• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.86-95
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• 2004

This study was conducted to develop recycle revegetation methods for the restoration of the steep slopes by using fresh wood chip from construction sites. In general, the fresh wood chips can be used as soil media for the restoration works, because they can increase infiltration of rainfall and give enough porous to breathe and elongate for the root growth as well as economic value. The experiment was carried out to compare the effect of fresh wood chips from different mixing with soil, organic material and macromolecular compound which used for slope restoration works conducted by Hyunwoo green(Ltd.). The main results by monitoring for two years are summarized as follows; 1. The soil media made with low percentage of fresh wood chip covered quickly by herb plants. Especially, the soil mixture Type C (wood chip 20%) showed 80 percent ground coverage within two months after seeding. 2. The soil mixture type E (wood chip 40%) and type F (wood chip 50%) which contains more fresh wood chips than soil type C was under 30 percent ground coverage because wood plants are germinated well. If the restoration works aims at making forest, then the soil type E and F would be recommended than using soil type C. 3. Among the woody plants, Ailanthus alfissima, Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora, and Albizzia julibrissin showed high percentage of germination rates and vigorous growth. In case of shrubs, Lespedeza cyrtobotria and Indigofera pseudo-tintoria scored high percentage of germination rates. 4. In native plants, Chrysanthemum indicum, Artemisia princeps, Lutos corniculatus and Imperata cylindrica showed high percentage of appearance. In case of introduced herbs, Coreopsis lanceolata, Coreopsis tinctoria and Oenothera oborata grew so vigorously. 5. The soil types which including fresh wood chips over 30-40 percentage showed the most diverse plant composition and the most effective germination rates and growth pattern with woody plants. 6. This works to develop recycle revegetation methods using fresh wood chips need more efforts for monitoring the exact effect of fresh wood chips as the soil media.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.54-61
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• 1998

The subsurface environment of the root zone area can set the stae for "do or die" of the turfgrass plant. The good condition of the greens is verified by their physical properties. Therefore, this study was carried to evaluate on the existing green of Hwasan C.C. by undisturbed soil Core Anaysis. We completed the ISTRC SYSTEM BenchMarking of the undisturbed core samples taken from Green #1, Green #5, Green #9-"Best" area, and Green #9-"Stressed" area for the Hwasan C.C.. It was also our understanding that the greens were in "good" to "very good" conditioni. THe exception might be Green #9-"Stress" area, which was the stressed area. The stressed area was confined to a ridge across Green #9. The organic content test results comfirmed the development of organic layering in depth 0-2.5cm. For the amount of compaction in the upper root zones and te development of the green's respective organic layers, the infiltration rates were high in Green #1, Green #5, and Green #9 "Stressed" area. The depicted aerificaton hole might be the probable cause of the relatively high infiltraton rate. Green #9-"Best" area had a tested infiltration rate of 18.75cm/hr. Either this area had not been aerified, or the undisturbed sample did not contain a aerification cavity. The water retention capacity of the undisturbed samples was good. When the greens were first constructed, the original root zone mix had been relatively low water retention properties. And the bulk density and the porosity of the undisturbed samples were good. In the result, all the greens were similar except for the infiltration. Thus, we supposed that Green #9-"Stressed" area might be ainly influenced by the amount of irrigation water and the configuration of the green's surface. There had been a reduction in the amount of irrigation water as the water retention capacity in the greens was promoted. Especially, it had gradually become more of a problem as the green had matured in Green #9-"Stressed" area. Because Green #9-"Stressed" area was a ridge area. The reduction in the amount of irrigation water might be the probable cause of the stress in Green #9-"Stressed" area. Our final observation related to the soil texture and the particle size distribution of the sand. Though and sand contant of all the tested greens were good, the gravel content of them exceeded ISTRC Guidelines. In particle size distribution of the sand, the very coarse and the coarse content of all the tested greens exceeded, but the rest was insufficient. The stability is a function of the material retained on the 0.25mm mesh screen. But, the content of all the tested greens was very insufficient. Though all the greens was serviceable, the coarse root zone sands, such as the sand in the tested greens, tended to be "unstable". Thus, we recommend using a topdressing/aerification sand which should be more in line with ISTRC/USGA Guidelines.;unstable". Thus, we recommend using a topdressing/aerification sand which should be more in line with ISTRC/USGA Guidelines.ines.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2004

