• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.52-58
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• 2011

난지형 잔디에 사용되는 덧 파종 초종으로는 퍼레니얼 라이그래스가 대표적으로 이용되어 있다. 그러나 덧 파종된 퍼레니얼 라이그래스는 여름철이 되어도 기존잔디와 경합으로 살아남는 개체가 많아 잔디 표면의 규일성을 떨어뜨리는 경우가 많으므로 인위적인 제거가 필요하다. 한국잔디는 Kerb에 의한 영향을 거의 받지 않은 반면에 퍼레니얼 라이그래스는 Kerb처리에 의하여 생육감소가 많았고 고사한 신초의 비율이 많이 높아지는 것으로 보아 퍼레니얼 라이그래스를 제거하기 위해서는 Kerb를 처리함이 효과적인 것으로 판단된다. 차광은 정도에 따라 영향은 다르지만 퍼레나얼 라이그래스의 생육을 향상시키고 Kerb에 의한 영향을 감소시켰다. 차광률이 75% 정도 되는 그늘에서는 Kerb 처리량이 $0.4\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}$이상이 되어야 퍼레니얼 라이그래스에서 고사되는 신초의 비율이 높고 생육이 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 햇빛의 투과량이 적은 그늘 조건하에서는 Kerb의 처리농도가 기준량 보다 더 높아져야 퍼레니얼 라이그래스를 효과적으로 제거할 수 있을 것으로 예측된다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

국내에서 사용하고 있는 대표적 한지형 잔디인 켄터키블루그라스, 퍼레니얼라이그라스 및 톨훼스큐의 발아실험 결과 초종, 품종 및 생육환경에 따라 발아특성 차이가 나타났는데 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 생육환경 차이에 따라 발아세, 발아속도 및 발아율 차이가 크게 나타나기 때문에 초종간 발아 특성을 파악해서 활용하는 것이 바람직하다. 또한 품종별 발아 경향 차이도 크기 때문에 동일 초종 안에서도 조성목적에 따라 품종별 발아특성을 고려한 선택이 절대적으로 필요하다. 2. 한지형 잔디의 초기 발아세 및 최종 발아율경향이 초종 및 품종에 따라 다르고, 또한 실무적으로 대면적을 적기에 파종하는 것은 쉽지가 않다. 하지만, 품종별 발아세 및 발아속도 특성은 중요하기 때문에 종자 파종량 결정시 초기 발아세 및 최종 발아율 결과를 동시에 검토해서 결정하는 것이 바람직하다. 3. 초종별 발아속도는 퍼레니얼라이그라스가 7∼10일로 가장 빨랐고, 켄터키블루그라스가 14 ∼21일로 가장 느렸다. 톨훼스큐는 켄터키블루그라스와 퍼레니얼라이그라스의 중간인 10∼14일 정도로 나타났다. 따라서, 조성 후 잔디품질 및 환경적응력보다도 파종후 급속 피복이 우선적으로 요구되는 곳에는 퍼레니얼라이그라스가 가장 적합하였다. 4. 실온, 변온 및 항온에 따라 퍼레니얼라이그라스 및 톨훼스큐 잔디는 초기 발아 경향 차이는 있었지만, 최종 발아율은 거의 비슷하였다. 이에 비해 켄터키블루그라스는 초기 발아 경향뿐만 아니라 최종 발아율도 차이가 크게 나타났다. 또한 켄터키블루그라스 품종간 차이도 커서 변온조건에서 최종 발아율이 91.7%였던 Midnight 품종은 실온 조건에서는 71.0%로 20% 정도, 그리고 항온 조건에서는 15.3%로 75% 정도 발아율이 감소하였다. 5. 따라서, 켄터키블루그라스로 잔디밭 조성시 조성 지역 및 파종 시점의 생육환경 분석 및 품종별 발아특성을 고려해서 전문가에 의한 초종선정과 파종량 결정을 하는 것이 양질의 잔디품질을 위해 절대적으로 필요하다. 6. 한지형 잔디 모두 발아환경에 따라 초기 발아속도, 발아경향 및 발아율 차이가 상당히 다르기 때문에 파종량 결정 시 ISTA규정의 표준 발아 실험에서 수행한 발아율 결과를 이용하는 것이 적절하다. 7. ISTA규정의 표준발아실험을 하기 어려운 경우에 저관리용으로 많이 쓰이는 퍼레니얼라이그라스 또는 톨훼스큐는 봄과 가을에 실온의 환경이 10∼$25^{\circ}C$ 사이의 자연적인 변온이 가능하다면 실온에서의 발아검정 결과를 간접적으로 활용할 수 있다. 8. 하지만, 고품질의 골프장 또는 경기장에 많이 쓰이고 있는 켄터키블루그라스는 생육환경에 따라 발아세 및 발아율 차이가 크기 때문에 변온조건의 생육상에서 4주간 발아검정이 반드시 필요하다. 9. 한지형 잔디의 발아율 검정 기간은 ISTA 규정에서 퍼레니얼라이그라스 및 톨훼스큐는 2주, 그리고 켄터키블루그라스는 4주이지만, 시공상 충분한 시험기간이 어려운 경우 퍼레니얼라이그라스는 10일, 톨훼스큐는 2주, 그리고 켄터키블루그라스는 3주 정도면 해당 종자의 90%전후 수준의 발아력 검정이 가능하다고 판단되었다. 10. 골프장이나 경기장 등 대면적의 잔디밭 조성시 선행 공정, 시공 상황 및 기후 등의 변수로 인해 대부분의 경우 적기 파종이 어려운 상황이다. 따라서, 장기적으로 켄터키블루그라스, 퍼레니얼라이그라스 및 톨훼스큐 초종별 여러가지 품종을 1일 간격으로 ISTA 규정의 변온조건 및 계절별 실온조건에서 발아세, 발아속도, 발아경향 및 발아율 등 발아검정 특성 시험을 하는 것이 필요하다. 그리고 이러한 검정시험을 통해 파악된 초종 및 품종별 발아특성과 함께 조성지의 발아온도를 올릴 수 있는 비닐피복 등의 방법을 실무현장에 활용 시 양질의 잔디 조성이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2016

