• Clean Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2024

Globally, the demand for electric vehicles has surged due to greenhouse gas regulations related to climate change, leading to an increase in the production of used batteries as a consequence of the battery life issue. This study aims to selectively leach and recover valuable metal lithium from the cathode material of spent LFP (LiFePO₄) batteries among lithium-ion batteries. Generally, the use of inorganic acids results in the emission of toxic gases or the generation of large quantities of wastewater, causing environmental issues. To address this, research is being conducted to leach lithium using organic acids and other leaching agents. In this study, selective leaching was performed using the organic acid methane sulfonic acid (MSA, CH₃SO₃H). Experiments were conducted to determine the optimal conditions for selectively leaching lithium by varying the MSA concentration, pulp density, and hydrogen peroxide dosage. The results of this study showed that lithium was leached at approximately 100%, while iron and phosphorus components were leached at about 1%, verifying the leaching efficiency and the leaching rates of the main components under different variables.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.87-94
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• 2022

This paper seeks to raise inflection points of battery manufacturing bases in Korea in the V4 region through the reorganization of new industrial technologies in accordance with ESG. As a result, the global supply chain market is cut off. The Russian-Ukraine war and the U.S.-China hegemony are competing in the economic crisis caused by COVID-19. It is showing diversification of new suppliers in an environment where mineral, grain procurement, gas, and even wheat imports from China and Russia are not possible. As a protective glocal, this area is used as a buffer zone(Pro-Russia, Hungary). to an isolated zone(anti-Russia, Poland) by war. In this paper, economic growth is expected to slow further due to the EU tapering period and high inflation in world countries. Due to these changes, the conversion of new tech industry and the contraction of Germany's structure due to energy supply may lose the driving force for economic growth over the past 20 years. This is caused by market disconnection(chasm) in the nominal indicators in this area. On the other hand, Korea should actively develop into the V4 area as an energy generation export (nuclear and electric hydrogen generation) area as a bypass development supply area due to the imbalance in the supply chain of rare earth materials that combines AI. By linking this industry, the energy platform can be scaled up and reliable supply technology (next generation BT, recycling technology) in diversification can be formed in countries around the world. This paper proves that in order to overcome the market chasm caused by the industries connection, new energy development and platform size can be achieved and reliable supply technology (next-generation battery and recycling technology, Low-cost LFP) can be diversified in each country.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.40-48
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• 2022

In waste lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, the cathode material contains approximately 4% lithium. Recycling the constituent elements of batteries is important for resource circulation and for mitigating the environmental pollution. Li contained in the waste LFP cathode powder was selectively leached using persulfate-based oxidizing agents, such as sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, and ammonium persulfate. Leaching efficiency and waste LFP powder properties were compared and analyzed. Pulp density was used as a variable during leaching, which was performed for 3 h under each condition. The leaching efficiency was calculated using the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis of the leachate. All types of persulfate-based oxidizing agents used in this study showed a Li leaching efficiency over 92%. In particular, when leaching was performed using (NH₄)₂S₂O₈, the highest Li leaching percentage of 93.3% was observed, under the conditions of 50 g/L pulp density and an oxidizing agent concentration of 1.1 molar ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2014

In the study, a room temperature ionic liquids as a co-solvent was used to evaluate the feasibility with various electrodes in Li-ion batteries. 1-Ethyl-1-methyl piperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide(PP12 TFSI) is an ionic liquid that melts at $85^{\circ}C$. Pure PP12 TFSI is not able to be used as an electrolyte because it is a solid salt at room temperature. PP12 TFSI is mixed with EC/DEC(1/1 vol.%) to prepare mixed solvents. The electrolyte 1.5M $LiPF_6$ in a mixed solvent having 44 wt.% PP12 TFSI is prepared to evaluated the various electrodes. The electrolytes provides good cycles life of cells with $LiNi_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4(LNMO)$, $LiFePO_4(LFP)$, $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}(LTO)$ and artificial graphite. Further improvement of the cell performances can be accomplished by enhancing wettability of electrolytes to electrodes.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-30
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• 2021

