• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.157.1-157.1
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• 2012

1990년대 제안된 RTK(Real-Time Kinematics)는 GNSS/GPS 반송파 위상(carrier phase) 관측값을 이용한 방식으로 cm 수준의 정확도를 실시간으로 산출할 수 있어 측지 측량 등 다양한 분야에서 활용되고 있다. 그러나 한 가지 중요한 단점은 이 방식을 사용하는 기준국과 사용자는 10~20km 이내에 존재해야만 빠르고 신뢰할 수 있는 해를 산출할 수 있다는 점이다. 이는 궤도오차, 대류층 및 전리층 오차에 공간 상관성(spatially correlated) 있기 때문인데, 사용자 주변을 둘러싼 다중 기준국들의 측정치를 조합하여 보상하거나 모델링하여 줄이는 방식인 다중 기준국 네트워크 기반의 RTK 알고리즘이 제안되어 사용되고 있다. 다중 기준국 네트워크 기반의 RTK 프로세스에서 기준국간 미지정수 결정은 전 과정의 핵심 프로세스라고 할 수 있으며, 관련되어 많은 기술들이 제안되고 연구되어 왔다. 특히, 1980년대 말부터 현재까지 후처리 기반으로 꾸준하게 연구되고 있는 Blewitt에 의해 전리층 제거 조합과 Wide-lane 반송파 위상 조합을 활용한 미지정수 검색 방법이 대표적이며 이후에도 Gao, Colombo등 다양한 연구자에 의해 활용되었다. 이 연구에서는 실시간으로 다중 기준국 반송파 미지정수를 결정하는 기술에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. L1, L2 관측값 조합으로 인한 관측값의 잡음 수준이 증가하는 영향을 피하기 위해 L1, L2 반송파 위상 및 의사거리를 그대로 관측값으로 사용하여 사용자 위치 및 속도, 기준국간 이중 차분된 전리층 지연 수직성분, 대류층 wet 지연 수직 성분, 이중 차분된 미지정수를 미지의 상태변수로 확장 칼만필터를 통해 직접적으로 추정하는 방식으로 미지정수의 실수해를 결정하였고, 정수해는 실시간에 적합한 MLAMBDA 기법과 비율테스트를 통한 정수해 검정기법을 통해 결정하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.922-925
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• 2012

Single crystalline Au nanowires were successfully synthesized in a tube-type furnace. The Au nanowires were grown by vapor phase synthesis technique using solid-liquid-solid (SLS) mechanism on substrates of corning glass and Si wafer. Prior to Au nanowire synthesis, Au thin film served as both catalyst and source for Au nanowire was prepared by sputtering process. Average length of the grown Au nanowires was approximately 1 ${\mu}m$ on both the corning glass and Si wafer substrates, while the diameter and the density of which were dependent on the thickness of the Au thin film. To induce a super-saturated states for the Au particle catalyst and Au molecules during the Au nanowire synthesis, thickness of the Au catalyst thin film was fixed to 10 nm or 20 nm. Additionally, synthesis of the Au nanowires was carried out without introducing carrier gas in the tube furnace, and synthesis temperature was varied to investigate the temperature effect on the resulting Au nanowire characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.2
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• pp.235-240
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• 2006

Ionospheric scintillation induces a rapid change in the amplitude and phase of radio wave signals. This is due to irregularities of electron density in the F-region of the ionosphere. It reduces the accuracy of both pseudorange and carrier phase measurements in GPS/satellite based Augmentation system (SBAS) receivers, and can cause loss of lock on the satellite signal. Scintillation is not as strong at mid-latitude regions such that positioning is not affected as much. Severe effects of scintillation occur mainly in a band approximately 20 degrees on either side of the magnetic equator and sometimes in the polar and auroral regions. Most scintillation occurs for a few hours after sunset during the peak years of the solar cycle. This paper focuses on estimation of the effects of ionospheric scintillation on GPS and SBAS signals using a software receiver. Software receivers have the advantage of flexibility over conventional receivers in examining performance. PC based receivers are especially effective in studying errors such as multipath and ionospheric scintillation. This is because it is possible to analyze IF signal data stored in host PC by the various processing algorithms. A L1 C/A software GPS receiver was developed consisting of a RF front-end module and a signal processing program on the PC. The RF front-end module consists of a down converter and a general purpose device for acquiring data. The signal processing program written in MATLAB implements signal acquisition, tracking, and pseudorange measurements. The receiver achieves standalone positioning with accuracy between 5 and 10 meters in 2drms. Typical phase locked loop (PLL) designs of GPS/SBAS receivers enable them to handle moderate amounts of scintillation. So the effects of ionospheric scintillation was estimated on the performance of GPS L1 C/A and SBAS receivers in terms of degradation of PLL accuracy considering the effect of various noise sources such as thermal noise jitter, ionospheric phase jitter and dynamic stress error.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2006

carbon modified methods were used for the preconcentration and determination of copper in some real samples using the flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The copper ions was adsorbed quantitatively on the activated carbon due to their complexation with 4- amino-2, 3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazoline (ADMPP) or 4-(4- methoxybenzylidenimin) thiophenole (MBITP). The adsorbed copper on solid phase was eluted quantitatively using small amount of nitric acid. The influence of important parameters including pH, amount of carrier, flow rate, amount of activated carbon and type and concentration of eluting agent for obtaining maximum recovery were investigated. The methods based on ADMPP and MBITP at optimum conditions is linear over concentration range of 0.05-1.5 g mL-1 and 0.05-1.2 g mL-1 of copper with correlation coefficient of 0.9997 and 0.9994 and both detection limit of 1.4 ng mL-1, respectively. The preconcentration leads to enrichment factor of 310 and break through volume of 1550 mL for both ligands. The method has a good tolerance limit of interfering ion and a selectivity that has been successfully applied for the determination of copper content in real sample such as tap, spring, river and waste water.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.1509-1516
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• 2012