The study was to introduce the revegetation measures for the improvement of the landscape in October, 2012 on the slope; two and four years after the introduction, the slope was examined to see the status of the revegetation. The result is as follows. The result from examining the soil on the slope, the soil was Loamy sand; which infers that the soil is in a poor condition for improving the scenery. Examining the characteristics of the vegetation-base materials, the soil acidity was pH 6.4 to 6.7; and the soil hardness was 21 to 24mm (hardness quotient of soil), this can be considered a favourable condition, which has no effect on the growth and development of plants. When it comes to the discovery of the species in the area, Lotus corniculatus var., Silene armeria L., Papaver rhoeas, Trifolium pratense L. developed and grew in spring after two years. And in the summer, Lotus corniculatus var., Dianthus chinensis L., Cosmos bipinnatus, Coreopsis drummondii L., Trifolium pratense were founded. And there were Lotus corniculatus var., Dianthus chinensis L., Aster yomena, Coreopsis tinctoria, Trifolium pratense L. in the autumn. According to the examination conducting after four years, Lotus corniculatus var., Dianthus chinensis L., Silene armeria, Cosmos bipinnatus, Coreopsis drummondii L., Papaver rhoeas, Trifolium pratense L. were founded in the spring, and Lotus corniculatus var., Dianthus chinensis L., Cosmos bipinnatus, Coreopsis drummondii L., Trifolium pratense grew in the summer. Lotus corniculatus var., Dianthus chinensis L., Astragalus sinicus, Aster yomena, Coreopsis tinctoria, Trifolium pratense L. were discovered in the autumn. Among the exotic species founded in the area, were Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Festuca rubra. When it comes to the protection of vegetation and dominance, Lotus corniculatus var., Metaplexis japonica, Coreopsis drummondii L. are the dominant species among the spring plants; and Lotus corniculatus var., Trifolium repens L., Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. were the dominant plants in the summer. In the autumn, Lotus corniculatus var., Coreopsis drummondii L., Poa pratensis appear to be the dominant plants. The colonies of Pinus densiflora and Castanea crenata var. were formed around the South Sejong IC. Part of the area is occupied by the colony of Alnus hirsuta Turcz. ex Rupr. In terms of shrub, there were Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Rosa polyantha var. genuina NAKA. As ground cover plants, Sasa borealis, Rubus crataegifolius Bunge were founded.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.171-177
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• 2008

