• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.446-452
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• 2010

Five year term study from 2002 to 2006 was carried out to examine the effects of continuous long-term application of swine liquid manure on soil chemical properties including heavy metal contents and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in a greenhouse. Treatments were conventional chemical fertilizers and three types of swine slurry; Slurry composting and biofiltration (SCB), Thermophilic aerobic oxidation (TAO), and Bio-mineral water (BMW). Total nitrogen level of the SCB, TAO, and BMW was 0.47%, 0.09%, and less than 0.01%, respectively. The heavy metal contents of the three liquid manures were much lower than the Korean regulation level. The soil phosphorus, potassium, and heavy metal contents after five year continuous application of swine slurry were not significantly higher than those of chemical fertilizer use. Contents of heavy metals in leaves of the crops did not show significant difference among treatments. The levels of copper and zinc, plant essential elements, in leaves were in the range of optimum plant growth. Yields of tomato and cucumber for swine liquid manures were not significantly different from that of chemical fertilizer. The results implied that the three types of swine slurry may not deteriorate soil chemical properties including phosphate and trace elements in greenhouse soils when they are applied as a basal fertilization at a recommended nitrogen rate based on soil testing.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.173-179
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• 2003

This study was established to control the overgrowth of cucumber and tomato plug seedlings by controlling of irradiation timings light intensities of red (R) light. Compared with the control, end-of-day (EOD) timing of R irradiation significantly reduced the seeding heights by 21.3% and 14.2% in cucumber and tomato, respectively. In addition, both plant seedlings treated with R light at EOD timing had the thickest stem diameter. Tomato seedlings treated with R light at EOD showed th highest chlorophyll content and the smallest leaf size. Dry weights of above ground plant tissue in both plant seedlings were significantly reduced by EOD R light treatment. And both plant seedlings treated with EOD treatment had the lowest T/R ratio, and the highest compactness rates. The increased intensities of R light resulted in the shorter plant heights in cucumber and tomato plant seedlings. It also reduced the length of hypocotyls and internodes and the size of leaves in the both seedlings. Elevated R light intensities tended to increase the stem diameter and chlorophyll contents. Dry weights of above ground plant tissue and roots in both plant seedlings were reduced by the elevated R irradiation. Cucumber seedlings treated with 2 and 8 $mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and tomato seedlings treated with 8 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ had significantly lower T/R ratio the other treatments tested.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.202-206
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• 2015

'Hei' (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) Black Tomato examined changes in fruit shape, fruit weight and cracking percentage with increasing temperature in high-rise tomato greenhouse during long-term cultivation in summer season. Fruit diameter is greater than fruit length from the first cluster to the ninth cluster. However, fruit length is longer than fruit diameter from the tenth cluster to the fifteenth cluster. Fruit shape index (L/D) is below 100% from the first cluster to the ninth cluster and above 100% from the tenth cluster to the fifteenth cluster. Fruit weight was decreased during temperature increasing in greenhouse. However, fruit cracking percentage was increased to temperature increasing during cultivation period. Thus, fruit shape, fruit weight and fruit cracking of 'Hei' black tomato were influenced by increasing of temperature in greenhouse during long-term cultivation.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.121-126
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• 2003

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum M. cv. ‘Momotarou’) and hot pepper seedlings (Capsicum annuum L. cv. 'Nockkwang')were grown under the 24h photopeliod (12 hrs light period: 12 hrs dark period) and 6 h photoperiod (3 hrs light period: 3hrs dark period). As a result of this experiment, the following details were observed. Plant height, leaf area, total dry weight, and leaf chlorophyll content decreased in case of tomato seedlings when they were given 6 h photoperiod. But the same effect was not observed in case of hot pepper seedlings. The photoperiod, however, did not produce any significant effect on the uptake of N, P, K, Mg and Ca ions in their nutrient solutions with the exception of their Fe. On thc 10th day of treatment, leaf chlorosis started to become visible in tomato seedlings and at the same time the uptake of Fe went down when the 6h photoperiod was applied to both tomato and hot pepper scedlings. In addition to this phenomenon, the sucrose content in leaf increased in case of tomato plants which were treated with 6 h photoperiod; on the other hand, their glucose content was observed to have decreased.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.86-94
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• 2000