Nano-assisted inclusion separation of alkali metals from basic solutions was reported by inclusion-facilitated emulsion liquid membrane process. The novelty of this study is application of nano-baskets of calixarene in the selective and efficient separation of alkali metals as both the carrier and the surfactant. For this aim, four derivatives of $p-tert-calix$[4]arene bearing different sulfonamide moieties were synthesized and their inclusion-extraction parameters were optimized including the calixarene scaffold $\mathbf{3}$ (4 wt %) as the carrier/demulsifier, the commercial kerosene as diluent in membrane, sulphonic acid (0.2 M) and ammonium carbonate (0.4 M) as the strip and the feed phases, the phase and the treat ratios of 0.8 and 0.3, mixing speed (300 rpm), and initial solute concentration (100 mg/L). The selectivity of membrane over more than ten interfering cations was examined and the results reveled that under the optimized operating condition, the degree of inclusion-extraction of alkali metals was as high as 98-99%.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2011

The GPS new civil signal is modulated on the L2 carrier at a frequency of 1227.6MHz. The L2C signal is composed of two multiplexed code signals, which include CM code with a 10,230 chip sequency repeating every 20ms, and CL code which has a 767,250 chip sequency repeating every 1.5 seconds. Thus, the new civil signal have much improved cross correlation properties so that the position fixing can be possible even with very weak signals. However, it requires very long acquisition time because of its long code length. This paper presents an efficient signal acquisition method for L2C AGPS receiver. Snapshot mode and coarse time assistance are assumed and total integration time is given by 1.5 sec. By SNR worksheet and computer simulation, it is proven that L2C signal can be acquired with very weak power less than -150dBm. Considering the acquisition time and the sensitivity, it is recommended that the highest power signal is acquired with CM code first to reduce TTFF. By the timing synchronization, at this time, search space of the code phase for other signals can be greatly reduced so that CL code can be used in signal acquisition to maximize sensitivity with small computation.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1996.07b
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• pp.1301-1303
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• 1996

A new automatic frequency control(AFC) tracking algorithm, which we call a rotational decision directed AFC(RDDAFC) is proposed for QPSK demodulation at the digital direct broadcasting satellite(DBS). In order to prevent the presence of the residual phase difference between symbols received at k and k-l by the CPAFC[1] as well as the AFC based on $tan^{-1}$ circuit[2], the RDDAFC rotates the decision boundary for the kth received symbol by the frequency detector output of the (k-1)th received symbol before passing through the cross product discriminator. Test results show that the total pull-in time of the RDDAFC and PLL was 0.13msec under a carrier frequency offset of 2.4MHz when S/N equals 2dB.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2018

In recent years, the need of high accuracy navigation for vehicles has increased due to the development of autonomous driving vehicles and increase in land transportation convenience. This study is performed for vehicle users to achieve a performance of centimeter-level positioning accuracy by utilizing Compact Network Real-time Kinematic (RTK) that is applicable as a national-level infrastructure. To this end, medium-baseline RTK was implemented in real time to estimate accurate integer ambiguities between reference stations for reliable generation of Network RTK correction using the linear combination of carrier-phase observations and L1/L2 pseudo-range measurements. The residual tropospheric error was estimated in real time to improve the accuracy of double-differenced integer ambiguity resolution between network configuration reference stations that have at least 30 km or longer baseline distance. In addition, C++ based software was developed to enable real-time generation and broadcasting of Compact Network RTK correction information by utilizing an accurately estimated double-differenced integer ambiguity values. As a result, the horizontal and vertical 95% accuracy was 2.5cm and 5.2cm, respectively, without performance degradation due to user's position change within the network.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.464-470
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• 2006

Diblock copolymers consisting of methoxy Poly (ethylene glycol) (MPEG) and poly (${\epsilon}-ca$ prolactone) (PCL), poly(${\delta}-valerolactone$) (PVL), poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), or poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) were prepared to compare the characterization of diblock copolymers as a drug carrier. MPEG-PCL, MPEG-PVL, MPEG-PLLA, and MPEG-PLGA diblock copolymers were synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization of ${\epsilon}$-caprolactone or ${\delta}$-valerolactone in the presence of $HCl{\cdot}Et_2O$ as a monomer activator at room temperature and by the ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide or a mixture of L-lactide and glycolide in the presence of stannous octoate at $130^{\circ}C$, respectively. The synthesized diblock copolymers were characterized with $^1H-NMR$, GPC, DSC, and XRD. The micellar characterization of MPEG-polyester diblock copolymers in an aqueous phase was carried out by using NMR, dynamic light scattering, AFM, and fluorescence techniques. Most micelles exhibited a spherical shape in AFM. Thus, ore confirmed that the micelles formed with MPEG-polyester diblock copolymers have possibility as a potential hydrophobic drug delivery vehicle because a hydrophobic drug could be preferentially distributed in the micelle core.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.265-271
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• 2014

304L stainless steel sheets are used as a primary barrier for the insulation of membrane-type liquefied natural gas(LNG) carrier cargo containment system. 304L stainless steel is a transformation-induced-plasticity(TRIP) steel that exhibits complex material behavior, because it undergoes phase transformation during plastic deformation. Since the TRIP behavior is very important mechanical characteristics in a low-temperature environment, significant amounts of data are available in the literature. In the present study, a uniaxial tensile test for 304L stainless steel was performed to investigate nonlinear mechanical characteristics. In addition, a viscoplastic model and damage model is proposed to predict material fractures under arbitrary loads. The verification was conducted not only by a material-based comparative study involving experimental investigations, but also by a structural application to the LNG membrane of a Mark-III-type cargo containment system.