• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 1991

The longitudinal changes on human milk volume per day and lactational performance of Korean primiparae(n=9) and multiparae(n=6) from 0.5 month to 5 months after parturition have been studied by test-weighing method. The human milk volume per day tended to increase during lactation. The mean volume to the 3rd month of lactation was 643m1 for primiparae and 654m1 for multiparae, and it was 647 $\pm$ 182m1 for both of them. The mean volume to the 5th month of lactation was 648m1 for primiparae and 668m1 for multiparae, and it was 658$\pm$186$m\ell$ for both of them. The peak volume was observed at the 1st month of lactation in 8 women of 15 lactating women, that is, 53.3% . The high distributions of the individual mean volume to the 5th month were found 550~650$m\ell$(40.0% ) and 650~750$m\ell$(26.7% ). and 13 women of 15 lactating women(86.6% ) were observed below 750m1. The number of feeding per day was 7.7~9.3 to the 5th month and the mean volume per feeding was 65~101$m\ell$. While the former tended to decreased, the latter increased during lactation. The human milk volume was correlated with the peak volume. but not with maternal age. weight before delivery. maternal height and birth weight. As mentioned above, the human milk volume of Koreans was about 658$\pm$ 186$m\ell$ and 86.6% of it was below 750$m\ell$. So the human milk volume, referred to as 800$m\ell$ in recommended dietary allowances for Koreans might be estimated over real amount. It is necessary to study according to regions. socioeconomic levels. maternal nutritional status and the early stage of lactation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.334-347
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• 2000

The present experiment was carried out to study the utilization of glucose in the mammary gland of crossbred Holstein cattle during feeding with different types of roughage. Sixteen first lactating crossbred Holstein cattle which comprised eight animals of two breed types, Holstein Friesian${\times}$Red Sindhi ($50{\times}50=50%$ HF) and Holstein Friesian${\times}$Red Sindhi ($87.5{\times}12.5=87.5%$ HF). They were divided into four groups of 4 animals each of the same breed. The utilization of glucose in the mammary gland was determined by measuring rates of glucose uptake and the incorporation of glucose into milk components in both groups of 50% HF and 87.5% HF animals feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw. In early lactation, there were no significant differences of the total glucose entry rate and glucose carbon recycling among groups of crossbred animals feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw. During lactation advance, the total glucose turnover rates and recycling of carbon glucose of crossbred HF animals feeding on urea treated rice straw were markedly higher than those of crossbred HF animals feeding on hay as roughage, whereas there were no significant changes for both groups of crossbred animals feeding on hay. The percentages and values of non-mammary glucose utilization showed an increase during lactation advance in the same group of both 50% HF and 87.5% HF animals. The percentage of glucose uptake for utilization in the synthesis of milk lactose by the mammary gland was approximately 62% for both groups of 87.5% HF and by approximately 55% for both groups of 50% HF animals feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw. Intracellular glucose 6-phosphate metabolized via the pentose phosphate pathway accounted for the NADPH (reducing equivalent) of fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland being higher in 87.5% HF animals during mid-lactation. A large proportion of metabolism of glucose via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway in the mammary gland was more apparent in both groups of 50% HF animals than those of 87.5 % HF animals during early and mid-lactation while it markedly increased for both groups of 87.5% HF animals during late lactation. It can be concluded that utilization of glucose in the mammary gland occurs in a different manner for 50% HF and 87.5% HF animals feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw. The glucose utilization for biosynthetic pathways in the mammary gland of 50% HF animals is maintained in a similar pattern throughout the periods of lactation. A poorer lactation persistency in both groups of 87.5% HF animals occurs during lactation advance, which is related to a decrease in the lactose biosynthetic pathway.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1338-1350
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• 2012