The focus of this study is the promotion of green area volumes and their naturalness, water circulation system, decline of entropy, creation of biological habitats and linkage of separated urban green space. Re-presentative urban biotope survey sites were categorized as urban biotope, semi-natural biotope, and natural forest. In the urban biotope, a residential biotope was constructed near the Han river and in mountain areas. The green-area ratio at the housing complex was about 25%. GVZ(Grunvolumenzahl) was 0.35m$^3$/m$^2$ at the 5∼10-story housing complex, and 1.53m$^3$/m$^2$ over the 11-story. As for the green-area structure of the housing complex, canopy layer, understory layer, and shrub layer were not differentiated and the green-area volume was not high enough. The green-area ratio of school areas as a public area biotope was 5∼20%. GVZ was 1.12m$^3$/m$^2$ at Myungduk High School, and 1.78m$^3$/m$^2$ at Jeonggok Elementary School. In order to convert the urban biotope into an ecological area, green areas around the buildings should be connected to urban buffer green areas, and multi-layer structures should be established with natural plant species. In the semi-natural biotope, neighbor parks were created park in the vicinity of the natural forests. GVZ was 0.28m$^3$/m$^2$, and plantation was established with single layer structure and was definitely insufficient for the area. The urban buffer green areas have been established in strip corridors with the width of 20∼123m. In those areas, GVZ was 0.16∼0.27m$^3$/m$^2$ and had a deficient canopy layer, understory layer, and shrub layer. Soil conditions were not favorable for tree growth. In the natural biotope, GVZ of the plantation was 1.03∼1.5m$^3$/m$^2$ but the high crown closure of this area reduces the chance of species change and succession. GVZ of natural forest was 2.53∼2.57m$^3$/m$^2$. It is desirable to plant diverse plants and the natural forest should be succeeded by broad-leaf deciduous tree species. To improve the value of biotope at Kangseo-Gu, building height needs to be limited to reduce the environmental deterioration in the city. In order to maintain the water circulation system, water-permeable material is recommened when the urban surface areas are paved. The establishment of a water circulation system will improve ground water levels, soil moisture, water quality, and habitats. In order to improve biological diversity, it is desirable to have multi-layer structures in urban green areas with native species.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제107권1호
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• pp.81-95
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• 2018

2005년 9월 백두대간 보호지역 지정으로 지역경제 위축, 공동체 활동축소 등의 부정적 영향을 최소화하기 위해 산림청에서는 백두대간 주민소득지원사업을 시행해왔다. 그러나 백두대간 주민소득지원사업은 백두대간 보호라는 근본적인 목적과 연계성이 매우 부족한 실정이며, 무분별한 사업신청 등 다양한 문제점이 지적되었다. 이에 본 연구는 문헌조사와 담당공무원 설문조사를 통해 백두대간 주민소득지원사업의 문제점을 분석하고 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 지역주민을 백두대간 보호 및 관리의 주체로 육성하여 백두대간 주민지원사업에 대한 책임의식을 강화시켜야 할 것이다. 둘째, 지역주민을 백두대간의 일부로 여기고 소득과 더불어 문화 및 공동체를 지킬 수 있는 시스템 개발이 필요하다. 셋째, 주민과 행정이 협력할 수 있는 거버넌스를 구축하여 백두대간의 체계적인 보호와 관리를 통한 지역 활성화를 실현해야 할 것이다. 이와 같은 연구는 향후 백두대간을 보호하면서 개발제한구역의 주민과 지역발전을 이루는 사업추진의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.53-67
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• 2011