This paper reports an improved protocol for isolation, culture and regeneration of Lotus corniculatus protoplasts. A range of parameters which influence the isolation of L. corniculatus protoplasts were investigated, i.e., enzyme combination, tissue type, incubation period and osmolarity level. Of three enzyme combinations tested, the highest yield of viable protoplasts was achieved with the combination of 2% Cellulase Onozuka RS, 1% Macerozyme R-10, 0.5% Driselase and 0.2% Pectolyase. The use of etiolated cotyledon tissue as a source for protoplast isolation proved vital in obtaining substantially higher protoplast yields than previously reported. Culture of the protoplasts on a nitrocellulose membrane with a Lolium perenne feeder-layer on the sequential series of PEL medium was highly successful in the formation of microcolonies with plating efficiencies 3-10 times greater than previous studies. Shoot regeneration and intact plants were achieved from 46% of protoplast-derived cell colonies.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.38-51
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• 2006

This study was carried out to improve rehabilitation effect by hydro-seeding methods on denuded slopes. Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Indigofera pseudotinctoria, Arudinella hirta, Poa pratensis, and Lolium perenne were used in this study. The results of the germination and growth characteristics by seed coating, slope control and soil mulching treatments are summarized here. Seed coating of those plants had an effect on germination ratio, germination force, $LD_{50}$, and seedling growth of stem, leaf and root. The seed coating effect was highest for I. pseudotinctoria while the seedling growth was best for L. cyrtobotrya. Vermiculite+Talcum was the best coating material for germination and seedling growth of the plants. As the slopes were steeper, germination ratio was lower and seedling growth of stem and root decreased. Lots of seeds and soils were swept away when the slope was steep. Soil mulching was effective for germination, seedling growth of stem and root, and soil stabilization. It was more effective when the slope was steeper. Coir net was the most effective soil mulching material n this study.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2000

Eight-week old perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Reveille) plants were exposed to different NO3-concentrations or osmotic stress with NaCI. Previously labeled "N was chased during 14 days of non-labeled'NO3 feeding in order to investigate NO3 metabolism in relation to osmoregulation. The short termmeasurement of osmotic potential showed that the extemal concentration of Nos- had not great effect on theosmotic potential, but that osmotic adjustment was observed in NaCl-treated plants. Total uptake of NO 3 - waslargely increased by increasing supply level of NO3 while it was depressed by exposing to osmotic stress.Nitrate reduction increased to more than 29% by increasing extemal NO,- concentration from 1 mM to 10mM. When osmotically stressed with NaCI, nitrate reduction was depressed to about 37% as compared to thecontrol. The decrease in translocation of reduced N into leaves was also observed in NaCl exposed plants. Inthe medium exposed to 10 mM NO,., osmotic contribution of nitrate to cumulative osmotic potential wasdecreased, and it was osmotically compensated with soluble carbohydrate. When osmotically stressed withNaC1, the contribution of chloride was much higher than that of nitrate. The present data indicate that N03-in plant tissues, factually affected by the assimilation of this ion, plays an active role in osmotic regulation incorrelation with other osmotica such carbohydrate and chloride.(Key words : Nitrate metabolism, Osmotic stress, Nitrate supply level, Osmoregulation)ate supply level, Osmoregulation)

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2000

To investigate the effect of Mycorrhiza (Glomus intradics) and Rhizobium inoculation on the N, P utilization and growth response of Alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) and Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in mixed sward, four treatments (non-inoculation, Control; Mycorrhiza inoculation: M; Rhizobium inoculation, R and Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium inoculation, M+R) were applied. The associated analyses were canied out on the early vegetative growth stage (DAS 56, 56 days after seeding) and on the early flowering stage (DAS 126). The decreased rate of total N and P content in soil, with advancing plant growth, was relatively higher in the M and M + R treatment than control. The content of availabie phosphorus in soil at DAS 126 increased by about 34 and 38 % in M and M+R treatment compared to control (189.2 mg PzOskg DM), while non-significant changes was observed in R treatment. Total N uptake and P uptake in the control at DAS 126 were 44.71 and 3.52 mglplant in mixed sward, respectively. About 71, 98 and 197 % of increases in total N uptake and 70, 72 and 11 1 % of increases in total P uptake were estimated in M, R and M+R treatment. Comparing to control, total dry matter yield significantly increased by 27, 33 and 53 %, and crude protein yield also by 78, 83 and 204 %, respectively, in M, R and M+R treatment. The present data indicated that mycorrhiza orland rhizobium inoculation improved N, P utilization of both alfalfa and perennial ryegrass plants, and consequently increased total yield (especially by dual inoculation, M+R). (Key words : Alfalfa, Perennial ryegrass, Mycorrhiza, Rhizobium, N and P Utilization, Growth, Yield)

