• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.291-306
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• 2018

This study was designed to predict potential habitat of Japanese evergreen oak (Quercus acuta Thunb.) in Korean Peninsula considering its dispersal ability under climate change. We used a species distribution model (SDM) based on the current species distribution and climatic variables. To reduce the uncertainty of the SDM, we applied nine single-model algorithms and the pre-evaluation weighted ensemble method. Two representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) were used to simulate the distribution of Japanese evergreen oak in 2050 and 2070. The final future potential habitat was determined by considering whether it will be dispersed from the current habitat. The dispersal ability was determined using the Migclim by applying three coefficient values (${\theta}=-0.005$, ${\theta}=-0.001$ and ${\theta}=-0.0005$) to the dispersal-limited function and unlimited case. All the projections revealed potential habitat of Japanese evergreen oak will be increased in Korean Peninsula except the RCP 4.5 in 2050. However, the future potential habitat of Japanese evergreen oak was found to be limited considering the dispersal ability of this species. Therefore, estimation of dispersal ability is required to understand the effect of climate change and habitat distribution of the species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.84-96
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to select herbaceous plants that can be used for presenting various views and biodiversity on the extensive rooftop greening. Experiment plots were constructed in July 2005 on the rooftop of the Administration Building in the Seoul Women's University. For this experiment, planters were used to design rooftop greening. The size of a planter is 500mm${\times}$500mm${\times}$100mm and each planter has the water storage plate in the lower part of it. The soil was constructed by mixing pearlite, vermiculite, cocopeat, and leaf mold in the ratio of 6 : 2 : 1 : 1. The plot was divided into the watered plot and the dry plot. Since each plot was constructed 2 times, finally 4 planters were constructed in total. One hundred species were used for the experiment and 9 plants per species were planted in each planter. Plants were organized according to types of plants and the experiment used 86 native herbaceous plants, 6 herbs, and 8 foreign plants. The plots were monitored once a month, from July to November 2005. The length and width of plants were tape-measured and covering rate was calculated by CAD program. "SPSS 10.1" was used for a statistical analysis. The result showed no significant difference between the watered plots and the dry plots. In cases of some plants, there were statistically significant differences between the watered planter and dry planter such as follows : Astilbe chinensis and Polygonatum odoratum which are shade plants were measured as the highest value on the watered pots, and Aquilegia buergeriana, Chrysanthemum zawadskii, Calendula arvensis and Gypsophila cerastioides D.Don which are sunny plants were measured as the highest value on the dry plots. According to the final analysis of the data collected and observed for growth condition during the first year of the research, 51 species including Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina and Veronica linaiaefolia in native herbaceous plant, 5 species with Lavandula angustifolia in herbs, and 3 species with Lantana camara and Muscari armeniacum in foreign plants showed the highest growth condition. In conclusion, it is suggested that various plants including sedums could be effectively used for extensive rooftop greening to improve landscape(a view) of the rooftop and increase ecological values.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.251-259
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• 2014

Recently, wetland and paddy wetland are being highlighted as the international environmental issues. However, research system which can assess paddy wetland is lacking. Thus, the purpose of this study is to assess the value of paddy wetland by applying RAM to paddy wetland. In addition, we would like to use this study as the data to establish assessment method for paddy wetland. 16 sites were selected as research targets based on altitude and soil. As the results of wetland assessment, 16 research target sites had total score of 212~227 and the average of 2.17~2.50. It was similar to those of Lacustrine Wetlands, Palustrine Wetland and Riverine Wetland which were sites in previous studies. The value could be recognized as the wetland. However, there was no difference in assessment results based on altitude and soil. It was found that all conservation values were the same. The factor the most closely affecting conservation value was the area. However, there was limitation to apply existing wetland assessment system to paddy wetland. In order to assess paddy wetland, factors such as rice farming methods, topography, vegetation, growth environment and biodiversity should be added. It was thought to supplement wetland assessment system through various further studies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.50-57
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• 2015

