• Title/Summary/Keyword: Language Adaptation

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Islamization or Arabization? The Arab Cultural Influence on the South Sulawesi Muslim Community since the Islamization in the 17th Century

  • Halim, Wahyuddin
    • SUVANNABHUMI
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.35-61
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    • 2018
  • This paper explores the influence of Arab culture on the culture of Bugis-Makassar, the two major ethnic groups in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, particularly after their Islamization in the early 17th century. The paper argues that since then, the on-going process of Islamization in the region has also brought a continuous flow of ideas and cultural practices from Mecca to Indonesia by means of the hajj pilgrims, Arab traders, and the establishment of Islamic educational institutions that emphasized the teaching and use of Arabic language in education. These factors, among others, have facilitated a cultural inflow which enabled cultural practices borne of West Asia (Middle East) to be integrated into local customs and beliefs. The paper particularly depicts the most observable forms of Arabic cultural integration, acculturation, and assimilation into the Bugis-Makassar culture such as the use of Arabic in Islamic schools and religious sermons; the Arab-style dressing by religious scholars, teachers, and students; the wearing of the hijab (head cover) by women; and the change of people's names from local into Arabic. By utilizing the historical and anthropological approach, this paper investigates this dynamic process of adaptation and integration of a foreign culture that first came through the Islamization of a local culture, exploring the role of an Islamic missionary and educational institutions in mediating and maintaining such cultural integration processes.

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Translocal and Transnational Movements of Bugis and the Construction of Multiple Identities: The Case of Bugis in North Kalimantan of Indonesia and Sabah and Johor of Malaysia

  • Maunati, Yekti
    • SUVANNABHUMI
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.15-49
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    • 2016
  • It is widely known that the Bugis people, originally from South Sulawesi, have been migrating to many places, including both the Indonesian and Malaysian sides of the borders today. The translocal and transnational movements of the Bugis people, especially to North Kalimantan of Indonesia and Sabah and Johor of Malaysia, have occurred in several waves, particularly during the 17th century, around 1965 and from 1980 to the present. The fall of the kingdom of Somba Opu in South Sulawesi and the rise Dutch colonial power have been the triggers for the early movement of the Bugis to both the Indonesian and Malaysian borders. This was followed by the second push of the Islamic rebellion in South Sulawesi, around 1965, creating another big wave of Bugis movement. The most recent one has been mainly due to economic reasons. These different phases of the movements, as well as the dynamic interplay of various aspects, such as citizenship, ethnic, and sub-ethnic groupings, practicing of cultural traditions and keeping the language, to mention a few, have contributed to the process of the construction of the multiple identities of the Bugis. Indeed, the Bugis people are no longer identified or identify themselves as a single group, but rather have fluid and contesting identities. This paper will discuss three main issues: the history of the translocal and transnational movements of the Bugis to North Kalimantan, Sabah and Johor; the process of adaptation to these new places; and the construction of Bugis identities.

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An Analysis on the Empathic Changing Process of the Members in Empathy Training Program (공감훈련프로그램 참여아동의 공감표현 변화과정 분석)

  • Kim, Mi-Young
    • The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.205-226
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    • 2008
  • The purpose of the study you have seen is to verify the effectiveness of existing quantitative research and to put the Empathy Training Program to practical use for participating children. From looking into this, the changes in empathic understanding that came to light in relationships between teacher and children and children and children are sure to have that effect. For this work, I established the following subject of inquiry: What kind of changing processes can be seen in the empathic understanding of participating children in the Empathy Training Program? To resolve the above line of inquiry, six female sixth grade elementary school students were chosen and they progressed through twelve sessions of the Empathy Training Program. The children were given a sentence completion exam, recognition work, neat writing exam and a school adaptation exam both before and after participation in the program, making data for analysis. To analyze, first, participants had one or two meetings of forty to fifty minutes each. Progress through the program's curriculum was recorded and through the repeating and copying method, to be sure participating children's empathic understanding was revealed, empathic language and behavior was routinely chosen. Next, according the above criteria I looked into visible changes of the participating children's empathic expressions, classifying and analyzing changes in empathic understanding and six instances of common changes in the emphatic understanding of the participants relationships were analyzed and put together. Next I will summarize the findings we have seen in this research: First, if we look into changes in common empathic understanding from the beginning, using the criteria of empathic language, each individual showed understanding at the beginning and passed and progressed through stages of care, insight and emotional expressions. Second, when we looked at the criteria of empathic behavior from the beginning to the end, one's line of vision and ability to concentrate one's attention was connected. Next, the act of nodding one's head looked like a brief nod at first but at the end, it was not just a simple nod but rather they could feel deep empathy. The condition and substance of the facial expression was seen to match and at the very end the child was expressive and stretched out arms to hold and pat the other person and the act of holding hands could also be seen. Among lots of empathic behavior the final stage was shown by half of the children. Third, from the first stage to the last stage there were many cases revealed. The more the children went the more complete their empathic language became. Their vocabulary increased and became more diverse with empathic actions. Also, when comparing actions and expressions from the beginning with the end, visible expressions became more natural and sincere at the end. The result of the research we have seen is that through receiving experience of empathic understanding, participating children showed a sense of self-confidence and they looked to make peaceful expressions while not being aggressive or defensive about problems. In addition, from understanding empathic expressions, participating children's relationships felt closer. This outcome within this group in this case will be applied and the formation of empathic understanding can be used by the children internally to solve their own problems, acquire close relationships with their teachers and others. It will also contribute to smooth classroom management.

