. Bridges are becoming more vulnerable to collisions from overheight vehicles. The exact response under lateral impact force is difficult to predict. In this paper, nonlinear impact analysis shows that the degree of deformation recorded through the modeling of the unprotected vehicle-girder model provides realistic results compared to the observation from the US-61 bridge overheight vehicle impact. The predicted displacements are 0.229 m, 0.161 m, and 0.271 m in the girder bottom flange (lateral), bottom flange (vertical), and web (lateral) deformations, respectively, due to a truck traveling at 112.65 km/h. With such large deformations, the integrity of an impacted bridge becomes jeopardized, which in most cases requires closing the bridge for safety reasons and a need for rehabilitation. We proposed different sacrificial cushion systems to dissipate the energy of an overheight vehicle impact. The goal was to design and tune a suitable energy absorbing system that can protect the bridge and possibly reduce stresses in the overheight vehicle, minimizing the consequences of an impact. A material representing a Sorbothane high impact rubber was chosen and modeled in ANSYS. Out of three sacrificial schemes, a sandwich system is the best in protecting both the bridge and the overheight vehicle. The mitigation system reduced the lateral deflection in the bottom flange by 89%. The system decreased the stresses in the bridge girder and the top portion of the vehicle by 82% and 25%, respectively. The results reveal the capability of the proposed sacrificial system as an effective mitigation system.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.127-149
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• 2003

본 교량은 교축방향에 대해 사각 60도인 90m 3경간 연속 완전 일체식 교대교량이다. 이 교량의 상부슬래브 콘크리트 타설후, 7일간의 콘크리트 양생에 따른 H말뚝의 수평거동을 알아보기 위하여, H말뚝 축방향으로 매설형 경사계와 변형률계를 설치하여 계측을 실시하였다. 이때 계측 결과를 수화열 및 건조수축 전용프로그램인 HACOM의 해석결과와 H말뚝의 횡방향 비선형 p-y 모델해석 거동에 비교하였다. 그 결과에 의하면, 실측한 H말뚝의 수평변위는 상부슬래브 콘크리트가 양생함에 따라 발생하는 수화열과 건조수축에 영향을 받았고, 그 크기는 각각 2.2mm, 1.4mm이었다. 말뚝 축방항 수평변위의 변곡점은 교대 기초저면에서 1.3m 위치에서 발생하였다. 이는 이 교량의 교대말뚝은 말뚝머리 고정조건으로 거동하는 것이 아니라 이와 매우 유사한 거동을 보였다. 그리고 실측한 말뚝의 휨응력 거동은 말뚝머리 회전구속과 같은 거동을 보이지 않고, 연직방향의 하중전이와 같은 거동을 나타내었다. 또한 교대말뚝의 비선형 p-y 모델해석으로 구한 최대휨응력 증분량의 크기는 약 300(kgf/$\textrm{km}^2$)이었고, 교대말뚝의 계측기 부착위치와는 무관하게 실측한 값보다 약 2배 크게 발생하였다. 그리고 말뚝의 비선형 p-y 모델해석에서 말뚝의 수평하중, 최대수평 변위, 최대휨응력, 최대휨모멘트는 콘크리트 양생시간에 따라 모두 선형적인 거동을 보였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.463-479
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• 2020

Currently, there are many lateral resisting systems utilized in resisting lateral loads being produced in an earthquake. Such systems can significantly reduce the roof's displacement when placed at an optimum location. Since in the design of tall buildings, the minimum distance between adjacent buildings is important. In this paper, the critical excitation method is used to determine the best location of the belt truss system while calculating the minimum required distance between two adjacent buildings. For this purpose, the belt truss system is placed at a specific story. Then the critical earthquakes are computed so that the considered constraints are satisfied, and the value of roof displacement is maximized. This procedure is repeated for all stories; i.e., for each, a critical acceleration is computed. From this set of computed roof displacement values, the story with the least displacement is selected as the best location for the belt truss system. Numerical studies demonstrate that absolute roof displacements induced through critical accelerations range between 5.36 to 1.95 times of the San Fernando earthquake for the first example and 7.67 to 1.22 times of the San Fernando earthquake for the second example. This method can also be used to determine the minimum required distance between two adjacent buildings to eliminate the pounding effects. For this purpose, this value is computed based on different standard codes and compared with the results of the critical excitation method to show the ability of the proposed method.

• 한국산업경영시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산업경영시스템학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.291-296
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• 2002

The midsole hardness of athletic footwear affects capability of absorbing impact shock and controls rearfoot movement during running and walking. The prior studies were focused on examining the proper hardness of footwear for rearfoot movement or to finding effective hardness for absorbing impact shock. The displacements of maximal Achilles tendon angle described a amount of pronation motion is decreased when medial hardness of midsole is large more than lateral. Increasing hardness of footwear midsole are effected to reduce maximum and intial pronation angle, but declined the ability of impact shock during heelstrike. For determination of effectiveness hardness of midsole, therefore, the study that makes a compromise between rearfoot movement and absorbing impact during footstrike must be performed. The purpose of this study is to examine quantitative values of rearfoot control and absorbing impact shock with different hardness of medial and lateral midsole on heel portion. The results are useful to define biomechanical hardness of midsole for developing running shoes. As variable for impact shock, accelerations onto shank and knee are measured during 4 running speeds (5, 7, 9, 11km/h). Also, maximum and $10\%$ pronation angle (Achilles tendon angle) were measured using high-speed camera.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.45-55
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• 1998