This review focuses on the nutritional effects from birth until age at first calving on growth, mammary developmental changes, and first-lactation milk yield in heifer calves. The advancement in the genetic potential and the nutritional requirements of the animals has hastened the growth rate. Genetic selection for high milk yield has suggested higher growth capacity and hence increasing nutritional inputs are required. Rapid rearing by feeding high energy or high concentrate diets not only reduces the age of sexual maturity but also lowers the time period of attaining the age of first calving. However, high energy diets may cause undesirable fat deposition thereby affecting future milk yield potential. Discrepancies exist whether overfed or overweight heifers at puberty can influence the mammary development and future milk yield potential and performance. The data on post-pubertal nutritional management suggested that body weight at calving and post-pubertal growth rate is important in first lactation milk yield. There is a continuous research need for strategic feeding that accelerates growth of dairy heifers without reduction in subsequent production. Nutritional management from birth, across puberty and during pregnancy is critical for mammary growth and for producing a successful cow. This review will mostly highlight studies carried out on dairy breeds and possible available opportunities to manipulate nutritional status from birth until age at first calving.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 1985

Changes in fatty acid composition of phospholipids from human milk during the course of lactation were determined in milk from Korean lactating mothers giving birth at term. The levels of 8 : 0 increased significantly from colostral to transitional stages with a further small decrease at mature stage. The proportions of 10 : 0, 12 : 0 and 14 : 0 increased markedly from colostrum to transitional to mature milk. The w6-derived long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, 20 : 2w5, 20 : 4w6 and 22 : 4w5, were decreased with time of lactation. The levels of 24 : 1w9 were significantly higher in transitional milk than in colostrum and then significantly decreased to lowers than the colostral levels at mature milk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.974-981
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• 1993

The longitudinal changes on contents of calcium, phosphorous and magnesium of breast milk of 23 Korean lacto-ovo-vegetarians(primiparae=11, multiparae=12) at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 months postpartum have been studied. The mean ash content of breast milk per 100ml was 0.21g in total lactating women(n=23), and it decreased significantly during lactation(p<0.05). The mean calcium, phosphorous and magnesium contents of breast milk per 100ml were 26.83mg, 14.01mg and 2.72mg, respectively. Body calcium and phosphorous contents decreased significantly during lactation(p<0.05), but magnesium content tended to increase during lactation. There were no significant differences in ash, calcium, phosphorous and magnesium contents between primiparae and multiparae. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus was about 1.95:1 in breast milk and 0.62 : 1 in maternal dietary intake. In calcium and phosphorous, no correlation was found between maternal dietary intake and the concentration in breast milk. This study suggests that the contents of calcium, phosphorous and magnesium in lacto-ovo-vegetarian breast milk are not different from the concentrations of those in non-vegetarian.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.769-773
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• 1998

Genetic advances, changes in housing systems and new management strategies have made it necessary to thoroughly review conventional nutritional programs. The approach has changed from one of feeding to permit gradual depletion of fat and protein tissues to one of feeding to maintain long-term nutritional balance. Increasingly the sow is viewed as a dynamic system that can be described by a mathematical model. There is opportunity to improve the initial models through research to provide a better understanding of metabolism and key physiological events in the sow's reproductive life. Direct experimentation remains a very important tool for defining nutritional requirements. Recent data supports increases in amino acid recommendations during lactation. Voluntary feed intake remains an intractable problem during lactation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.405-413
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• 1993

The longitudinal changes on human milk volume of 27 Korean lactating women (primiparae=10, multiparac=17) from 0.5 to 6 months after parturition have been studied by test-weighing method in Cheongju and Anseong area. The human milk volume per day increased to 2 months postpartum, and then decreased during lactation. The mean volume(g/day) at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months were 634, 810, 847, 840, 844, 810, and 732g, respectively. The average volume were 791 ($\pm$149) and 786($\pm$131)g for primiparae and multiparae, respectively. The overall mean volume was 788$\pm$135g/day. The distributions of the individual mean volume during the first 6 months of lactation were found 450~549g(3.7%), 550~649g(11.1%), 650~749g(22.2%), 750~849%(37.1%), 850~949g(18.6%), 950~1049g(3.7%), and 1050~1149g(3.7%). The mean volume between primiparae and multiparase was significantly lower than other periods. The peak milk volume during the lactation was observed at 3 months postpartum for primiparae(40%), 2 months postpartum for multiparae(35.3%), and 2 months postpartum for total lactating women(29.6%). The volume of human milk had a significant positive correlation with peak volume and infant milk intake, but no correlation with maternal age, weight before delivery, height, and birth weight.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.16-22
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• 2003