A traditional garden in Korea has diverse cultural, historical values, such as the then phases of the times, life phase, culture and art, etc. because it was developed on the basis of the harmony between nature and artificial structures. However, in reality, it's urgent to do efficient, continuous maintenance of traditional gardens which are being damaged and lost due to the problems like an owner's aging, inheritance, and lack of management, etc., especially in case of private property which was designated as a cultural property among such traditional gardens under the Cultural Properties Protection Law. Accordingly, this study conducted this research in a bid to use these research results as basic evidentiary materials for suggesting directivity in introduction of park planning of traditional gardens in folk houses in the near future by implementing the case investigation of transformation into public parks from traditional private gardens in Japan, which is putting the newly introduced park planning to efficient use, together with its systematic management, and the survey on domestic traditional gardens in folk houses status, as well as the hearing-based survey on a traditional gardens in folk houses owner's level of willingness to accept the introduction of parking planning. As a result, this study could confirm that in case of traditional gardens in Japan, they are mobilizing the revenue from admission fees for traditional gardens maintenance by incorporating the main entity of possession, and Japan is promoting transformation of traditional gardens into parks on the basis of use and preservation through the connection with local governments and research institutes. In addition, as a result of surveying domestic traditional gardens in folk houses, it was found that most of the garden owners had hardships in its management, and they were positive about systematic maintenance of gardens through park planning.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.110-123
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• 2017

The authors reviewed the history of creation and management, purposes, extents, methods of creation, planting species and mediums, structure of vegetation layers and legal management, etc. of coastal forests of Korea. Since the Goryeo dynasty, the inhabitants in the coastal regions has long been aware the safety from natural disasters and the local governments manages for the defence and natural disasters, and collaboration among GO and NGOs, as well as enterprises are participating to the conservation of coastal forests in Korea. The purposes of creation and management of coastal forests in historical aspects are prevention of disasters, safety by the Fengsui, military uses, and timber productions, but partly as the places for religious beliefs, safety from diseases and fires, increasing of forest products and fishes, as well as tourists, improving of amenity and landscapes and recreation, inherits of traditional culture, habitats for wildlife, and ecological corridors, etc. The inhabitant in the coastal region who experienced frequent natural disasters has strong supports for the conservation of coastal forest and as a natural resources to inherits to the coming generations as the coastal forests has high values of academic researches on human society, culture, ecology and recreational uses, etc. The extensive overall researches on the creation and managements of coastal forests, as well as cultural tradition in the coastal forests of Korean peninsula are critically essential.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.493-502
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• 2006

This study analyzed greenspace structure focused on greenspace areas and vegetation structure for Yanggu, investigated resident attitudes to the greenspace, and explored strategies to improve greenspace functions in a rural region. Woody plant cover was approximately 29% for parks and only 3% for commercial gardens. The amount of planting for Yanggu was poor, as compared with the results of similar studies for urban areas. Trees, of which dbh was below 20cm, accounted for 91% of all trees and the tree-age structure was largely characterized by a young, growing tree population. Based on the analysis of mean importance values (MIV) of woody plant species, only a few were different in dominant species from urban areas. Four species among 10 species with highest MIV in Yanggu were very common species also ranked among 10 in cities. The most dominant species planted in residential and commercial gardens were practical plants such as fruit or edibles. Greenspace covered about 69% of parks, 39% of residential gardens, 37% of institutional gardens, 24% of streets, and 15% of commercial gardens, respectively. Tree planting potential revealed that present woody plant cover can be increased additionally by 6 times in the streets and by 2 times in the residential and commercial gardens. Based on the results of greenspace structure, planting patterns, and questionary investigation, some strategies were suggested to enlarge greenspace including its environmental functions. They included identifying each street section through setting up themes and planting appropriate species, creating multilayered vegetation structures, and promoting planting in bare grounds of gardens and around a buildings for saving energy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.50-61
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• 2015

This study investigates how Abies holophylla was planted as a tree sacred to the gods by Japan during the late Chosun and Japanese colonial periods. This study surveyed the current conditions of old Abies holophylla geological information, year planted, and the relationship between Abies holophylla and traditional Japanese values. The reasons that Abies holophylla was considered a tree sacred to the gods are as follows. Firstly, trees are planted on the spaces between Iljumun and Numun in Buddhist temples of Korea in the same way as trees are planted on the roads for worship in traditional temples of Japan. Secondly, tree diameter at breast height ranged from 60cm to 100cm. This means that the Abies holophylla trees range in age from 70 years to 138 years, showing that the trees were planted at the period between the beginning of Japanese Buddhism(1877) and the Japanese Colonial Period (1945). Thirdly, conclusions regarding why the Abies holophylla were planted in Korean temples at the beginning of Japanese Buddhism will be drawn based on the records that Jingu-Kogo's Conquest of Silla was taken care of the Suwataisha as a tree sacred to the gods in Japanese tradition. The reason for which Abies holophylla was planted in Korean temples should be evaluated through the remnants of Japan in the past. The issue of the old Abies holophylla in Korean temples should be investigated and further discussed in depth.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.81-92
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to compare values, characteristics and the world heritage listed tendency of walls in East Asia. Walls in East Asia are similar by the geographically adjacent, type, form and materials, etc. Thus to demonstrate the differentiation is not easy, but walls heritage of a tentative list or listed on the UNESCO World Heritage were discriminated by the evaluation criteria of world heritage. Hidden problems are not to be described the differences by the consistent manner. So we need efforts to separate the distinction and originality of walls according to the characteristics of each heritage. As the method of this study, we reviewed the terminology associated with the wall and then have examined the following four aspects as the characteristics of each heritage category. 1) Classification according to the function and purpose, 2) Classification according to the type and size of the walls(the length of wall), 3) Classification according to the location and topography, 4) Classification according to materials and technology(construction method). And we have analyzed the tendency of OUV(Outstanding Universal Value) of the world heritage listed wall. Also we examined the value basis of the differences and similarities presented by each heritage. In the future, we should complement the following two aspects of the wall heritage in East Asia for comparing the exact value. first, we ought to come up with a system that we can easily compare the similarities and differences of similar walls heritage. Second, we have to make every effort to describe the walls heritage by considering OUV evaluation criteria to be able to share with people all around the world.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.215-233
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• 2014

