• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.829-833
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• 2004

The major compositions of Lentinus edodes seasoning(LES) compose of 30.3% of Lentinus edodes fruit body, 18.1 % of anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) powder and 51.6% of sea tangle (Laminaria japonica), prawn and green tea powder and so on were investigated in order to evaluate the nutritional value. Sodium concentration in LES was high up to 5,042.99 mg/IOO g and K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu were followed. There were nineteen total amino acids in LES. The glutamic acid content was high up to 4.62 mg/100 mg and glycine, leucine, alanine, aspartic acid were followed. Among twenty free amino acids, glycine content was high up to 2.37 mg/100 mg and glutamic acid, asparanine, proline, taurin and aspartic acid were followed. The contents of vitamin C in LES was high up to 224.78 mg/100 g and pantothenic acid, vitamin B$_{6}$, niacin, vitamin E, folic acid, vitamin B$_{l}$ vitamin B$_{2}$, vitamin D$_{3}$, vitamin A, vitamin B$_{12}$ and vitamin $K_{l}$ were followed.wed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 1998

Essential amino acid composition of seventy eight medicinal herbs marketed in Korea was analyzed of the basis of their dried weight. From the results analyzed, it was shown that Alisma orisntale (S.) J. (1,911.5 mg%), Foeniculum vulgare M. (1,090.8 mg%), Artemisia princeps P. (1,073.6 mg%) and Typha latifolia L.(956.1 mg%) contain in threonine. Alisma orisntale (S.) J. (2,523.3 mg%), Nelumo nucifera G. (1,984.7 mg%) and Foeniculum vulgare M. (1,553.8 mg%) contain in lysine. Nelumo nucifera G. (738.3 mg%), Alisma orisntale (S.) J. (635.2 mg%) and Foeniculum vulgare M. (507.7 mg%) contain in methionine. Nelumo nucifera G. (2,496.9 mg%), Alisma orisntale (S.) J. (2,295.6 mg%) and Coix lachrymajobi L. var. M. S. (2,222.5 mg%) contain in leucine. Nelumo nucifera G. (1,624.6 mg%), Alisma orisntale (S.) J. (1,432.7 mg%) and Xantnium strumarium L. (1.371.7 mg%) contain in isoleucine. Alisma orisntale (S.) J (1,791.0 mg71), Nelumo nucifera G. (1,570.6 mg%) and Xantnium strumarium L. (1,498.7 mg%) contain in phenylalanine.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.664-672
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• 2012

As an artificial light source, light-emitting diode (LED) with a short wavelength range can be used in closed-type plant production systems. Among various wavelength ranges in visible light, individual light spectra induce distinguishing influences on plant growth and development. In this study, we determined the effects of monochromatic LEDs on leaf shape index, growth and the accumulation of phytochemicals in a red leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. 'Sunmang') and a green leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. 'Grand rapid TBR'). Lettuce seedlings grown under normal growing conditions ($20^{\circ}C$, fluorescent lamp + high pressure sodium lamp, $130{\pm}5{\mu}mmol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, 12 hours photoperiod) for 18 days were transferred into incubators at $20^{\circ}C$ equipped with various monochromatic LEDs (blue LED, 456 nm; green LED, 518 nm; red LED, 654 nm; white LED, 456 nm + 558 nm) under the same light intensity and photoperiod ($130{\pm}7{\mu}mmol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, 12 hours photoperiod). Leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, shoot/root ratio, SPAD value, total phenolic concentration, antioxidant capacity, and the expression of a key gene involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), were measured at 9 and 23 days after transplanting. The leaf shape indexes of both lettuce cultivars subjected to blue or white LEDs were similar with those of control during whole growth stage. However, red and green LEDs induced significantly higher leaf shape index than the other treatments. The green LED had a negative impact on the lettuce growth. Most of growth characteristics such as fresh and dry weights of shoots and leaf area were the highest in both cultivars subjected to red LED treatment. In case of red leaf lettuce plants, shoot fresh weight under red LED was 3.8 times higher than that under green LED at 23 days after transplanting. In contrast, the accumulation of chlorophyll, phenolics including antioxidants in lettuce plants showed an opposite trend compared with growth. SPAD value, total phenolic concentration, and antioxidant capacity of lettuce grown under blue LED were significantly higher than those under other LED treatments. In addition, PAL gene was remarkably activated by blue LED at 9 days after transplanting. Thus, this study suggested that the light quality using LEDs is a crucial factor for morphology, growth, and phytochemicals of two lettuce cultivars.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.160-169
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• 2014

