• Toxicological Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.191-201
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• 2015

We evaluated the inhibitory effect of Pueraria lobata root ethanol extract (PLREE) on lipid accumulation during 3T3-L1 differentiation to adipocytes by measuring the intracellular expression of adipogenic, lipogenic, and lipolytic markers and lipid accumulation. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content of PLREE were 47 and 29 mg/g, respectively. The electron donating capacity of PLREE at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ was 48.8%. Treatment of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes with 100, 250, or $500{\mu}g/mL$ PLREE for 8 days dose-dependently promoted the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. In contrast, the lipid content of PLREE-treated cells was significantly reduced by 7.8% (p < 0.05), 35.6% (p < 0.001), and 42.2% (p < 0.001) following treatment with 100, 250, and $500{\mu}g/mL$ PLREE, respectively, as compared to differentiated control cells. PLREE upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ mRNA and protein, and sterol regulator element-binding protein-1c mRNA levels, but did not affect CCAAT/enhancer binding-protein ${\beta}$ and ${\alpha}$ mRNA levels. PLREE also downregulated acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA and protein, fatty acid synthase (FAS) protein, and leptin mRNA levels, but did not affect FAS mRNA expression. PLREE upregulated adipose triglyceride lipase mRNA and protein expression, and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) protein expression, but did not affect HSL mRNA expression. In conclusion, we found that PLREE enhanced adipogenesis, but reduced lipogenesis, resulting in decreased lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.183-191
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• 2009

This study was to evaluate ecological health of Dongjin River in October 2007. The ecological health assessments was based on the Index of Biological Integrity (IBI), Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI), and water chemistry. For the study, the models of IBI and QHEI were modified as 8 and 11 metric attributes, respectively. We also analyzed spatial patterns of chemical water quality over the period of 2005${\sim}$2008, using the water chemistry dataset, obtained from the Ministry of Environment, Korea. In Dongjin River, values of IBI averaged 19 (n=3), which is judged as a "Fair" condition after the criteria of Barbour et al. (1999). There was a distinct spatial variation. IBI score at Site 1 was estimated as 28, indicating a "Good" condition whereas, IBI at Site 2 and Site 3 were as 18 and 12, indicating "Fair" and "Poor" condition, respectively. Habitat analysis showed that QHEI values in the river averaged 117 (n=3), indicating a "Fair${\sim}$Good" condition after the criteria of Barbour et al. (1999). Values of BOD and COD averaged 2.3 mg $L^{-1}$ (scope: 0.1${\sim}$8.9 mg $L^{-1}$) and 5.5 mg $L^{-1}$ (scope: 1.8${\sim}$12.6 mg $L^{-1}$), respectively during the study. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) averaged 2.7mg $L^{-1}$ and 0.127mg $L^{-1}$, respectively, and the nutrients showed large longitudinal gradients between the upper and lower reach. Overall, dataset of IBI, QHEI, and water chemistry showed that river health was a gradual decline at upstream to downstream. So, Dongjin River should be protected from habitat disturbance and chemical pollutions.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.115-132
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• 2012

In order to confirm ecological validity of D$\ddot{o}$rnyei's second language motivational self, the present study investigated 495 South Korean secondary school students' L2 learning motivation and motivated behavior by using a questionnaire survey. The participants' ideal L2 self, ought-to L2 self, integrativeness, and instrumentality were examined and compared to identify which motivational factor had the most effect on their motivated L2 learning behavior. Among Korean secondary school students, the concept of integrativeness was replaced with the ideal L2 self as a more appropriate concept for understanding Korean secondary school students' L2 learning motivation. As for instrumentality, promotional aspects demonstrated a significant correlation with both the ideal and ought-to L2 selves, whereas preventional aspects showed a relatively high correlation with the ought-to L2 self. The ideal L2 self had the most impact on the motivated behavior, and the ideal L2 self and ought-to L2 self reflected the students' different motivational characteristics. It is suggested that D$\ddot{o}$rnyei's (2005, 2009) L2 motivational self system can be a better psychological model than Gardner's (1985) socio-educational model for understanding Korean secondary school students' L2 learning motivation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 2015

