• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.121-126
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• 2019

This experiment was conducted to breed a very early maturing variety of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan 2015-2017. The new variety of Italian ryegrass, 'Green call 2ho' is a diploid variety with green in leaf color and has semi-erect growth habit in late autumn and erect growth habit in early spring, 'Green call 2ho' was in heading date as a early-maturing variety April 24. Also 'Green call 2ho' was narrower by 2 mm in flag leaf width, longer by 2.5 cm in flag leaf length and shorter by 3 cm in plant height than those of the control variety, 'Florida 80', respectively. 'Green call 2ho' was also thicker by 0.33 mm in stem thickness and strong in winter hardness. Dry matter (DM) yield (11,688 kg/ha) of 'Green call 2ho' was 7% higher than that of 'Florida 80'. Total digestible nutrient (TDN), crude protein (CP) and relative feed value (RFV) of 'Green call 2ho' were 61.3 %, 9.8 % and 98.2, respectively which are 2.6, 0.6, and 8.4 % higher, respectively than those of 'Florida 80', respectively. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of 'Green call 2ho' were 34.9 and 58.5 % which are 3.3 and 2.7 % lower than those of 'Florida 80', respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.302-307
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• 1996

Seed coat anthocyanin can be purified by soaking 3 times in methanol solution supplemented with one percent of HCl. Anthocyanin content was very wide range in collected lines and average anthocyanin content of black seed coat lines was 15.07 permillage, but that of white mottled on brown seed coat lines was 0.31 permillage. In black seed coat lines green seed embryo type has more anthocyanin in amount compare to yellow seed embryo. Anthocyanin accumulation was promoted in late maturing lines compare to early maturing lines. Positive correlations were observed among 100 seed weight, days to flowering, days to growing and anthocyanin content, but negative correlation between days from flowering to maturity and anthocyanin content. Collected black seed coat lines were divided into two maturity groups. Group VI which has longer than group V in days to maturity accumulated more anthocyanin compare to group V. When the seeding date was May 15, highest anthocyanin content was observed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.162-167
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• 2023

The experiment aim to breed an early-maturing variety of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). It was conducted at the Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan, Korea, from 2022 to 2023. The new variety named "Oasis" is a diploid with green leaves and has a semi-erect growth habit in late fall, and an erect growth habit in early spring. With a heading date of May 10, Oasis is categorized as an early-maturing variety. Compared with the "Florida80" as a control variety, Oasis's flag leaf was 1 mm wider and 2 cm shorter, while the plant length was 7.8 cm longer. Additionally, the ear of Oasis was 1.2 cm longer than that of Florida80, and it showed lodging resistance. The dry matter yield of Oasis (8,805 kg/ha) was higher than that of Florida80. The total digestible nutrient and crude protein contents of Oasis were 64.5%, and 9.3%, respectively, which were 1.1% and 0.6% higher than those of Florida80, respectively. The neutral and acid detergent fiber contents in Oasis were 54.2% and 30.8%, respectively, which was 1.9% and 1.4% lower than those of Florida80, respectively. These results indicate that Oasis has good dry matter yield in the most of region and especially, middle and northern region of South Korea.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.313-326
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• 2023

Owing to adverse weather conditions, there is a heightened focus on actively researching the regulation of the sowing date in field crop cultivation. Soybean, a prominent field crop with extensive acreage and production, is a photophilic and thermophilic crop characterized by short-day photoperiodism. Identifying the optimal sowing time is crucial for mitigating the effects of severe weather conditions on soybean yield. Precise control over the timing of soybean sowing is the key to minimizing yield reduction due to unfavorable weather conditions. Temperature, photoperiod, and their interplay are the most significant factors influencing soybean cultivation among various weather factors. We conducted an experiment using three Korean soybean cultivars with varied maturities (Hwangkeumol: early maturing and Daewonkong and Pungsannamulkong: late maturing) in 2013 and 2014. Our investigation covered aspects of soybean growth, development, yield components, isoflavones, and visual seed quality. Across all three varieties, isoflavone levels increased with later sowing dates, while other measured components exhibited significant variations based on the sowing date. This study also provides valuable insights for the selection of suitable cultivars that perform well in soybean cultivation at various durations of maturity.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 2019