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The Longitudinal effect of parental depressive symptoms on language development, problem behavior, and school adjustment in the first grade child (부모의 우울이 초등학교 자녀의 언어발달, 문제행동 및 학교적응에 미치는 종단적 영향)

  • Kwon, Taeyeon
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.338-348
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    • 2020
  • This study examined the longitudinal relationship between paternal depressive symptoms and maternal depressive symptoms simultaneously. This study also identified the interplay of paternal and maternal depressive symptoms for predicting elementary children's language development, their problem behaviors and their school adjustment. Using the data from the Panel Study on Korean Children for the 4th-8th years (2011~2015 year), this study used the Latent Growth Curve Model, which is helpful for examining longitudinal relationship differences among variables. The sample subjects were 1,754 parents and children. The results are as follows. The initial level of paternal depressive symptoms had a positive impact on the rate of change in maternal depressive symptoms. The initial level of maternal depressive symptoms had a negative impact on the rate of change in maternal depressive symptoms. Mothers' depressive symptoms showed not only the mothers' own depression problem. but also the self-effect and counterpart effect of depression on the fathers' depression problem. The rate of change in maternal depressive symptom mediated the relation between the initial level of parental depressive symptoms and children's receptive language, internalizing/externalizing problems, and school adjustment. Therefore, depression prevention and intervention programs for both fathers and mothers are needed for the healthy development and school adaptation of school-age children.

A Study on the Dietary Patterns affecting Acculturation among Marriage Migrant Women in Urban Area (도시형 다문화가정 결혼이주여성의 문화적응과 식생활행태 분석)

  • Kim, Jung-Hyun
    • Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.173-189
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    • 2015
  • The Korean society has been dramatically changed in its population, with rapidly increasing number of multicultural families through international marriages. The objective is to investigate the dietary patterns as an acculturation for multicultural families in urban area. The research target was 89 marriage immigrant females in Daejeon, in whom 50.6 % was in their twenties and 49.4 % was in their thirties to forties. 39.3% of the subjects was from China and 28.1 % from Vietnam, which showed similar pattern to the ratio of marriage immigrants' homeland in Korea. As age goes higher, cultural adaptation in Korea was the integration pattern. Marriage immigrant females from Vietnam showed the highest rates of marginalization pattern as cultural adaptation. Moreover, those with longer marriage duration and with children tend to show higher rates of integration pattern. 'Food attitude', 'food diversity', and 'balance life' as eating behaviors are related with acculturation. In conclusion, the multicultural families in urban area showed integration acculturation patterns, which could be influenced by their socioeconomic factors, such as residence period and Korean language ability and food diversity as dietary patterns factors. Further study with a quantitative analysis is needed in order to understand the effect of dietary patterns on acculturation in the multicultural families.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF CHILDREN WITH LEARNING DISORDER IN KOREA (한국에서의 학습장애 아동에 대한 예비적 연구 - 종합병원 학습장애 특수 클리닉 내원 아동을 중심으로 -)