44 compounds and 9 minerals were isolated from and detected in the New Zealand deer velvet antler Cervus elaphus var. scoticus L$\ddot{o}$nnberg. The chemical structures of (1 - 26) were identified on the basis of the spectroscopic methods and comparisons with literature, respectively. The structures were identified as cholesterol (CS, 6), 7-keto-CS (7), $7{\beta}$-hydroxy-CS (8), and $7{\alpha}$-hydroxy-CS (9), and included 12 steroid $3{\beta}$-O-(palmitic/stearic/myristic acid esters; PM/SA/MS) [CS-$3{\beta}$-O-PM (1 - 1), CS-$3{\beta}$-O-SA (1 - 2), CS-$3{\beta}$-O-MR (1 - 3), 7-keto-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-PM (2 - 1), 7-keto-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-SA (2 - 2), 7-keto-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-MR (2 - 3), $7{\beta}$-hydroxy-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-SA (3 -1), $7{\beta}$-hydroxy-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-PM (3 - 2), $7{\beta}$-hydroxy-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-MR (3 - 3), $7{\alpha}$-hydroxy-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-SA (4 - 1), $7{\alpha}$-hydroxy-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-PM (4 - 2), and $7{\alpha}$-hydroxy-CS-$3{\beta}$-O-MR (4 - 3)], dinonyl phthalate (5), 8 nucleic acids analogues [uracil (10), deoxyguanosine (11), deoxyuridine (12), uridine (13), deoxyadenosine (14), adenosine (15), inosine (16), and guanosine (17)], and the 9 free amino acids [L-phenylalanine (18), L-isoleucine (19), L-leucine (20), L-tyrosine (21), L-valine (22), L-proline (23), L-threonine (24), L-alanine (25), and L-hydroxyproline (26)]. Also, there are 8 kinds of amino acids [asparagine, serine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, arginine, methionine, and lysine], 2 sialic acids [N-acetylneuraminic acid (27), ketodeoxynonulosonic acid (28)], and 9 minerals [Na > K > Ca > Mg > Fe > Zn > B > Al > Cu] were detected from the autoaminoacid analyzer and ICP spectrometer, HPAEC-PAD/HPLC-FLD, respectively. 9 kinds of oxycholesterol-$3{\beta}$-O-fatty acid ester (2 - 1, 2 - 2, 2 - 3, 3 - 1, 3 - 2, 3 - 3, 4 - 1, 4 - 2, and 4 - 3) and 3 nucleic acids (12, 14, and 15) were isolated from the velvet antler for the first time. 6 kinds of steroids (7, 8, 9, 2 - 1, 3 - 1, and 4 - 1) were examined for their anti-proliferative effects against L1210, P388D1, K562, MEG-01, KG-1, MOLT-4, A549, HepG2, MCF-7, SK-OV-3, and SW-620 cancer cell lines. They showed anti-proliferative effects with $IC_{50}$ values of 0.06, 2.16, 2.42, > 50.0, 1.66 and $8.31{\mu}M$ against L1210, while the values were 24.05, 9.44, 5.22, 0.25. 9.48 and $49.77{\mu}M$ against P388D1, respectively. The others were inactive.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.182-182
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• 1996