Black-colored rice contains anthocyanin, which has an antioxidant function on the seed coat. Anthocyanin content is greatly affected by the cultivation environment, especially the average temperature during the ripening stage. Generally, low temperatures during the ripening stage increase anthocyanin content. To control the average temperature during ripening stage in the field, transplanting time has to be regulated. In this study, anthocyanin content variation was examined in relation to the transplanting time and the average temperature during the ripening stage. For the study, fourteen black-colored rice cultivars with different maturity types (four of early-maturing, five of medium-maturing, and five of medium-late maturing) were selected. The transplanting times used were May 20, June 5, June 20, and June 30. The field experiment was conducted in the Miryang, Kyoungsangnamdo province, Korea from 2014 to 2017. The anthocyanin content in all cultivars was higher when the transplanting time was delayed, and the highest anthocyanin content was observed in the transplanting on June 30. Variation in anthocyanin content according to the change in transplanting time is the greatest in the early maturing cultivars. The least change was observed in medium maturing cultivars. Regression analysis showed a significant correlation between temperature and anthocyanin content, but the degree of correlation was very low in the medium maturing cultivar. As a result, the optimal average temperature during the grain filling stage for increasing the anthocyanin content of black colored rice was $22{\sim}23^{\circ}C$. The rice yield increased in plants transplanted until June 20 and decreased thereafter owing to low temperature during the grain filling stage. The anthocyanin content increased with delaying the transplanting time up to June 30 but the rice yield decreased after June 20. Nevertheless, the rate of increase in anthocyanin content was higher than the rate of decrease in rice yield. As a result, the optimum transplanting time and an average temperature of grain filling stage for black-colored rice variety were June 30 and $23{\sim}24^{\circ}C$ considering both anthocyanin content and rice yield.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.331-339
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• 1975

This experiment was carried out to obtain some imformations about the ecological variations of the heading time of the newly breeded Indica x Japonica varieties/pedigrees according to the seasonal changes of the seeding date. day length and temperature. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1) At all varieties. days to heading showed a straight reduction according as the seeding time was delayed. 2) At the group of Japonica varieties. the days to heading of early maturing varieties were much shortened and that of medium or late maturing varieties were little or not shortened under high temperature condition but at the group of Indica ${\times}$ Japonica va rieties/pedigrees. days to heading were significantly elongated under high temerature condition. 3) At the group of Japonica varieties. the effect of the short day condition on the days to heading was significantly high at the medium and the late maturing varieties than at the early maturing varieties. however. the short day effect on the reduction of days to heading was not related with the earlyness of each varieties at the group of Indica ${\times}$ Japonica varieties/pedigrees. 4) Days to heading of all varieties under the high temperature condition were longer than that under the ordinary culture. On the other hand, the days to heading of Japonica varieties under the short day treatment were shorter than the days to heading of ordinary culture but at the group of Indica x Japonica varieties/pedigrees. the days to heading under the short day treatment were longer than ordinary culture. 5) At both varieties groups. the days to heading at each seeding time were significantly correlated with days to heading at ordinary cultivation. fl) At the group of Japonica varieties. relatively high correlation(p=0.1) was recognized between the days to heading by delay of seeding time, but at the group of Indica ${\times}$ Japonicava rieties/pedigrees, correlation between the ordinary heading date and the shortening rate of days to heading was very low.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.624-631
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• 2006

This study was conducted to make clustering analysis based on major physicochemical characteristics related to palatability of cooked rice. 89 Korea-bred japonica rice cultivars could be largely classified into two groups, that is, Dongjinbyeo and Ilpumbyeo groups. The Ilpumbyeo group was divided into two subgroups; Ilpumbyeo and Chucheongbyeo groups. The two major rice groups showed significant difference in viscogram properties of rice flour. Ilpumbyeo group revealed slightly higher estimates of viscogram traits as compared with Dongiinbyeo group in average. Early-maturing rice group showed slighly lower estimates of taste meter and higher protein content compared with medium or medium late maturing ones. Also, early and medium-maturing groups exhibited slightly higher estimates of peak, hot and breakdown viscosities but lower estimates of consistenency and setback viscosities compared with medium-late-maturing one. The rice cultivars developed in 2000's revealed slightly higher estimates of peak, hot, cool and consistency viscosities compared with those in $1980's{\sim}1990's$. The grain quality properties significantly associated with the esimates of Toyo taste meter were protein and amylose contents and hot viscosity. The lower protein content and hot viscosity and the higher amylose content, the higher estimates of the taster meter. The protein content was highly negatively correlated with amylose content of milled rice. The important quality components contributed to multiple regression formula for estimating the Toyo taster meter values were protein content, alkali digestion value, and hot viscosity. The fittness of this formula was about 49% along with the coefficients of determination.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.251-261
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• 1994