  • Kim, Seung-Tai;Kim, Ji-Hae;Hong, Sung-Do;Joung, Yoo-Sook
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.247-257
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    • 1996
  • This is a preliminary report on the first segment of a continuing and prospective teaming disorder study project in Korea. Study subjects were 197 children, aged between 6 and 15 referred for psychiatric evaluation of scholastic problems. Demographic data, psychiatric diagnoses and intelligence and achievement test results were reviewed and analyzed. Analyses of data lead to the following conclusions : (1) About 20.8% of children referred for scholastic problems were diagnosed of teaming disorder(LD). The most prevalent diagnosis among these children with scholastic problem was emotional disorder, especially depressive disorder(33%), (2) The comorbid rate of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) of 41 children with LD was 44%, (3) Male/female ratio was 5.8:1 among all of the LD children, 17:1 among children with LD and ADHD and 3.6:l among children with LD but without ADHD, (4) 83% of children with LD scored above middle level on socioeconomic status(SES), (5) Age, SES, IQ, family psychiatric history, past history of medical and psychiatric illness, onset of age, pattern of peer relationship, number of friends, presence of adaptation problem and academic achievements of children with LD and ADHD compared to those of children with LD but without ADHD. No significant differences between two groups were found on age, SES, IQ, family psychiatric history, past history of medical and psychiatric illness, pattern of peer relationship, number of friends and presence of adaptation problem. However, there were significant differences in academic achievements of Korean language total, speaking and listening score, arithmetic score, social science score and music score of children with LD and ADHD compared to those of children with LD but without ADHD. Also there was an ealier onset of age in LD and ADHD group when compared to LD but without ADHD group.

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COMPARISON OF SPEECH PATTERNS ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF SURGICAL SETBACK IN MANDIBULAR PROGNATHIC PATIENTS (하악골 전돌증 수술 후 하악골 이동량에 따른 발음 양상에 관한 비교 연구)

  • Shin, Ki-Young;Lee, Dong-Keun;Oh, Seung-Hwan;Sung, Hun-Mo;Lee, Suk-Hang
    • Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.48-58
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    • 2001
  • After performing mandibular setback surgery, we found some changes in patterns and organs of speech. This investigation was undertaken to investigate the aspect and degree of speech patterns according to the amount of surgical setback in mandibular prognathic patients. Thirteen patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion were studied preoperative and postoperative over 6 months. They had undergone the mandible setback operation via bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy(BSSRO). We split the patients into two groups. Group 1 included patients whose degree of mandibular setback was 6mm or less, and Group 2 above 6mm. Control group was two adults wish normal speech patterns. A phonetician performed narrow phonetic transcriptions of tape-recorded words and sentences produced by each of the patients and the acoustic characteristics of the plosives, fricatives, and flaps were analyzed with a phonetic computer program (Computerized Speech Lab(CSL) Model 4300B(USA)). The results are as follows: 1. Generally, Patients showed longer closure duration of plosives, shorter VOT(voice onset time) and higher ratio of closure duration against VOT. 2. Patients showed more frequent diffuse distribution than the control group in frication noise energy of fricatives. 3. In fricatives, frequency of compact from were higher in group 1 than in group 2. 4. Generally, a short duration of closure for /ㄹ/ was not realized in the patient's flaps. Instead, it was realized as fricatives, sonorant with a vowel-like formant structure, or trill type consonant. 5. Abnormality of the patient's articulation was reduced, but adaptation of their articulation after surgery was not perfect and the degree of adaptation was different according to the degree of surgical setback.

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Semi-supervised domain adaptation using unlabeled data for end-to-end speech recognition (라벨이 없는 데이터를 사용한 종단간 음성인식기의 준교사 방식 도메인 적응)

  • Jeong, Hyeonjae;Goo, Jahyun;Kim, Hoirin
    • Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.29-37
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    • 2020
  • Recently, the neural network-based deep learning algorithm has dramatically improved performance compared to the classical Gaussian mixture model based hidden Markov model (GMM-HMM) automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. In addition, researches on end-to-end (E2E) speech recognition systems integrating language modeling and decoding processes have been actively conducted to better utilize the advantages of deep learning techniques. In general, E2E ASR systems consist of multiple layers of encoder-decoder structure with attention. Therefore, E2E ASR systems require data with a large amount of speech-text paired data in order to achieve good performance. Obtaining speech-text paired data requires a lot of human labor and time, and is a high barrier to building E2E ASR system. Therefore, there are previous studies that improve the performance of E2E ASR system using relatively small amount of speech-text paired data, but most studies have been conducted by using only speech-only data or text-only data. In this study, we proposed a semi-supervised training method that enables E2E ASR system to perform well in corpus in different domains by using both speech or text only data. The proposed method works effectively by adapting to different domains, showing good performance in the target domain and not degrading much in the source domain.