The major objective of this study was to quantify the effects of substrate depth and substrate composition on the development of sedum etc., in a sloped rooftop (6 : 12 pitch) environment during a 4-year period. The experiment was conducted from 2006 October to 2010 December under several conditions without soil erosion control : two substrate depth (5cm, 10cm), four substrate composition (A5N3C2, A3N3C4, A6C4, G5L3C2: A: artificial lightweight soil, N : natural soil, G : granite decomposed soil, C : leave composite, L : loess), four sloped roof direction ($E40^{\circ}W$, $W40^{\circ}N$, $S40^{\circ}W$, $N40^{\circ}E$). In this experiment 4 sedum etc., were used: Sedum sarmentosum, Sedum kamtschaticum, Sedum rupestre, Sedum telephium, flowering herbs (mixed seed : Taraxacum platycarpum, Lotus corniculatus, Aster yomena, Aster koraiensis), western grasses (mixed seed : Tall fescue, Creeping redfescue, Bermuda grass, Perennial ryegrass). The establishment factor had two levels : succulent shoot establishment (sedum), seeding (flowering herbs, western grasses). 1. Enkamat, as it bring about top soil exfoliation, was unsuitable material for soil erosion control. 2. Sedum species exhibited greater growth at a substrate depth of 10cm relative to 5cm. All flowering herbs and western grasses established only at a substrate depth of 5cm were died. A substrate depth of 5cm was not suited in sloped rooftop greening without maintenance. If additional soil erosion control will be supplemented, a substrate depth of 10cm in sloped rooftop greening without maintenance was considered suitable. 3. For all substrate depth and composition, the most abundant species was Sedum kamtschaticum. The percentage of surviving Sedum kamtschaticum was 73.4% at a substrate depth of 10cm in autumn 2007 one year after the roof vegetation had been established. But the percentage of surviving other sedum were 33.3%~51.9%, therefor mulching for soil erosion control was essential after rooftop establishment in extensive sloped roof greening was proved. To raise the ratio of plant survival, complete establishment of plant root at substrate was considered essential before rooftop establishment. 4. There was a significant interaction between biomass and substrate moisture content. There were also a significant difference of substrate moisture and erosion among substrate composition. The moisture content of A6C4 was highest, the resistance to erosion of A5N3C2 was highest among substrate composition. The biomass of plants were not significantly higher in A5N3C2 and A6C4 relative to A3N3C4 and G5L3C2, For substrate moisture and erosion resistance, A5N3C2 and A6C4 were considered suitable in sloped rooftop greening without maintenance. 5. There were significant difference among roof slope direction on the substrate moisture. Especially, the substrate moisture content of $S40^{\circ}W$ was lower relative to that of $N40^{\circ}E$, that guessed by solar radiation and erosion.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1990

서울시내 아파트 40가구를 대상으로 1986년과 1989년에 실내조경식물을 조사한 결과, 다음과 같다1. 1986년에 비해서 1989년에는 전제실내식물의 종류는 46%, 식물의 수는 68%가 증가되었으며, 가장 많이 재배되는 종류는 '86년에는 동양란 아프리칸 바이올렛, Scindapsus, 선인장, 군자란 '89년에는 동양란, 선인장, Chlorophytum, 군자란, Dracena순이었다. 2. 원예학적 분류방법에 의한 식물의 종류는 '86년, '89년 모두 관엽식물이 가장 많았다. 3. 초장에 따른 식물의 크기는 '86년에는 15~30cm가 제일 많았고, '89년에는 31~80cm가 가장 많았다. 4. 식재용기의 종류는 '86년과 '89년 모두 플라스틱이 가장 많았으며, 자기 분의 경우 '86년에 비해서 '89년에는 매우 증가되었다. 5.식물의 배치형태는 '86년과 '89년에 조사한 모든 아파트에서 마루에 그대로 놓아둔 floor group이 있었으며, 그 비율도 가장 높았고 선반의 경우 '86년에 비해서 '89년에는 매우 많이 이용되었다. 6. Terrarium의 경우 '86년에는 Fittonia와 선인장이 가장 많이 이용되는 소재였으나, '89년에는 Adianrum과 Maranta가 많이 이용되었다. 7. 식물이 가장 많이 배치되는 장소는 '86년, '89년 모두 베란다로 조사한 모두 가구에서 이용하고 있었다. 8.'86년에는 가구당 평균 16개를 보유하고 있었으나 '89년에는 평균 27개를 보유하고 있었다. 9.식물의 생육형태는 대체로 양호한 편이었으며, 실내조경식물의 재배관리에 대한 관심이 증가 하고있었다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.92-106
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• 2006