A taxonomic review of Korean Laccophilus Leach is presented. Five species are recognized, three of which [L. hyalinus (De Geer), L. lewisius Sharp and L. minutus ($Linn{\acute{e}}$)] previously recorded in Korea are incorrect identification of L. vagelineatus Zimmermann, L. lewisioides Brancucci and L. difficilis Sharp, respectively. Habitus and SEM photographs, key and diagnoses of the species are provided.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.332-336
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• 2001

This paper is intended as an application of the biological rope media sedimentation tank using biodegradability of BAC(Biological activated carbon) to the drinking water treatment system for the removal of NOM. The removal of DOC(Dissolved organic carbon), UV absorbance(UV$\_$254/), and turbidity were evaluated under various operation condition of a biological rope media sedimentation tank such as raw water-media process (Media 1), ozonation-media process (Media 2), and ozonation-coagulation/sedimentation-media process (Media 3). The raw water had DOC concentration of 1.3∼3.4 mg/L, UV$\_$254/ of 0.027∼0.039 cm$\^$-1/, and turbidity of 0.3∼4.5 NTU, respectively. The average DOC concentration were 2.2 mg/L in media 1, 1.8 mg/L in media 2, and 1.3 mg/l in media 3 from raw water, respectively. On the other hand, the DOC concentration in conventional sedimentation tank was 1.5 mg/l. Higher removal of the DOC was noted in media 3 than media 1 and media 2. The UV$\_$254/ of the treated water were 0.037 cm$\^$-1/ in media 1, 0.027 cm$\^$-1/ in media 2, and 0.014 cm$\^$-1/ in media 3 from raw water, respectively The UV$\_$254/ in conventional sedimentation tank was 0.014 cm$\^$-1/ which is similar to that of media 3. Average turbidity of the treated water was 1.1 NTU in media 1, 0.9 NTU in media 2, and 0.5 NTU in media 3, respectively. It is expected that the biological rope media sedimentation tank is a good alternative over the conventional sedimentation process from these results.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 1996

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of plant growth regulators on in vitro flowering and micropropagation of Gentiana scabra Bunge which had been used the cut flower, pot flower ornamental and medicinal plants. Flower bud formation was affected by GA$_{3}$ and kinetin. The optimum concentrations for flower bud formation was observed at 0.5 mg/l kinetin and GA$_{3}$ , while kinetin was favorable. More flowerings result from the interaction of GA$_{3}$ and kinetin at in a combination of 0.1 mg/l kinetin + o.1 mg/l GA$_{3}$, but the optimum concentration of GA$_{3}$ and kinetin was decreased. All concentrations of kinetin with 0.1 mg/l GA$_{3}$ or O mg/l GA$_{3}$ + 0.5 mg/l kientin reduced t (weeks needed for 50% plantlets). The plantlet growth was affected by GA$_{3}$ and kinetin during plantlet culture. More lateral shots and better shoot length per plantlet were obtained as GA$_{3}$ and kinetin concentration were increased up to 1.0 mg/l. The number of per plantlet was greater increased in MS medium containing GA$_{3}$ than kinetin. Interaction was exhibited at lower concentration with 0.5mg/l GA$_{3}$ and kinetin, but not in higher concentration with 1.0 mg/l GA$_{3}$ and kinetin. Higher pod diameter increased seed germination, while lower pod diameter was obtained from abnormal plantlet. MA medium containing 0.5 mg/l GA$_{3}$ significantly increased germination without regard to pod diameter.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2001

Using mature seed-derived callus, optimal conditions for efficient callus growth and plant regeneration, and regeneration efficiency by callus type were investigated in zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica steud.). Callus induction was highest when the seeds were cultured on MS medium containing 2 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.2 mg/L BAP, 4 mg/L thiamine-HCl and 100 mg/L $\alpha$-ketoglutaric acid. Callus growth was highest when callus were cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.05 mg/L BAP, 4 mg/L thiamine-HCl and 100 mg/L $\alpha$-ketoglutaric acid. Plant regeneration was highest when callus was transferred on MS medium containing 3% maltose and 1 mg/L BAP, or 1 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ). The combinations and concentrations of 2,4-D and BAP were shown to be critical factors for both the frequency and the type of callus. And four morphologically distinct types of callus were induced from the 2,4-D and BAP treatment. Type I,II and III calli produced shoots upon subculture, while the watery callus, type IV produced roots without shoots. Of four types of callus, type I exhibited the maximum frequency (82%) of shoot regeneration and the minimum frequency (4%) of albinism.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.397-402
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• 2010