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.547-555
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• 2021

To compare the vitality among cool-season turfgrasses under summer weather conditions and to obtain information to improve the management of turfgrasses in golf courses and sports fields., the chlorophyll fluorescence of three cool-season turfgrasses commonly planted on golf courses in the Jeju area was measured. The turfgrasses were perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.). In perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, the chlorophyll index was low in early summer and high in late summer. In creeping bentgrass, it remained low throughout the study. Fo tended to be low in the early summer and high in late summer in the three turfgrasses. However, the difference in F_o between late summer and early summer was markedly higher in perennial ryegrass than in Kentucky bluegrass or creeping bentgrass. F_m tended to be low in early summer and high in late summer, without obvious differences among the three turfgrasses. F_v/F_m, a measure of photochemical efficiency, was also low in early summer and high in late summer in the three turfgrasses. However, F_v/F_m in late summer was mostly higher in Kentucky bluegrass and creeping bentgrass than in perennial ryegrass, indicating that the former are more resistant to the high temperature and humidity of late summer. Furthermore, Kentucky bluegrass had a high chlorophyll index in late summer and would be most resistant to the harsh conditions of late summer.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.115-127
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• 2012

This study was conducted on the measurement of soil hardness through a hardness testing machine in slopes of natural environments and artificial environments which is generally known as slope revegetation. The soil hardness as one of physicochemical soil properties is significantly associated with plant growth. Although another studies related to the slope revegetation was focused on herbaceous plants, studies related to soil properties for arbor appearance is lack. It was focused on the correlation analysis between the soil hardness and the plant appearance. the results were as follows : The higher the soil hardness is, the less the appearance of plants is as a result of survey. Species appearing in the high levels of the soil hardness represented mugwort and grass. The levels of the soil hardness in the slope of natural environments was good environmental conditions with various plants in the range of 6 to 12mm. The levels of the soil hardness in the slope revegetation was in the 6.88-30mm range. The soil hardness below 21mm showed a variety of plants with arbors and herbaceous plants, whereas it above 21mm represented a monotonous style of plant structure including Artemisia princeps, Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis L and Setaria viridis. The result of the correlation analysis between the soil hardness and the plant appearance was negatively correlated with justifiable significance levels. The result of a logistic regression analysis for tree appearance was statistically proved when the numerical value of the soil hardness is lower.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.340-348
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• 2015

Mowing turfgrasses, especially fast growing species like perennial ryegrass, is one of the most time and money consuming tasks of their management. Trinexapac-ethyl (TE) is a popular plant growth regulator used to reduce mowing requirements, improve stress tolerance, and enhance turf quality. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of TE rate and frequency of applications on growth response and traffic tolerance of perennial ryegrass. The experiment was a split-plot laid out in a randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. TE was applied to main plots at 0.00, 0.25, and $0.50kg\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$. Application pattern included an initial application, followed by two sequential applications at 6-wk intervals. Traffic treatment was applied to subplots with a cleated roller. Results demonstrated that TE consistently reduced vertical shoot growth, clippings dry weight, with maximum growth reduction of 59% and 65%, for 0.25 and $0.50kg\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, occurring at 2 weeks after initial TE treatment (WAT). Traffic also dramatically reduced vertical shoot growth and clippings dry weight. Overall, quality of perennial ryegrass was enhanced by sequential TE applications, however, turf quality and surface coverage reduced greatly under traffic, regardless of TE treatment. Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and total carbohydrates (TC) contents were also positively influenced following sequential TE application. Our results indicated that TE reduces mowing frequency and enhances turf quality rather than influencing traffic resistance.