The process of designing Cheonggyecheon Entrance Plaza began with researching four keywords: plaza, restoration. modernity and icon. The outcome of the research was reinterpreted into and informed the design. An urban plaza must not only be a stage for civic life but should also be a portrait of the city to which it belongs. Many Korean plazas, however, are treated as if they are parks. Yeouido Park, which was originally a vast urban void, and Seoul Plaza, recently paved with grass, are good example. The strong 'green myth' can hinder socio-political activities. Cheonggyecheon cannot be said to have been 'restored', since it is still disconnected from its origin and upper streams, and the water is circulated by electricity. So it is better understood as an artificial urban waterfront, rather than an ecologically restored stream. This fact might diminish its ecological value, but not its recreational one. The entrance plaza therefore should reflect that the new stream brings back an 'experience', not only water itself. At the same time, the catch phrase of this restoration project was 'post-modern'. The demolished Cheonggye Expressway represents the 'economy drive' of the 1970s, so the newly opened Cheonggyecheon serves as a perfect counterpart to it. But modernity in Korea is the spirit that made many of the good things, not only its shortcomings, we have now. And from the philosophy of this restoration project, we can see that it is still an ongoing attitude in a way. Remnant of Cheonggye Expressway can evoke our nostalgia for the era. There are plenty of symbols in Seoul, both as architecture and objects. But none of them provide citizens with experience, other than the experience of looking at them. Cheonggyecheon Entrance Plaza is a good place to serve as an icon for a dynamic Seoul. From the research, the designer concluded that this plaza should commemorate the incomparable horizontal experience of Cheonggyecheon and the old expressway, amid the vertical metropolis. The Pedestrian Sculpture, which people can stroll on and look out over Cheonggyecheon, is to be made of steel cladding with a core structure and represents the dynamism of the stream, Seoul and contemporary Korea. The choice of material and the steel structure are also ways of creating the icon. The Water Plaza, the space underneath the ramp, will accommodate people and their urban activities, providing an opportunity to play with water. The Waterblades will be a device for the dramatic beginning of the stream, simultaneously camouflaging ugly openings in the outlets. The Wall of Archaeology is to be made with pre-fab resin blocks, translucent enough so that people can see through any archaeological findings of the site. The strong water-resistant character of resin makes the wall steady throughout the flood season as well. Cheonggyecheon restoration project is an effort to combine contemporary urban demand with the once-existing physicality by evoking our nostalgia for it. The project itself shows many socio-political issues of present-day Korea. The entrance plaza design thus is focused on suggesting an icon for the metropolis, simultaneously celebrating the stream itself. Within this space, people will be exposed to a unique experience that any 'green myth' cannot offer.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.81-98
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• 2012

이 연구는 한국의 적색토 분포 특성을 살펴보고, 지형분석을 통해 분포 지역을 예측한 뒤, 토양 및 지형발달의 관점에서 그 결과를 해석하는 것이 목적이다. 한국의 적색토는 배수가 양호한 평탄한 지형과 완경사지에 주로 분포하고 있으며, 고온다습한 과거의 기후환경 하에서 형성된 뒤 현재까지 잔류하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이 연구에서 적색토 분포에 대한 정보는 한국의 개략토양도에서 적황색토로 표기된 대토양군들을 추출하여 사용하였으며, 사면에서 나타나는 물과 물질의 이동특성에 기초한 수치고도모델(DEM) 분석을 통해 적색토 분포를 예측하였다. 적색토는 경사도와 지표곡면률이 낮고, 하천수와 토양수의 출현 가능성이 낮은 평탄지와 구릉지에 주로 분포한다는 가설 하에서 실행된 DEM 분석 결과, 실제 조사된 적색토 출현 지역의 67.4%를 예측할 수 있었다. 조사된 적색토와 예측된 적색토간의 차이를 비교하는 과정에서 한국의 토양 및 지형발달을 이해할 수 있는 몇 가지 중요한 사실들을 발견하였다. 먼저 내륙의 침식평탄지에서는 적색토의 분포가 지형분석에 의해 과대 추정되고 있다. 이 지역은 활발한 침식 및 삭박작용을 받고 있어 유사한 지형 조건을 갖춘 곳에 비해 상대적으로 낮은 적색토 출현 빈도를 보이는 것으로 해석된다. 반면, 석회암 지역의 경우 적색토 출현 빈도가 예측결과보다 과소 추정되고 있어, 적색토 분포에 석회암이 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 보인다. 뢰스(loess) 퇴적층의 존재가 제기되고 있는 한반도 중앙부의 연천과 철원지역 역시 지형분석 결과보다 적색토의 출현 빈도가 높게 나타나 주목된다. 마지막으로 서산과 포항을 연결하는 선을 경계로 그 북쪽이 남쪽에 비해 예측된 것보다 높은 적색토 빈도를 보인다. 이 결과는 토양발달의 공간적인 차이, 뢰스층 및 기타 지질의 영향, 그리고 한반도가 가지고 있는 지반운동의 특성 등의 관점에서 보다 체계적인 연구의 필요성을 제시하고 있다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.12-21
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• 2019