Annexin I is a member of the annexin family of calcium dependent phospholipid binding proteins and has anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting phospholipase A$_2$ (PLA$_2$). Recent X-ray crystallographic study of annexin I identified six Ca$\^$2+/ binding bites, which was different types (type II, III) from the well-known EF-hand motif (type I). In this work, the structure of annexin I was studied at atomic level by using $^1$H, $\^$15/N and $\^$l3/C NMR(nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy, and the effect of Ca$\^$2+/ binding on the structure of annexin I was studied, and compared with that of Mg$\^$2+/ binding, When Ca$\^$2+/ was added to annexin I, NMR peak change was occured in high- and low-field regions of $^1$H-NMR spectra. NMR peak change by Ca$\^$2+/ binding was different from that by Mg$\^$2+/ binding. Because annexin I is a larger protein with 35 kDa molecular weight, site-specific (amide-$\^$15/N, carbonyl-$\^$l3/C) labeling technique was also used. We were able to detect methionine, tyrosine and phenylalanine peaks respectively in $\^$13/C-NMR spectra, and each residue was able to be assigned by the method of doubly labeling annexin I with [$\^$13/C] carbonyl-amino acid and [$\^$15/N] amide-amino acid. In $\^$l3/C-NMR spectra of [$\^$13/C] carbonyl-Met labeled annexin I, we observed that methionine residues spatially located near Ca$\^$2+/ binding Sites Were Significantly effected by Ca$\^$2+/ binding. From UV spectroscopic data on the effect of Ca$\^$2+/ binding, we knew that Ca$\^$2+/ binding sites of annexin I have cooperativity in Ca$\^$2+/ binding. The interaction of annexin I with PLA$_2$ also could be detected by using heteronuclear NMR spctroscopy. Consequently, we expect that the anti-inflammatory action mechanism of annexin I may be a specific protein-protein interaction. The residues involved in the interaction with PLA$_2$ can be identified as active site by assigning NMR peaks effected by PLA$_2$ binding.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.75-79
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• 2009

The effect of inorganic, organic nitrogen sources and amino acids on the coenzyme $Q_{10}$ production and coenzyme $Q_{10}$ component ratio was investigated. Among the nine organic nitrogen sources, CSP showed a remarkable enhancing effect on the production of coenzyme $Q_{10}$. But this enhancement was not observed in medium containing Bacto peptone, tryptone, casamino acid and soybean meal. These differences on the production of coenzyme $Q_{10}$ may be due to differences in kinds and amounts of component amino acids and peptides in the various organic nitrogen sources tested. In the addition of inorganic nitrogens, only $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ increase the coenzyme $Q_{10}$ production by 2.0 times compare to the control group. The addition of L-tyrosine to the medium containing Bacto tryptone, was also determined to be crucial for the coenzyme $Q_{10}$ production. But phenylalanin and tryptophan, other aromatic amino acids, had no stimulatory effect on the coenzyme $Q_{10}$ production. These results show that the production and components ratio of coenzyme $Q_{10}$ was greatly affected by the kinds and the concentration of inorganic, organic nitrogen sources as well as amino acids.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.389-394
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• 2000

To utilize deteriorated sweet persimmon(Diospyros kaki T.) effectively, this study was investigated about the effective (Dying method of the powder. Chemical components, minerals, fatty acids and amino acids of hot-air dried and freeze dried conditions were determined Sample conditions used on analysis as follow; pretreatments of hot-air dry and freeze dry were soft, soft+peel, mixer, mixer+peel. The contents of crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash of hot-air dry were 0.9-1.1%,15.0-39.0% and 2.3-3.3%, respectively. And those of freeze dry were 1.3-2.2%, 27.-49.0% and 2.5%, respectively. Potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium and sodium content in hot-air dry and freeze dry were high. Other minerals were less than 3.00ppm in all conditions. The major fatty acid contents were detected capric acid(C$\^$10:0/), lauric acid(C$\_$l2:0)/, tridecanoic acid(C$\_$13:00/), palmitic acid(C$\_$l6:00/), palmitoleic acid(C$\_$l6:1/), oleic acid(C$\_$18:1), linoleic acid(C$\_$18:2/), linolenic acid(C$\_$18:3/). The essential amino acids such as aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, methirmine, isoleucine, leucine, tryosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine, arginine in freeze dry were contained richly. On the basis of chemical analysis, hot-air dry method will have to supply the additional different method, because simple hot-air dry method was shorten the dry time but had many problems. Therefore, the effective drying method considering changed color and nutrition was shown freeze dry method.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.164-173
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• 2020