This study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of uniconazole in ameliorating low and high temperature injury in tomato plants(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cvs. Fireball and Patio). Plants were given a soil drench of 0, 0.001, 0.01 or $0.1mg{\cdot}pot^{-1}$ uniconazole, and after 14 days, were treated with 12-h day/12-h night cycles at $25/25^{\circ}C$, $2.5/25^{\circ}C$, $25/2.5^{\circ}C$ or $40/40^{\circ}C$ for 4 days in controlled-environment chamber. Number of damaged leaves per plant, reduction of stem elongation, and overall injury were high at $2.5/25^{\circ}C$, but more reduction of leaf elongation, delay of flowering, and abortion of floral bud were observed in plants at $40/40^{\circ}C$. There was difference in degree of injury between cultivars, thus, 'Fireball' was much affected by unfavorable temperature regimes. All concentrations of uniconazole reduced leaf and stem elongation, increased total chlorophyll concentration, delayed flowering, and significantly provided protection against low and high temperature injury in two cultivars. In general, the application of uniconazole did not inhibit flowering delay and floral bud abortion induced by high and low temperature exposure. Our results support the hypothesis that the role of uniconazole is related to defense system against oxidative stress induced by low temperature stress. Further research is required to clarifu the phytoprotective mechanism of this compound agaist high temperature stress.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2013

Red-ripe 'Betatiny' jujube-shaped cherry tomato fruits via stem maintenance or stem removal were stored at $20^{\circ}C$ for 12 days. Their quality and microbial safety parameters like their respiration rate, weight loss, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), firmness, hue value, aerobic microflora, coliform, yeast and mold count, and decay were evaluated during their storage. The jujube-shaped cherry tomato fruits whose stems were removed lost less weight than the fruits whose stems were maintained during their 12 days of storage. The stem removal lowered the respiration more significantly than the stem maintenance, and the formation of novel tissues at the stem scar that resulted from the stem removal was observed morphologically. The SSC, TA and hue value of the skin color decreased after eight storage days, but showed no difference between the stem maintenance and removal. The stem had higher microbial counts like aerobic microflora, coliform, and yeast and mold counts. The stem maintenance showed a short shelf-life because molds grew on the attached stem after five storage days. The shelf-life of the jujube-shaped cherry tomato fruits whose stems were removed was about eight days, but that of the fruits whose stems were maintained and that were stored at $20^{\circ}C$ was only about six days.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.361-372
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• 2017

Bred and grown around the world, tomato (Solanum spp.) has highly valuable fruits containings various anti-oxidants such as lycopene, flavonoids, glutamine, and ${\beta}-carotene$. Several studies have explored, way in which to enhance the growth, management and quality of tomato, we focus on the management of growth for yield rather than quality. The expression of superior agronomic traits depends on where cultivars are grown. We evaluated 10 cultivars grown in three environment for their lycopene. HTL3137 ($70.48mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$), which was grown in Yoeju in spring/summer, contained the highest lycopene content, while HTL10256 ($20.9mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$), which was grown in Suwon in spring/summer, contain the least lycopene.Correlations between color components and lycopene content varied according to growing location and season. In spring/summer-grown tomatoes from Suwon, no significant correlation was observed between any color component (redness [R], greenness [G], blueness [B], luminosity, $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$, hue and chroma) and lycopene content. A correlation was observed between B and lycopene content in tomatoes grown in Yeoju during the same season. In tomatoes grown in Yeoju in fall/winter, significant correlations were found between lycopene content and G, luminosity, $L^*$, and hue. Variance in interactions between genotype, environment, and genotype ${\times}$ environment (G ${\times}$ E) using Minimum Norm Quadratic Unbiased Estimate (MINQUE) analysis indicated that lycopene content depends on genotype (51.33%), environment (49.13%), and G ${\times}$ E (21.43%). However, when the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) was used, the G ${\times}$ E value was highest.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.239-245
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• 2014