다양한 운동장 포장재료(인조잔디, 천연잔디, 마사토)가 인간 열 환경에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 초 가을철 미기후자료(기온, 습도, 풍속, 태양 및 지구복사에너지)를 측정하여 비교분석하여 보았다. 그 결과, 포장재료에 따른 기온, 습도, 풍속은 평균적으로 차이가 크지 않았으며, 평균복사온도에서 가장 큰 차이를 보여주었다. 태양복사에너지에서는 태양복사에너지 반사율(알베도)이 가장 높았던 천연잔디에서, 지구복사에너지에서는 지표면 온도가 가장 높았던 인조잔디에서 가장 높은 복사에너지를 인체에 보내는 것으로 나타났다. 인간 열환경지수 PET에서는 인조잔디>마사토>천연잔디 순으로 나타났으며, 천연잔디포장이 인조잔디포장보다 최대 2/3 단계 평균적으로 1/2 단계 낮은 열환경을, 마사토 포장은 인조잔디포장보다 최대 2/3 단계 평균적으로 1/3 단계 낮은 열환경을 조성할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 천연잔디포장은 마사토 포장에 비해 최대 1/3 단계 낮은 열환경을 조성할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. UTCI에서는 PET보다 더 작은 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로, 운동장을 포함한 옥외공간 설계 시 계획단계에서부터 재료 선정에 신중을 기하여야 할 것이다.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.271-278
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• 2019

조선 말기 진도(珍島) 출신의 소치(小癡) 허련(許鍊)(1808~1893)은 시(詩) 서(書) 화(畵) 삼절작가(三絶作家)로서, 호남 화단의 실질적 종조(宗祖)라 불리운 대표적 화가이다. 초의선사(艸衣禪師)로부터 유(儒) 불(佛) 도(道)와 함께 회화의 기초를 배웠고, 초의(艸衣)의 소개로 추사(秋史) 김정희(金正喜)의 문하생이 되었다. 이후 추사(秋史)의 문인지향적(文人指向的) 서화정신과 화이재도적(畵以載道的) 회화심미를 정확히 이해하고 이를 계승하였다. 그의 생애와 예술활동의 특징은 70이 넘은 만년(晩年)까지 지속된 주유(周遊)와 다작(多作) 활동, 그리고 주유(周遊) 기간의 세부사항까지 서술한 "소치실록(小癡實錄)"의 기록이다. 소치(小癡)는 사의적(寫意的) 남종화(南宗畵)를 지향하여 예황풍(倪黃風)의 산수화에서 자유분방한 갈필(渴筆)과 소산간일(蕭散簡逸)한 충담미(沖澹美)를 발현하였다. 또한, '허목란(許牧丹)'이라 불리울 만큼 운필변용(運筆變容)의 생동미(生動美)를 자아내는 모란은 괴석(怪石)을 함께 그려 부귀공명(富貴功名)에 대한 욕망과 문사적(文士的) 취향을 동시에 만족시켰고, 이후 가전(家傳)되어 '운임산방(雲林山房)'의 대표적 화목(畵目)이 되었다. 그의 토착화된 화풍(畵風)과 회화(繪畵) 심미(審美)는 200여년의 5대(代) 직계(直系) 화맥(畵脈)을 형성하여 지금까지 현대 한국화단에 큰 영향을 끼치고 있다.