This study was conducted to get some basic information about rice plant development rate and heading ecology in various climatic conditions, growing nine varieties at three locations, Jinbu as the mountainous cool area, Suweon and Iri as the plain area for two years from 1987 to 1988. Average daily air temperature and day length from transplanting to heading date were analyzed in relation to the heading. Heading date and development rate of each variety were estimated by the Symplex method and the fitness of the model was evaluated. The results obtained as follows: Average daily air temperatures among varieties during the period from transplanting to heading ranged from 18 to $19^{\circ}C$ in Jinbu, from 22.5 to $23.5^{\circ}C$ in Suweon, and from 23.5 to $24.5^{\circ}C$ in Iri, the late-maturing varieties requiring the higher temperatures. The average heading days were about 20 days longer in Jinbu and $3{\sim}5$ days shorter in Iri than those in Suweon in all varieties. Little differences in accumulated temperature from transplanting to heading were observed in regions and years, and also among varieties. Developmental stages could be expressed as the accumulation of daily development rate and the predicted heading dates by the Symplex method were similar to the observed ones. The development rate of each variety varies with air temperatures. The early maturing Japonica types including the Unbong variety were fast in development rate at lower temperatures, but the late-maturing varieties of the Japonica type were late. A model to predict the heading dates of rice varieties by the Symplex method using air temperatures and day lengths was feasible.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2007

This study was carried out to select the promising forage crops fer forage production in paddy field of YARI, RDA, Milyang from 1999 to 2001. The species of forage crop used in this experiment were barley(5 varieties), wheat(2), rye(3) and Italian ryegrass(IRG, 3). Stages of heading, milk and yellow ripe of barley were $20{\sim}24$ April, $6{\sim}10$ May and $21{\sim}24$ May, respectively. In milk to yellow ripe stage, dry matter(DM) yield of barley was $7.89{\sim}9.66$ MT per ha, and averaged ADF and NDF contents were $26.9{\sim}33.3%\;and\;53.1{\sim}59.2%$, respectively. Albori and Naehanssalbori were the most promising varieties among the barley. The growth of wheat was a little late compared to that of barley, but it seemed to be crop having higher forage yield and nutritive value. In milk to yellow stage, DM yield of wheat was $9.13{\sim}10.38$ MT per ha, and nutritive value of wheat was very good(ADF $25.9{\sim}31.7%$ and NDF $53.3{\sim}55.8%$). Heading stage of rye was $20{\sim}24$ April, and it seemed to be suitable far harvest at heading to flowering stage because of heavy lodging after flowering. In flowering stage, DM yield of rye was 13.64 MT per ha, and nutritive value of rye was the lowest among 4 species(ADF $33.1{\sim}38.0%$ and NDF $56.4{\sim}65.0%$). Heading stage of early maturing IRG was 2 May and it seemed to be suitable for harvest at flowering stage of middle May in cropping system. In flowering stage, DM yield of early type IRG was 5.51 MT per ha, and averaged ADF and NDF contents were $30.1{\sim}34.7%\;and\;59.7{\sim}60.5%$, respectively. The results demonstrated that the promising forage crops far forage production in paddy field were rye, barley, early maturing IRG and wheat in Yeongnam region. In Southern region, rye harvesting at early May was recommended when considered middle May of rice transplanting period, and barley(Albori and Naehanssalbori) and early maturing IRG harvesting at middle May were recommended when considered late May of rice planting period. And also, wheat with high nutritive value and possibility for harvesting at late May were recommended in case of transplanting period at early June.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.210-219
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• 2021

In recent years, air temperature has been increasing rapidly compared to the 1980s because of global warming. This increase in temperature reduces the yield and quality of rice; therefore, measures are needed to prevent such effects and ensure food security. The early maturing type (EMT) of rice is mainly cultivated in the central northern mid-mountainous area (CNMA). This study was conducted to shift the transplanting date of EMT and to examine the adaptability of the mid-maturing type (MMT) or mid-late maturing type (MLMT) in the Jecheon region of the CNMA to address global warming. The air temperature increased by 0.7-0.9℃ in the 2010s, compared to that in the 1980s, and was similar to other decades during the ripening period. Over the past 35 years, considering rice quality, the heading date of the Odae variety has arrived sooner by approximately 10 days, the ripened grain ratio has increased by more than 10%, and the thousand grain weight; however, the mean temperature at 40 days after heading has increased by more than 2℃. The late marginal heading date in the Jecheon region was determined as August 11 based on the accumulated temperature of 880℃ and August 15 based on 840℃ for 40 days after heading. According to different transplanting dates, milled rice yield per 10 a was the highest at 567 kg with June 10 in EMT, 595 kg with June 10 in MMT, and 572 kg with May 30 in MLMT. Considering the late marginal heading date, rice yield, and quality, the optimum transplanting date was June 15 in EMT, June 5 in MMT, and May 30 in MLMT in the Jecheon region of CNMA. Owing to global warming, MMT and MLMT are expected to be reliably cultivated in the CNMA.