This study was conducted to find out the appropriate type and concentration of plant growth regulator for mass production of wild type Hydrangea serrata. And the optimal soaking time for rooting of the cuttings was also investigated. When the cuttings of Hydrangea serrata were cultivated for 6 weeks after immersing in $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of IBA for 3 hrs, the number of roots was 90.6. However the number was significantly decreased when the cuttings were treated with $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of IBA. The rooting ratio was 100% when the cuttings was immersed in 1,000, 2000 and $3000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of NAA solution for 5, 3 and 10 sec., respectively. Despite the perfect rooting, the number of roots was decreased. The number of roots was 105.5 when the cuttings were treated in $2,000\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of NAA for 5 sec., which was the highest number in NAA treatment. Overall, the rooting ratio and growth was better when the cutting was treated with low concentration of IBA ($50{\sim}250\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) than the treatment of NAA. And the most appropriate concentration and time fot the treatment of IBA was $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and 3 hrs, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to establish the in vitro propagation system by shoot tip culture of six Hosta species native to Korea (Hosta capitata (Koidz.) Nakai, H. clausa Nakai, H. jonesii M.G.Chung, H. minor (Baker) Nakai, H. venusta F.Maek., and H. yingeri S.B.Jones) for mass proliferation and a new cultivar development. The shoot tips of each Hosta species were cultured on MS medium containing eight combinations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/L BA with 0.1 mg/L NAA, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/L TDZ with 0.1 mg/L NAA, and without any PGRs (control). They were investigated on callus, somatic embryo, crown bud, differentiation and growth of shoot and root, total fresh weight after 8 weeks of culture. In all six Hosta species, callus and somatic embryo induction rate and multiple shooting rate of the PGRs treatment group were higher than that of the control group. The highest number of differentiated shoots were obtained on medium supplemented with 2.0 ㎎/L TDZ in H. capitata (5.4), 1.0 mg/L TDZ in H. clausa and H. jonesii (3.3 and 5.8, respectively), 0.5 mg/L BA in H. minor (11.1), 1.0 mg/L BA and 0.1 mg/L TDZ in H. venusta (8.1), and 0.5 mg/L TDZ in H. yingeri (9.8). In somatic embryo formation, the PGRs treatment group of H. jonesii and H. yingeri were more effective than the control group, and the effects were relatively less in H. capitata, H. clausa Nakai, H. minor, H. venusta. Crown bud formation of four Hosta species (H.capitata, H. clausa, H. jonesiig, and H. yingeri) were also higher in the PGRs treatment group than in the control group. Crown bud formation of four Hosta species (H.capitata, H. clausa, H. jonesiig, and H. yingeri) were also higher in the PGRs treatment group than in the control group. H. clausa showed no significant effect on callus and shoot differentiation regardless of the type and concentration of cytokinin, but slightly increased in formation of crown bud in TDZ.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.347-351
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• 2008

Rhizomes of Acorus gramineus Soland have been used as sedatives, analgesics, and stomachics in Korean medicine. Even though A. gramineus produced in Korea is known as having better efficacy of a remedy than that in China, its cultivation area has not increased because of the lack of seedlings. To solve this problem, seed propagation method was tested. Seeds were harvested and sowed three times in June, 2005. The best results showed at greenish yellow seed stage harvested in mid June, and its germination ratio was 90.7%. Seeds were well stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. As for in vitro culture, multiple shoots were induced first in MS basal medium supplemented with $2.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA plus $0.1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA, and then roots were induced in MS basal medium containing $0.1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA or $0.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA plus $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA. Growth of A. gramineus seedlings in Wonyesangto, potting material sold in markets for horticultural plants, was superior to vermiculite.