This study was performed to provide fundamental information regarding the quality change of buckwheat soksungjang (BWS) during its storage. BWS was divided into three different containers (pot, plastic, and glass) and was stored at three different temperatures (5, 15, and $25^{\circ}C$), and the changes in pH, acidity, amino-type nitrogen, total bacterial count, and chromaticity were examined during the storage period. The pH (0 day, pH 4.37) and acidity (0 day, 2.93% acidity) of the samples, except at the 15 and $25^{\circ}C$ pots, did not show any significant change during storage, but 98 days after storage, the pH values of the 15 and $25^{\circ}C$ pots were pH 5.6 and 7.4, and their acidity values were 1.85 and 0.71%, respectively. At 98 days, the amino-type nitrogen of the $25^{\circ}C$ plastic sample had slightly increased to $0.75{\pm}0.01%$, and that of the $25^{\circ}C$ pot had drastically risen to $0.92{\pm}0.01%$. It was also shown that little change in the total bacterial count was found during the experiment period in every sample. The chromaticity results confirmed that the L (lightness), a (redness), and b (yellowness) values of the $25^{\circ}C$ pot sample showed relatively large changes during storage compared to the other samples. These results suggest that the desirable storage temperature of BWS is in the range of $5-15^{\circ}C$, and that a glass container is the most suitable container for BWS as it can reduce the quality alteration during storage.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.242-248
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• 1992

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of root-zone temperature in hydroponics on the plant growth and nutrient uptake of lettuce(Lactuca sativa L), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L). Respiration rate in roots increased with increase in root-zone temperature. At $10^{\circ}C$ of root-zone temperature, respiration rate in lettuce root was higher than those in tomato and cucumber. Increasing rate of root respiration in tomato with increase in root-zone temperature was greater than those in lettuce and cucumber. The lowest dry weight and leaf area of the crops studied were obtained at $10^{\circ}C$ of root-zone temperature, but they were not different between 20 and $30^{\circ}C$. Increase in root-zone temperature generally resulted in increase in T/R ratio and net assimilation rate. At the low root-zone temperature, root growth and leaf area of tomato and cucumber were severely affected. Relative growth rates of lettuce and cucumber were also greatly reduced by the low root-zone temperature. Contents of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in the crops increased as root-zone temperature increased from 10 to $20^{\circ}C$, whereas only Ca content in tomato and cucumber increased with increase in root-zone temperature to $30^{\circ}C$. Remarkably low contents of P and Mg in the crops were found at the low root-zone temperature. Inhibition of plant growth and nutrient uptake due to low root-zone temperature was much greater in cucumber than in lettuce and tomato.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.130-141
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine which fermented liquid fertilizer and application method yields the greatest amount of growth in red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum MILL.) plants. Additionally, we investigated which extraction methods produce the most effective fertilizer with the highest levels of mineral nutrients. The liquid fertilizers used in this study were made from fish, bone and fish meal, red pepper leaves, and oil cake, and were extracted using fermentation or water and boiled water. In tomato plants, foliar-application of fermented fertilizer is known to promote more growth than application by drenching, regardless of the number of treatments (once or twice). In our studies, however, drenching with fertilizer promoted growth more effectively than foliar-application in red pepper plants. Studies in both tomato and red pepper have shown that the number of treatments does not significantly alter growth. Liquid fertilizers produced by a fermentation-extraction method promoted greater levels of growth in tomato compared to red pepper, and growth was greater when fertilizers were applied 20 (rather than 40) days post-sowing. Red pepper and tomato shoot fresh weight were affected more by fermented fertilizers than plant height 20 days post-sowing. In red pepper, we observed increased shoot fresh weight when using fermented liquid fertilizers with concentrations of 0.1% or greater. Tomato shoot fresh weight increased similarly in response to fermented fertilizer treatments at the same concentration levels, except those derived from fish. Fermented fish liquid fertilizer was only effective in increasing tomato shoot fresh weight in concentrations exceeding 1%. Red pepper and tomato shoot fresh weight also increased more than plant height in our studies using fermentation liquid fertilizers at 40 days after sowing. Red pepper fresh weight increased with application of bone + fish meal, red pepper leaf, and oil cake fertilizers at concentrations of 0.1%, but not with fish liquid fertilizer in concentrations under 0.5%. Shoot fresh weight in tomato increased with all liquid fertilizers. Growth in red pepper and tomato may be influenced by different kinds of fertilizers due to combinations of macro- and micro-nutrients, or specific macro-nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potassium. The mineral nutrients found in fish, bone and fish meal, red pepper leaves, and oil cake were not easily extracted by fermentation; thus, liquid fertilizers made using water and boiled water methods more effectively promoted growth in red pepper and tomato due to the larger amounts of macronutrients eluted.