The author assessed the sagittal relationships between glenoid fossa of the temporal bone and mandibular condyle from lateral transcranial views of 74 TMJ with disc displacement and 16 TMJ with normal disc-condyle complex by the magnetic resonance image findings. All the subjects were female and also in their 3rd decades. The disc displacement group was subdivided into anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADWR) group and anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADWOR) group. The anterior, superior, and posterior joint spaces as well as anterior/posterior (A/P) ratio of the space at the closed jaw position and vertical and horizontal components of the condyle position relative to the articular eminence at the open jaw position were measured from all the subjects and the data were compared among groups. The result were as follows : 1. The mean posterior joint space of ADWR group was smaller than ADWOR group, but there were no significant differences in anterior and superior joint spaces between two groups. 2. There showed a tendency of higher A/P ratio in ADWR group which meant the condyle of ADWR was likely to take posteriorly displaced position. 3. There were higher proportion of neutral condylar position in glenoid fossa in normal group, but higher proportion of posterior condylar position in ADWR group. 4. There were no significant differences in the degree of condyle-fossa concentricity among groups.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2003

A way to measure the second parameter $A_2$of CT specimens is described. The displacement $\delta$$_{5}$ which is measured continuously from visual images of the lateral surface during crack growth is used to calculate the A, as a function of crack growth. The crack length is measured by DCPD(Direct Current Potential Drop) method and the J-resistance curve is determined according to ASTM standard E1737-96. To prove the validity of this method, three dimensional finite element analyses were performed, and variations of the displacements $\delta$$_{5}$ and $A_2$along the thickness were explored. As the result, it has been shown that the $\delta$$_{5}$ measured from the visual images of the lateral surface and the corresponding $A_2$can be regarded as the average through the thickness for 1T and 1/2T specimens of SA106Gr.C steel.steel.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.129-144
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• 2013

Load-carrying capacity of combined members consisted of inner and sleeved tubes subjected to axial compression was investigated in this paper. Considering the initial bending of the inner tube and perfect elasto-plasticity material model, structural behavior of the sleeved member was analyzed by theoretic deduction, which could be divided into three states: the elastic inner tube contacts the outer sleeved tube, only the inner tube becomes plastic and both the inner and outer sleeved tubes become plastic. Curves between axial compressive loads and lateral displacements of the middle sections of the inner tubes were obtained. Then four sleeved members were analyzed through FEM, and the numerical results were consistent with the theoretic formulas. Finally, experiments of full-scale sleeved members were performed. The results obtained from the theoretical analysis were verified against experimental results. The compressive load-lateral displacement curves from the theoretical analysis and the tests are similar and well indicate the point when the inner tube contacts the sleeved tube. Load-carrying capacity of the inner tube can be improved due to the sleeved tube. This paper provides theoretical basis for application of the sleeved members in reinforcement engineering.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.53-73
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• 2013

Prediction of prestressed concrete girder integral abutment bridge (IAB) load effect requires understanding of the inherent uncertainties as it relates to thermal loading, time-dependent effects, bridge material properties and soil properties. In addition, complex inelastic and hysteretic behavior must be considered over an extended, 75-year bridge life. The present study establishes IAB displacement and internal force statistics based on available material property and soil property statistical models and Monte Carlo simulations. Numerical models within the simulation were developed to evaluate the 75-year bridge displacements and internal forces based on 2D numerical models that were calibrated against four field monitored IABs. The considered input uncertainties include both resistance and load variables. Material variables are: (1) concrete elastic modulus; (2) backfill stiffness; and (3) lateral pile soil stiffness. Thermal, time dependent, and soil loading variables are: (1) superstructure temperature fluctuation; (2) superstructure concrete thermal expansion coefficient; (3) superstructure temperature gradient; (4) concrete creep and shrinkage; (5) bridge construction timeline; and (6) backfill pressure on backwall and abutment. IAB displacement and internal force statistics were established for: (1) bridge axial force; (2) bridge bending moment; (3) pile lateral force; (4) pile moment; (5) pile head/abutment displacement; (6) compressive stress at the top fiber at the mid-span of the exterior span; and (7) tensile stress at the bottom fiber at the mid-span of the exterior span. These established IAB displacement and internal force statistics provide a basis for future reliability-based design criteria development.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.589-607
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• 2007

Two series of tests were conducted to investigate the behavior of local thin jacketing for the retrofitting of reinforced concrete (RC) columns. In the first series, four full-scale RC columns with a height of 400 cm and a 30 cm square cross-section were tested under constant axial load and reversed cyclic lateral displacements. The heavily damaged columns were retrofitted with local thin jacketing. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) was used in the production of 7.5 cm thick, four-sided jacketing. The height of the jacketing was 100 cm for one specimen and 200 cm for all others. In the second series, the retrofitted columns were retested with the same axial load and displacement history. The effectiveness of local thin jacketing in the retrofitting of RC columns was examined with respect to lateral strength, stiffness, inelastic load-deformation behavior and energy dissipation.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.215-226
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• 2008

강관이 삽입된 강합성 중공 기둥의 내진 성능 평가 실험을 수행하였다. 준정적 실험을 통하여 강합성 중공 기둥과 일반 중실 RC기둥의 내진 성능을 비교 평가 하였다. 각각의 기둥 시험체에 대해 최대 하중과 변위의 관계를 측정하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 연성도, 소산에너지, 등가 감쇠비, 손상 지수가 계산되었다. 실험 결과 강합성 중공 기둥은 중실 RC 기둥에 비해 약 2배의 모멘트에 저항을 하였으며, 에너지의 흡수와 소산에서도 2배 정도의 성능을 보여주어, 강합성 중공 기둥의 우수한 성능을 확인하였다.