The Hope of the Stroke Patients (뇌졸중환자의 희망)

  • 김이순
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.212-227
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    • 1997
  • Cerebrovascular diseases in Korea is an important health problem since mortality and mobidity have been increased rapidly. It marked the 2nd cause of specific death rates in 1993. The stroke causes physical function disorder due to hemiparalysis and emotional disorder, and stroke patients experience helplessness, powerlessness. sense of alienation and loss of hope. These feelings make the rehabilitation difficult because they lose the will of life. The subjects of the study were seven citizens who live in Pusan, are over 50 years old and belong to low income-level. The data were collected from Jan. to Sep. 1995. The researcher as a caregiver and volunteer made confidence of them and asked for their agreement on the purpose of the study. The subjects expressed their experience as openheartedly as possible. The analysis of the data was made through the phenomenological analytic method suggested by Giorgi, which is as follows ; as an unit of description which include the subject' expressions and the researcher's observation, it is examined the theme that express the hope experience with the subject's language(underlining), and the focal meanings are identified. The focal meaning is the crystalization of the theme, which is written in the language of the researcher. After intergrating the focal meaning and make the situated structural description as the meaning of the hope experience identified on each subject's point. After intergrating the situated structural description and make the general structural description as the meaning of the hope experience identified on total subject's point then the systemizing of the structure of the hope experienced phenomena and the flowing of the conciousness was researched. The conclusions of this study was as follows : The ten sources of hope which the subjects experienced were sorted as under 〈mutual relations to others : spouse, children, relatives, fellow believer. health professioner. associate patient group〉, 〈spiritual dependence〉. 〈recovery of physical function〉. 〈rumination of the past life〉, 〈expectation of the future〉. 〈economic power〉, 〈belief〉, 〈ability〉. 〈spontaneous participation〉 and 〈recovery of roles〉. Their hope was spoken out by the following two kinds of linguistics. First. the hope was expressed in the affirmative expression as follows : 〈 to be dependable〉, 〈to make efforts〉, 〈to keep under control〉, 〈to desire〉, 〈to be pleasant〉, 〈to be peaceful〉, 〈to be grateful〉, 〈to give help〉, 〈self-confidence. Courage〉, 〈to be happy〉, 〈to satisfy oneself〉, 〈to share with others〉, 〈to understand〉 and 〈to be affected, be impressed〉 Second, the hope was expressed in the negative on pression as under : 〈to be distressed〉, 〈to be uneasy〉, 〈to be sorry, be unsatisfied〉 〈despair〉, 〈to abandon〉, 〈to be fearful〉, 〈to suffer〉, 〈to bear a burden〉 〈to be confused〉, 〈to be solitary〉, 〈chest trouble〉, 〈to feel heavy〉 〈grief〉, 〈to be daunted〉, 〈to get angry〉, 〈to be uncomfortable〉, 〈to have something regretable〉 and 〈to feel guilty〉. And their hope was expressed by the following four behavioral expressions : 〈physical sphere〉, 〈psychological sphere〉, 〈social support sphere〉 and 〈spiritual sphere〉. The reaction patterns of their hope experience appeared in the following 4 coping method : 〈conquest type〉, 〈dependence type〉, 〈adaptation type〉 and 〈fate type〉. Finally, in the hope structure the sense of certainty don't always coexict with the sense of uncertainty, When the stroke patients try to search for the best quality of life, the senses of certainty and uncertainty make a continual cyclic system in the hope structure.

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The Object-Oriented Design & Implementation of Spatial Data Transformation System for the 3-D Representation of Underground Utilities (지하시설물의 3차원 표현을 위한 공간 데이터 변환 시스템의 객체 지향적 설계 및 구현)

  • 오승;강병익;정정화
    • Proceedings of the Korean Association of Geographic Inforamtion Studies Conference
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    • 1996.06a
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    • pp.79-109
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    • 1996
  • In order to transform the underground utility data into the 3-D spatial objects, this thesis defined the type of the 3-D spatial objects and the storage structure of objects, and developed the spatial data transformation system that transforms the 2-D underground utility data into the pre-defined 3-D spatial objects through the Booch Method, an object-oriented development method. For this sake, the relational data model of ARC/INFO and the storage structure are analyzed, as well as the pre-requisites, required for the 3-D visualization of the underground utilities. Also, the 2-D underground utility data, saved in ARC/INFO, were transformed into the ASCII files through the internal pre-processing procedure, then used as the input data of the transformation system. In addition, to develop the transformation system, the object-oriented development methods are studied first and, then, applied to the system analysis and the design procedure with the Booch Method as a development method. Finally, the results of analysis and design procesure are implemented through AML, a ARC/INFO macro language, and C++, an object-oriented programing language. As a result of this study, the 3-D spatial objects that can visualize the 2-D utilities in 3-D, are acquired, and the adaptation of object-oriented development method to the system development procedure enabled an effective development prodedure.

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