Seoul is an ancient city with a long history but there is hesitancy over referring to as a historic city due to the lack of traceable historic urban landscape elements which resulted from numerous invasions and general destruction. From a diachronic perspective, the nature which was survived the influence of development, could be the key element that links the past with the city's radically changed image in modern times. Although "old big trees" may be not a dominant influence with regards to the historical authenticity of the city, they are objects which contribute towards the historical authenticity by providing a sense of place in terms of connected narratives, as well as their natural image. However, the protection policy for an "old big tree" would place too much emphasis on the aspect of the ecological value rather than its cultural value. Generally, trees have been protected by installing a fence and a signboard around them as well as receiving additional care. However, it is difficult to find that surrounding space around the "law-protected tree" is connected with its original historical and cultural values. Even though the space around trees are no longer utilized in the same way as was so in the past, they still have high-potential in terms of cultural utilization. Therefore, the subject of this study is the "old big tree" as a natural object which contributed to the historical authenticity of Seoul. The current status of these "old big trees", aged between 100 and 800 years old, currently indicate that there are 215 trees designated as "law-protected tree" by the Seoul metropolitan government. This study aims to investigate the status of protection and utilization of the existing "law-protected trees" in the city of Seoul and find a way to increase both ecological preservation and cultural utilization for the high-potential "law-protected trees" within the city itself. In order to achieve this, previously researched papers shall be reviewed and surveyed pertaining to present usage patterns of the 215 "law-protected trees". In addition, five cases have been reviewed which focus on a few of utilizing the "protected trees" and their surrounding spaces. The results of the research indicate that 21 "old big trees" have high-potential in terms of cultural utilization as well as ecological value. However, it was revealed that there are limitations to pursue the value of preservation and utilization simultaneously throughout current regimental management. In order to cope with the current situation, it is pointed out that management facilities should be designed and installed by creative and flexible methods of organizing with consideration to the surrounding space and context. Even though in the case where there may not be a connecting history or legendary stories, the "old big trees" can serve as the fundamental features of small scale parks -dependent on their location, condition and environment- which will be of value to the local communities. This study could serve as a practical reference for the management and utilization of "old big trees" nationwide with numbers reaching 12,300 besides the city of Seoul.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.516-529
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• 2021

Coniferous forests in the Baekdudaegan protected area are gradually losing their landscape diversity and uniqueness along with their ecological stability due to changes in vegetation composition and structures caused by various disturbance factors, such as climate change, vegetation succession, and human interference. This study provides basic data for establishing a comprehensive conservation plan for coniferous forests in the Baekdudaegan protected area. We classified the vegetation unit types using the Zurich-Montpellier School of Phytosociology and two-way indicator species analysis methods and analyzed the species diversity and structural characteristics based on the vegetation information of 755 stands collected in the natural resources change survey of the Baekdudaegan mountains (2016 to 2020) by the Korea Forest Service. Therefore, the vegetation of the coniferous forests of theBaekdudaegan protected area was classified into 15 types under the vegetation unit hierarchy of two community groups, four communities, seven sub-communities, and 14 variants. Furthermore, we compared the total coverage among vegetation types, importance values, constancy classes, life-forms, and diversity indices. Additionally, the average total coverage and number of species per 100 m² of all coniferous forests were 232% and 21 species, respectively, with the species diversity and dominance indices averaging 1.907 and 0.222, respectively.