• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.36-48
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• 2013

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of several fractions obtained from methylene chloride ($CH_2Cl_2$) extract of self-fermented pine needle (SFPNE) on the acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked CA release from the isolated perfused model of the rat adrenal medulla and to establish the mechanism of the most active fraction (Fr.)-induced inhibitory action on the CA release. We obtained 6 fractions from $CH_2Cl_2$ extract of self-fermented pine needle. For the ACh (5.32 mM)-evoked CA release, the following rank order of inhibitory potency was obtained: Fr.4-5 > Fr.8-11 ${\gg}$ Fr.3 > Fr.6 = Fr.7 > Fr.1-2. Fr. 4 - 5 (60 ${\mu}g/mL$) perfused into an adrenal vein for 90 min produced relatively time-dependent inhibition of the CA secretory responses to ACh (5.32 mM), DMPP (100 ${\mu}M$), McN-A-343 (100 ${\mu}M$) and high $K^+$ (56 mM). Fr. 4 - 5 itself did not affect basal CA secretion. Also, in the presence of Fr. 4 - 5 (60 ${\mu}g/mL$), the CA secretory responses to angiotensin II (AngII, 0.1 ${\mu}M$), veratridine (50 ${\mu}M$), Bay-K-8644 (10 ${\mu}M$), and cyclopiazonic acid (10 ${\mu}M$) were significantly reduced, respectively. In the simultaneous presence of Fr. 4 - 5 (60 ${\mu}g/mL$) and L-NAME (30 ${\mu}M$), the inhibitory responses of Fr. 4 - 5 on the CA secretion evoked by ACh, DMPP, high $K^+$, AngII, Bay-K-8644 and veratridine were considerably recovered to the extent of the corresponding control secretion compared with that of Fr. 4 - 5-treatment alone. The level of NO released from adrenal medulla after the treatment of Fr. 4 - 5 (60 ${\mu}g/mL$) was greatly elevated compared with the basal level. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Fr. 4 - 5 inhibits the CA secretion from the isolated perfused rat adrenal medulla evoked by stimulation of cholinergic receptors as well as by direct membrane-depolarization. It seems that this inhibitory effect of Fr. 4 - 5 is mediated by blocking the influx of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ into the adrenomedullary chromaffin cells as well as by inhibition of $Ca^{2+}$ release from the cytoplasmic calcium store, which is evoked at least partly through the increased NO production due to the activation of NO synthase. Based on these results, it is also thought that Fr. 4 - 5 isolated from $CH_2Cl_2$ extract of pine needle may contain beneficial antihypertensive components to prevent or treat hypertension.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2004

Transient uidA expression was used to optimize parameters required for biolistic transformation of suspension cells of Easter lily, Lilium longiflourm. Maximum uidA expression occurred following bombardment with gold particles as compared to tungsten. A 3hr pre-treatment of suspension cells with 0.125M osmoticum resulted in a 1.5X increase in uidA expression. A helium pressure of 1550 psi combined with a particle travelling distance of 6cm resulted in maximum uidA expression as compared to either 1100, 1200, or 1800 psi. Transient transformation resulted in up to 493 uidA expressing cells/Petri plate. For stable transformation suspension cells of Lilium longiflorum, were co-bombarded with plasmid DNA containing cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) replicase under the rice actin (Act1) promoter and either the bar or PAT genes under the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV 355) promoter. Ten regenerated plants contained the transgene as analyzed by PCR, and two of the ten plants were confirmed to contain the transgene by Southern hybridization. The two transgenic plants were independent transformants, one containing the bar gene and the other both the CMV replicase and bar genes. Plants were sprayed at the rosette stage and found to be resistant to 1000 mg/L of phosphinothricin (Trade name-Ignite) indicating expression of the bar gene throughout the leaves when bar was under control of the CaMV 35S promoter.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.636-643
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• 2007

This study was designed to identify and characterize the mechanism of macrophage activation by AAP, an acidic polysaccharide fraction isolated from the roots of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. As a result, AAP significantly enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production and cellular lysosomal enzyme activity in murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, L-NAME, a specific inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), effectively suppressed AAP-induced NO generation in macrophages, indicating that AAP stimulated macrophages to produce NO through the induction of iNOS gene expression and the result was further confirmed by the experiment of the increase of AAP-induced iNOS transcription in a dose-dependent manner. To further investigate, AAP was shown to strongly augment toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA expression and the pretreatment of macrophages with anti-TLR4 antibody significantly blocked AAP-induced NO release and the increase of iNOS activity, and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) secretion.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1382-1386
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• 2004

This study was performed for the investigation of vasodilatory efficacy and its underlying mechanisms of Samhwangsasim-tang(SST), herbal remedy. SST relaxed vascular strips precontracted with phenylephrine or KCI(51 mM), but the magnitude of relaxation was greater in phenylephrine(PE) induced contraction. The relaxation effects of SST was endothelium-independent. L-NAME, iNOS inhibitor, and methyl en blue(MB), cGMP inhibitor, did not attenuate the relaxation responses of SST. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, pre-incubation of the aortic rings with SST significantly reduced the contraction by PE, suggesting that the relaxant action of the SST includes inhibition of Ca/sup 2+/ influx and release of Ca/sup 2+/ from intracellular stores (SR). In addition, the cell death was induced by SST in human aortic smooth muscle cells but not that of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We conclude that in rat thoracic aorta, SST may induce in part vasodilation through inhibition of Ca/sup 2+/ influx and release of Ca/sup 2+/ from intracellular stores.

• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2008

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in vascular homeostasis. This study investigated whether ${O_2}^{\cdot^-}$, the foundation molecule of all ROS, regulates vasomotor function. Hence, vascular reactivity was measured using rat thoracic aortas exposed to an ${O_2}^{\cdot^-}$ generator (pyrogallol) which dose-dependently regulated both $\alpha$-adrenergic agonist-mediated contractility to phenylephrine and endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine. Pyrogallol improved and attenuated responses to acetylcholine at its lower (10 nM - 1 ${\mu}M$) and higher (10 - 100 ${\mu}M$) concentrations, respectively while producing the inverse effects with phenylephrine. The endothelial inactivation by L-NAME abolished acetylcholine-induced vasodilatations but increased phenylephrine and KCl-induced vasoconstrictions regardless of the pyrogallol dose used. Relaxant responses to sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, were not affected by pyrogallol. Other ROS i.e. peroxynitrite and $H_2O_2$ that may be produced during experiments did not alter vascular functions. These findings suggest that the nature of ${O_2}^{\cdot^-}$-evoked vascular function is determined by its local concentration and the presence of a functional endothelium.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.258-267
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• 2004

Objective : This study investigated the effects of Yangsaengwhallyukdan on nitrite oxide synthase (NOS) activity, nitrite level, antioxidation and erectile response in rat corpus cavernosum penis. Methods : Yangsaengwhallyukdan was formulated to contain various natural products that have been used to treat erectile dysfunction. Yangsaengwhallyukdan suspended in a 0.5% CMC solution was oral-administered, 50 mg or 100 mg per 1 kg of body weight for 30 days, while the normal group was administered only with a 0.5% CMC solution. The efficacy of the Yangsaengwhallyukdan was assessed with regard to erectile function. Results: After the Yangsaengwhallyukdan was administered to the rat for 30 days, the urethral NOS activity increased. The level of urethral nitrite, glutathione and testosterone increased too. The level of urethral lipid peroxide was decreased in Yangsaengwhallyukdan treated rats. The erectile response to a cavernous nerve stimulation in L-NAME$(10^4)$-treated rats in rats given Yangsaengwhallyukdan reached the level of the normal group. Conclusions : This study suggest that Yangsaengwhallyukdan is effective for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.82-91
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• 2008

After modernism, artistic movements such as Cubism, Futurism, De stijl and Bauhaus demonstrated a connection to architecture and other plastic arts and developed a tendency towards a synthetic art. Above all, the unification of painting and architecture is the most noticeable point; a blueprint and a multi-coloring space that are applied on 3-dimensions painting brought new dimensions into relief. Following this artistic trend, it is easy to point out that Le Corbusier's works; which were created under the name of Charles Edouard Jeanneret, show the pictorial peculiarity in the Space Design. Even if white space that he has designed under the slogan such as standardization and mechanization, the variety and metamorphism that he has tried to express on his work have widely been recognized. Especially, his late architectural works were produced as the figurative arts expressing the ambiguity of painting and hence led a step towards a synthetic art. The study analyses Le Corbusier's 2-dimensional Painting as well as his 3-dimensional Space Design. Furthermore, it aims at embarking on the unification of painting and architecture in terms of Le Corbusier's synthetic design philosophy.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1989

Twelve isolates of bacteria obtained from infected onions were classified into genus Erwinia based on diagnostic characteristics. Of twelve isolates studied, five were identified as E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, six as E. rhapontici and one as E. chrysanthemi on the bases of bacteriological properties. Symptoms caused by the genus Erwinia were different to be identified among the species. Therefore, we propose to name the disease of onion caused by E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, E. rhapontici and E. chrysanthemi as "bacterial soft rot of onion".

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.163-186
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• 2007

Charter flight in international air law has, from very beginning, not precisely defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (lCAO) since 1947 when it came into being. By practice, the operation of charter traffic is, in its very beginning, the subject to the regulations of national rules and bilateral charter agreements (charter annex clause) within the framework of normal bilateral agreement of international air services. Taiwan had signed a series of bilateral air service agreement under the name of the Government of the Republic of China when Taiwan was recognized by the United Nations and major members of international community as the sole legal government representing China before 1971, but that situation was changed since then. Taiwan has only maintained diplomatic relations with 25 States, but maintained semi-official relations with major powers of the world. The former agreements were signed within the framework of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 while the latter agreements were signed within the framework of administrative and civil law of two countries which were not in the form of bilateral treaty signed by two sovereign States in its proper sense of international law. The legal regime of charter flights between Taiwan and Mainland China is regulated by special arrangements negotiated by delegated airlines and airlines association or private law institutions.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.712-722
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to classify of the Hair ornaments in old tombs of the Three Kingdom States. Hair ornaments was divided into Combs, Rod-like hairpins, Chae[;釵], Boyo[;步搖] Combs were 2 type in according to the tooth's space, wide-tooth comb[;梳] and fine-tooth comb(;比). The general name of two type was called Jeul(;櫛). Combs were excavated from the only ancient Silla tombs. Rod-like hairpins were called Gha(叉) or Jam(:簪). They were found in most of the old tombs in Goauryeo, Baekje, ancient Silla tombs. The style was L-type and embellished circular head-type. Chae(;釵) was understand Cha(:叉) that had two tongs. Chae(:釵) was generally U-type and rarely hairtweezers -type. Jakchae(;爵釵) was understand distinctive Chae(;釵) hanged with phoenix. This type was excavated from the only Baekje tombs of King of Muryeong. Boyo(;步搖) was originally a hair decoration of the northern nomadic tribes which had been introduced to the Wijin period. Boyo gained its popularity by the women in Dang Dynasty, hair ornaments were considered indicators of status and wealth. Boyo(;步搖) hair accessory features of which are suspended from a elaborate hairpin structure. Such pieces were designed to sway as their wearer walked. The bequest was not found, but we catch the Boyo(; 步搖) that was women'head decoration in painting of old tombs in Goguryeo.