• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.144-154
• /
• 1994

Final goal of periodontal treatment is to reconstruct the destructed periodontal tissue as well as to remove the necrotic pathologic elements. The purpose of this study is to investigate on the effect of Zizyphi extract to the inhibitory ability on collagenolytic activity of P gingivalis, biologic activity of gingival fibroblasts, and on the collagen and protein synthesis of gingival fibroblasts. Gingival fibroblast from giniva of first bicuspids from patient for orthodontic treatment were used and cultured. For the measurement of inhibitory ability of collagenolytic activity, crude enzyme was extracted and used on the basis of modified Ono's method. On the inhibition of collagenolytic enzyme from herbal extracts, collagenokit CLN-100 were used. The cellular activity of gingival fibroblast, were studied using MTT solution and measured optical density on 570mm by ELISA reader. To measure the effects on the ability of whole protein and collagen synthesis, cell membrane was destructed with ultrasonic grinder after culturing, centrifuged and counted by liquid scintilation counter. The inhibitory effects on producing of $IL-l{\beta}$ by monocyte, after promotion of producing $IL-l{\beta}$ by LPS, were compared with the mixture of herbal extracts and other drugs using thymocyte stimulation assay. About inhibitory effects of $PGF_2$. by gingival fibroblasts, herbal extract was compared with the addition of the other control groups using enzyme imunoassay. On the inhibition of collagenolytic activity by P. gingivalis, benzene extracts showed the most efficient inhibitory effects among the $19{\mu}g/ml$ of the compared extracts and 40.5% by Tetracycline. On the cellular activity promoting effects, compared extracts showed a bit of more effects than PDGF of $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration and IGF of $20{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. All of the PDGF, IGF, Zizyphi Fructus extract should increase in collagen synthesis, but especially 70% ethylalcohol extracts of Zizyphi Fructus showed comparably high effects among the compared extracts. Effects on whole protein synthesis were slightly increased on every extract but especially 70% ethylalcohol extract showed significantly effective than any other estract. On the inhibitory effects of Zizyphi Fructus $IL-l{\beta}$ production by monocyte, compared extracts showed 70% of highly inhibitory effect than that of 60% inhibition effects on controlled group and each extracts showed no significant difference. In $PGF_2$ production inhibitroy effect of Zizyphi Fructus gingival fibroblasts, Herbal extracts showed 70% of inhibition comparing with tat of 90.2% of controlled group, but each extracts showed similar effects excluding the $H_2O$ extracts. These results suggested that Zizyphi Fructus might be useful medicine for inhibition of inflammatory mediator including $IL-l{\beta}$ and $PGF_2$.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.297-305
• /
• 2014

Red ginseng (RG) contains specific ginsenosides (Rg2, Rg3) which show various pharmacological effects and absorption rate in the body better than panax ginseng. Therefore many people have been used it for health for a long time. Furthermore, many researchers have been studying its biological activities for a long times because fermentation generates lots of beneficial small molecules good for health. In this study, we fermented red ginseng with mycelium of Leatiporus sulphures var. miniatus for 7 days. As a result, we found that three ginsenosides Rg1, Re and Rb2 were decreased from 0.24, 0.25, 0.16 mg/g to 0.12, 0.1, 0.03 mg/g respectively HPLC analysis. In addition, we studied biological activities of fermented red ginseng (FRG) about skin ageing such as anti-inflammation, cell migration, anti-oxidation, collagen type 1 synthesis, and MMP-1 inhibition activities. As a result, FRG were shown higher anti-inflammatory and cell migration promoting activities than RG. FRG inhibited production of nitric oxide (NO) and mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and decreased interleukin (IL)-6 induced by LPS stimulation in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, this study suggest that FRG could be a potential source as a new natural anti-inflammatory agent.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.17 no.1 s.81
• /
• pp.105-109
• /
• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the biological effects oak wood vinegar. Antimicrobial activity was tested in five microbial species at the concentration of 5 to $50{\mu}l$ of oak wood vinegar by paper disc method. Growth of P. oleovoranse, P. vulgaris, E. coli, S. aureus and Prevotella intermedia was inhibited at a dose of as low as $50{\mu}l$ of oak wood vinegar. Antioxidant activities were measured by using DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activity. DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activities were 90% and 65% at the concentration of $25{\mu}l\;and\;50{\mu}l$ of oak wood vinegar, respectively. Stimulation of the macrophages RAW264.7 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in increased production of nitric oxide (NO) in the medium. However, the oak wood vinegar showed marked inhibition of NO synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. This result suggest that oak wood vinegar plays significant role for activation of immune system in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.24 no.8
• /
• pp.1122-1128
• /
• 2017