This is an investigation for a more electric regional aircraft, considering the ATR 72 aircraft as an example and the electrification of its four double slotted flaps, which were estimated to require an energy of 540 Wh for takeoff and 1780 Wh for landing, with a maximum power requirement of 35.6 kW during landing. An analysis and evaluation of three energy harvesting systems has been carried out, which led to the recommendation of a combination of a piezoelectric and a thermoelectric harvesting system providing 65% and 17%, respectively, of the required energy for the actuators of the four flaps. The remaining energy may be provided by a solar energy harvesting photovoltaic system, which was calculated to have a maximum capacity of 12.8 kWh at maximum solar irradiance. It was estimated that a supercapacitor of 232 kg could provide the energy storage and power required for the four flaps, which proved to be 59% of the required weight of a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery while the supercapacitor also constitutes a safer option.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.156-165
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• 2017

This study quantitatively assessed the environmental impacts of fuel cell (FC) systems by performing life cycle assessment (LCA) and analyzed their energy efficiencies based on energy return on investment (EROI) and electrical energy stored on investment (ESOI). Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) system and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system were selected as the fuel cell systems. Five different paths to produce hydrogen ($H_2$) as fuel such as natural gas steam reforming (NGSR), centralized naptha SR (NSR(C)), NSR station (NSR(S)), liquified petroleum gas SR (LPGSR), water electrolysis (WE) were each applied to the FCs. The environmental impacts and the energy efficiencies of the FCs were compared with rechargeable batteries such as $LiFePO_4$ (LFP) and Nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH). The LCA results show that MCFC_NSR(C) and PEMFC_NSR(C) have the lowest global warming potential (GWP) with 6.23E-02 kg $CO_2$ eq./MJ electricity and 6.84E-02 kg $CO_2$ eq./MJ electricity, respectively. For the impact category of abiotic resource depletion potential (ADP), MCFC_NGSR(S) and PEMFC_NGSR(S) show the lowest impacts of 7.42E-01 g Sb eq./MJ electricity and 7.19E-01 g Sb eq./MJ electricity, respectively. And, the energy efficiencies of the FCs are higher than those of the rechargeable batteries except for the case of hydrogen produced by WE.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 2023

In recent years, solid-state Li metal batteries (SSLBs) have attracted significant attention as the next-generation batteries with high energy and power densities. However, uncontrolled dendrite growth and the resulting pulverization of Li during repeated plating/stripping processes must be addressed for practical applications. Herein, we report a plastic-crystal-based polymer/ceramic composite solid electrolyte (PCCE) to resolve these issues. To fabricate the one-side ceramic-incorporated PCCE (CI-PCCE) film, a mixed precursor solution comprising plastic-crystal-based polymer (succinonitrile, SN) with garnet-structured ceramic (Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂, LLZO) particles was infused into a thin cellulose membrane, which was used as a mechanical framework, and subsequently solidified by using UV-irradiation. The CI-PCCE exhibited good flexibility and a high room-temperature ionic conductivity of over 10^-3 S cm^-1. The Li symmetric cell assembled with CI-PCCE provided enhanced durability against Li dendrite penetration through the solid electrolyte (SE) layer than those with LLZO-free PCCEs and exhibited long-term cycling stability (over 200 h) for Li plating/stripping. The enhanced Li⁺ transference number and lower interfacial resistance of CI-PCCE indicate that the ceramic-polymer composite layer in contact with the Li anode enabled the uniform distribution of Li⁺ flux at the interface between the Li metal and CI-PCCE, thereby promoting uniform Li plating/stripping. Consequently, the Li//LiFePO₄ (LFP) full cell constructed with CI-PCCE demonstrated superior rate capability (~120 mAh g^-1 at 2 C) and stable cycle performance (80% after 100 cycles) than those with ceramic-free PCCE.