BBP (Butyl benzyl phthalate), a widely used plasticizer. can enter the food and environment as consequence of its manufacture, use, and disposal. BBP was found to be developmental and teratogenic or endocrine disrupting chemical in rats. The effects of BBP were investigated in female rats (P) and second generation (F1) via lactations. Sprague-Dawley were given BBP by oral administration at 0, 5, 10, 100, 1000 mg/kg on day 0 to 21 of lactation period. The results were as follows : At maternal findings, there were some significant changes (p<0.05) in relative organ weight, especially liver and uterus weight by BBP administration. In estrous cycle, high treated group was inclined to be proestrus or estrus compared to control group. BBP indues estrous cycle earlier than the control group. At fetal findings, there were some significant changes in relative liver and spleen weight, especially 100, 1000 mg/kg administered groups. The relative weight of ventral prostate was decreased, so it was represent to dose-response tendency. Parent rats (P) were detected monobenzyl phthalate (MBeP) 3.21~5.81 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml in 100, 1000 mg/kg dose groups. MBeP of male and female fetuses (F1) were detected at the level of 1.21~2.63 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of serum. Male serum concentration oi MBeP was higher than the females'. Estrogen receptor $\alpha$ expression by BBP and bisphenol A in uterus and testis of F1 were studied. The ER$\alpha$ expression were increased in F1 male testis and female uterus. F1 male showed distint ER$\alpha$ expression, especially in the combined exposrue. Synergistic ER$\alpha$ expression was found by combined treatment group of BBP and bisphenol A. From the above results, it could be concluded that the effects of dams and F1 by BBP administration during lactation period were estrogenic, and BBP can transfer to F1 via lactation, and make estrogenic at F1 reproductive organs.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.111-127
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• 2005

Objective : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Mokhyangsaenghwa-tang (MS) and Mokhyangsaenghwa-tang plus Cervi Pantotrichum Cornu (MS-C) on postpartum recovery and lactation. Materials and Methods : We used 18-week pregnant Spraque Dawley rats and administered the decoctions of MS and MS-C to rats once a day for 4 days or 8 days. Then we observed changes in the body weight of pup rats and complete blood cell count, liver function test, renal function test, mammary gland tissue, level of serum prolactin, ${\beta}-casein$ and WAP of postpartum rats. Result : A significant increase in body weight was observed in MS-C treated pup rats compared with in MS treated group. The levels of WBC and platelet from MS group and MS-C group were decreased compared with the control group. The levels of RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit from MS group and MS-C group showed statistically significant increases compared with the control group. The levels of protein, albumin from MS group and MS-C group were increased compared with the control group. The levels of BUN, creatinine from MS group and MS-C group did not show statistically significant changes compared with the control group. The mammary gland tissues from MS group and MS-C group showed increased angiogenesis. The levels of serum prolactin from MS group and MS-C group were increased compared with the control group. The expression of ${\beta}-casein$ and WAP genes from postpartum rats treated with MS and MS-C was increased. Conclusion : This study shows that MS and MS-C improved postpartum recovery and lactation in rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.983-988
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between bovine casein (CN) mRNA expression levels in mammary epithelial cells and lactation period, the yields of milk proteins and other parameters. The cells were collected from each cow's milk, which contained somatic cell counts (SCC) of less than 100,000 cells/ml. The levels of ${\alpha}s1-$, ${\alpha}s2-$, ${\beta}$- and ${\kappa}$-CN mRNA expression were significantly correlated with each other in mammary epithelial cells (p<0.01). All cows produced either less than 30 kg/day/cow or a over 30 kg/day/cow level of milk yield (MY). It was shown that the CN mRNA expression levels decreased gradually from the calving period to late lactation, when MY was over 30 kg/day/cow. The SCC tended to increase gradually during the course of lactation, but it was negatively correlated with milk protein and CN yields (p<0.01) when MY was less than 30 kg/day/cow. Moreover, there was a tendency for a negative correlation between SCC and ${\alpha}s1$-CN and ${\beta}$-CN mRNA expression level, when MY was less than 30 kg/day/cow (p<0.05).