Pumpkin has long been used as traditional health materials in oriental medicine, pharmacy, medicine, and food industries in many countries. In this study, the water extract and two active components from tendril of young C. moschata Duch. were investigated on inflammation inhibitory activity. The water extract of young C. moschata Duch. showed high cell viability over 95% and it decreased the production of interlukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-${\alpha}$) in the capacity of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Also, isolated fraction (B4) suppressed the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$. Among the domestically cultivated pumpkins, B4 fraction contained in the tendril part of them and it comprised of the order of tendril from Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica, old of C. moschata Duch., and young of C. moschata Duch. These results suggest that water extracts of C. moschata Duch. and purified active compound, rutin, show anti-inflammation activity by suppression of the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$. It can be applicable as pharmaceutical materials.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.246-256
• /
• 2022

The present study focused on the potential mechanism of betulin (BT), a pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from the bark of white birch (Betula pubescens), against chronic alcohol-induced lipid accumulation and metaflammation. AML-12 and RAW 264.7 cells were administered ethanol (EtOH), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or BT. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed Lieber-DeCarli liquid diets containing 5% EtOH for 4 weeks, followed by single EtOH gavage on the last day and simultaneous treatment with BT (20 or 50 mg/kg) by oral gavage once per day. In vitro, MTT showed that 0-25 mM EtOH and 0-25 µM BT had no toxic effect on AML-12 cells. BT could regulate sterolregulatory-element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), lipin1/2, P2X7 receptor (P2X7r) and NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) expressions again EtOH-stimulation. Oil Red O staining also indicated that BT significantly reduced lipid accumulation in EtOH-stimulated AML-12 cells. Lipin1/2 deficiency indicated that BT might mediate lipin1/2 to regulate SREBP1 and P2X7r expression and further alleviate lipid accumulation and inflammation. In vivo, BT significantly alleviated histopathological changes, reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and triglyceride (TG) levels, and regulated lipin1/2, SREBP1, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α/γ (PPARα/γ) and PGC-1α expression compared with the EtOH group. BT reduced the secretion of inflammatory factors and blocked the P2X7r-NLRP3 signaling pathway. Collectively, BT attenuated lipid accumulation and metaflammation by regulating the lipin1/2-mediated P2X7r signaling pathway.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.269-276
• /
• 2023

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the development of safer and more effective soothing materials to calm skin that has become sensitive to various external factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the skin soothing and anti-inflammatory effects of COMPAREX compared to Portulaca Oleracea extract. The results showed that COMPAREX significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production and the expression of inflammatory factors iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 more than P. oleracea extract. In addition, COMPAREX has been confirmed to have a more effective sedative effect by further inhibiting the gene and protein expression of IL-1α against SDS stimulation than the Portulaca Oleracea extract. Furthermore, COMPAREX inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors COX-2 and IL-8 increased by PM_2.5 and suppressed H₂O₂-mediated carbonylated protein in hair cell. These results suggest that COMPAREX has shown the potential to be used as an improved natural soothing material over P. oleracea extract, and it is expected to be used as a derma cosmetic material in the future.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.321-339
• /
• 1994