The extracts of four species of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms-Cantharellus cinnabarinus (OK1247), Lactarius parallelus (OK1264), Tricholoma matsutake (OK1282), and Ramaria botrytis (OK1283)-were prepared to determine their antioxidant activities and nutritional properties. R. botrytis extract displayed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (33.8%), ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.38), reducing power (0.35), total polyphenol (13.83 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), and flavonoid contents (2.56 mg quercetin equivalent/g). L. parallelus extract displayed the highest nitrite scavenging activity. Analysis of amino acid contents revealed that C. cinnabarinus extract had the highest total amino acid (1,046.1 mg/kg) and essential amino acid (404.9 mg/kg) contents, while R. botrytis extract had the lowest total amino acid (708.3 mg/kg) and essential amino acid (247.3 mg/kg) contents. Among the amino acid components detected in the four ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, cysteine was the most abundant, accounting for 14.3~20.7%, followed by phenylalanine, which accounted for 9.5~13.4% of all amino acids. In summary, the antioxidant activities were the highest in R. botrytis extract, and the amino acid content was the highest in C. cinnabarinus extract, among the four ectomycorrhizal mushrooms.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.529-535
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate some quality characteristics of 새려 prepared from soybean milk and various seaweed(Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, Porpyra tenera, Enteromorpha sp., Codium sp.) pulps in the ration of 9:1(v:v) with 20% MgCl2. The yields of tofu containing Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, or Enteromorpha sp. increased but porphyra tenera, Codium sp. decreased in comparison with tofu prepared from whole soybean milk. The protein content of tofu containing Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, Porphyra tenera, or Codium sp. increased but Enteromprpha sp. decreased in comparison with the tofu prepared from whole soybean milk. The content of Ca in Undaria pinnatifida, Porphyra tenera added tofu was higher than that of the tofu prepared from whole soybean milk or other seaweeds added tofu. In sensory evaluation the texture, color, taste of tofu were favored with the addition of sea mustard(Undaria pinnatifida) pulp than that of the tofu prepared from whole soybean milk or tofu prepared other seaweed. Tofu prepared was possible with adding 0.5~1.5% sea mustard to soybean milk but the feasible added amount level was 1% of sea mustard. The yields, protein Ca, and K content of tofu were increased by the more adding amount of sea mustard tan tat of the tofu prepared from whole soybean milk. The hardness values of 1% sea mustard added tofu were decreased than that of the tofu prepared from whole soybean milk ; on the other hand, elasticity, cohensiveness, gumminess and brittleness of tofu with sea mustard increased. The L and a values of tofu were lower and b values were higher with the addition of 1% sea mustard. The content of histidine, tyrosine, leusine, and phenylalanine were decreased but the other amino acid were increased in tofu prepared from 1% sea mustard pulp added to soybean milk. The saturated fatty acid and monoene fatty acid content of tofu were increased and C18:2, C18:3(${\gamma}$), C18:3, C20:5 of polyene fatty acid were slightly decreased in tofu prepared from 1% sea mustard pulp added to soybean milk.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.379-386
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• 2011

The objective of this work was to investigate the ability of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aureofaciens 63-28 to induce plant defense systems, including defense-related enzyme levels and expression of defense-related isoenzymes, and isoflavone production, leading to improved resistance to the phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 in soybean seedlings. Seven-day-old soybean seedlings were inoculated with P. aureofaciens 63-28, R. solani AG-4, or P. aureofaciens 63-28 plus R. solani AG-4 (P+R), or not inoculated (control). After 7 days of incubation, roots treated with R. solani AG-4 had obvious damping-off symptoms, but P+R-treated soybean plants had less disease development, indicating suppression of R. solani AG-4 in soybean seedlings. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities of R. solani AG-4-treated roots increased by 24.6% and 54.0%, respectively, compared with control roots. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activities of R. solani AG-4-treated roots were increased by 75.1% and 23.6%, respectively. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in soybean roots challenged with P. aureofaciens 63-28 and P+R increased by 25.0% and 11.6%, respectively. Mn-SOD (S1 band on gel) and Fe-SOD (S2) were strongly induced in P+R-treated roots, whereas one CAT (C1) and one APX (A3) were strongly induced in R. solani AG-4- treated roots. The total isoflavone concentration in P+Rtreated shoots was 27.2% greater than the control treatment. The isoflavone yield of R. solani AG-4-treated shoots was 60.9% less than the control.