The cytokines released by osteoblasts induce bone resorption via the differentiation of osteoclast precursors. In this process, $interleukin-1{\beta}$($IL-1{\beta}$)-induced bone resorption is mediated by granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulation factor(GM-CSF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$($TNF-{\alpha}$) released from osteoblasts. Since these cytokines (GM-CSF, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$) are produced by not only osteoblasts but also monocytes, and interleukin-10(I1-10) inhibits the secretion of these cytokines from monocytes, it may be speculated that IL 10 could modulate the production of GM-CSF, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ by osteoblasts, then control $IL-1{\beta}-induced$ bone resorption. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to examine the effects of IL-10 on bone resorption. The sixten or seventeen-day pregnant ICR mice were injected with $^{45}Ca$ and sacrificed one day after injection. Then fetal mouse calvaria prelabeled with $^{45}Ca$ were dissected out. In order to confirm the degree of bone resorption, mouse calvaria were treated with Lipopolysaccharide(LPS), $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\alpha}$, IL-8, $IL-1{\beta}$, and $IL-1{\alpha}$, Then, IL-10 and $interferon-{\gamma}$ ($IFN-{\gamma}$) were added to calvarial medium, in an attempt to evaluate the effect of $IL-1{\beta}-induced$ bone resorption. In addition, osteoclasts formation in bone marrow cell cultures, and the concentration of IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and GM-CSF produced from mouse calvarial cells were investigated in response to $IL-1{\beta}$ alone and simultaneously adding f $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-10. The degree of bone resorption was expressed as the ratio of $^{45}Ca$ release(the treated/the control). The osteoclasts in bone marrow cultures were indentified by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP) stain and the concentration of the cytokines was quantified using enzyme linked immunosorbent method. As results of these studies, bone resorption was induced by LPS(1 ng/ml ; the ratio of $^{45}Ca$ release, $1.14{\pm}0.07$). Also $IL-1{\beta}$(1 ng/ml), $IL-1{\alpha}$(1 ng/ml), and $TNF-{\alpha}$(1 ng/ml) resulted in bone resorption(the rations of $^{45}Ca$ release, $1.61{\pm}0.26$, $1.77{\pm}0.03$, $1.20{\pm}0.15$ respectively), but IL-8 did not(the ratio of $^{45}Ca$ release, $0.93{\pm}0.21$). The ratios of $^{45}Ca$ release in response to IL-10(400 ng/ml) and $IFN-{\gamma}$(100 ng/ml) were $1.24{\pm}0.12$ and $1.08{\pm}0.04$ respectively, hence these cytokines inhibited $IL-1{\beta}$(1 ng/ml)-induced bone resorption(the ratio of $^{45}Ca$ release $1.65{\pm}0.24$). While $IL-1{\beta}$(1 ng/ml) increased the number of TRAP positive multinulcleated cells in bone marrow cultures($20{\pm}11$), simultaneously adding $IL-1{\beta}$(1 ng/ml) and IL-10(400 ng/ml) decreased the number of these cells($2{\pm}2$). Nevertheless, IL-10(400 ng/ml) did not affect the IL-6, GM-CSF, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion from $IL-1{\beta}$(1 ng/ml)-activated mouse calvarial cells. From the above results, it may be suggested that IL-10 inhibites $IL-1{\beta}-induced$ osteoclast differntiation and bone resorption. However, the inhibitory effect of IL-10 on the osteoclast formation seems to be mediated not by the reduction of IL-6, GM-CSF, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production, but by other mechanisms.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.175-186
• /
• 1997

Purpose : To evaluate the qualitative immunologic changes by ionizing radiation. we studied the altered capacities of the macrophages and lymphocytes to produce cytokines in conjunction with resistance to Listeria monocytegenes (LM) infection in mice Materials and Methods : BALB/c mice and Listeria monocytogenes were used. The mice were infected intraperitoneally with $10^5LM$ at 1 day after irradiation (300cGy) and sacrificed at 1, 3, 5 days after infection, and then the numbers of viable LM per spleen in the irradiated and control group were counted. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-\alpha$), interferon-gamma ($IFN-\gamma$). interleukin-2 (IL-2), and nitric oxide (NO) were assessed after irradiation. Results : Under gamma-ray irradiation with a dose range of 100-850cGy, the number of total splenocytes decreased markedly in a dose-dependent manner, while peritoneal macrophages did so slightly Cultured peritoneal macrophages produced more $TNF-\alpha$ in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during the 24 hours after in vitro irradiation, but their capacity of $TNF-\alpha$ Production showed a decreased tendency at 5 days after in vivo total body irradiation. With 100cGy and 300cGy irradiation, cultured peritoneal macrophages produced more NO in the presence of LPS during the 24 hours after in vitro irradiation than without irradiation. Activated splenocytes from irradiated mice (300cGy) exhibited a decreased capacity to Produce IL-2 and $IFN-\gamma$ with Concavalin-A stimulation at 3 days after irradiation. When BALB/c mice were irradiated to the total body with a dose of 300cGy, they showed enhanced resistance during early innate phase, but a significant inhibition of resistance to LM was found in the late innate and acquired T-cell dependent phases. Conclusion : These results su99es1 that increased early innate and decreased late innate and acquired immunity to LM infection by ionizing radiation (300cGy) may be related to the biphasic altered capacity of the macrophages to produce $TNF-\alpha$ and the decreased capacities of the lymphocytes to produce IL-2 and $IFN-\gamma$ in addition to a marked decrease in the total number of cells.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.141-146
• /
• 2008

Ixeris sonchifolia Hance (Godulbaegi), Oenanthe javanica (Dolminari), Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Buckwheat>, Hizikia fusiforme (Seaweed Fusiforme) and Zingiber ojficinale Roscoe (Ginger) have been used respectively as one of folk remedies as well as food materials. However, reportedly few studies on their immunomodulating effects have been made, although it has been known from other preceding studies that the ex vivo supplementation of each Ish, OJ, Fem, Hf, Zor water extracts tends to enhance the proliferation of splenocyte in comparison to the control group. This study on the combined immunomodulative effect of water extract mixture of these five food materials (Ish + Oj + Fem +Hf+Zor) lasted covering seven or eight weeks. The old mice (balb/c) was fed ad libitum on chow diet, and the water extract of plant mixture was orally administrated every other day for four weeks at two different concentrations (50 and 500 mg/kg B.W) . After preparing the single cell suspension, the proliferation of splenocyte was determined by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y]-2,5-diphenyl terazolium bromide) assay. The production of cytokine ($IL-{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$) which was secreted by macrophages stimulated with LPS or not was detected by ELISA assay using the cytokine kit. After the 48 hours of incubation with the mitogen (ConA or LPS) stimulation, the proliferation of the mice splenocyt in the experimental group statisticaly increased at both of two different concentrations in comparison to the control group. The cytokines production was more significantly enhanced at the lower supplementation (50 mg/kg B.W.) group than at the higher concentration (500 mg/kg B.W.). The result of this study may suggest that the supplementation of water extract of plant mixture can regulate and enhance the immune function by increasing the splenocyte proliferation and regulating the cytokine production capacity by the activated macrophages in mice.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.629-636
• /
• 2013

This study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of methanol extract from the leaves of Picrasma quassioides BENNET (PLME). The antioxidant effects of PLME were measured based on polyphenol and flavonoid contents. PLME was found to have $367.52{\mu}g/mg$ and $46.61{\mu}g/mg$ high polyphenol and flavonoid contents. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) was measured by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In order to effectively anti-inflammatory agents, we examined the inhibitory effects on the production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO and $PGE_2$ in RAW 264.7 cells. PLME significantly decreased the production of NO and $PGE_2$ in a dose-dependent manner, and also reduced the expression of iNOS, a COX-2 protein. In addition, PLME reduced the NF-${\kappa}B$, $I{\kappa}B$ phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 cells upon stimulation with LPS (100 ng/ml) for 24 h. These results provide evidence for the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Picrasma quassioides leaves.