• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.1143-1179
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• 2016

Offshore wind turbines are considered as a fundamental part to develop substantial, alternative energy sources. In this highly flexible structures, monopiles are usually used as support foundations. Since the monopiles are large diameter (3.5 to 7 m) deep foundations, they result in extremely stiff short monopiles where the slenderness (length to diameter) may range between 5 and 10. Consequently, their elastic deformation patterns under lateral loading differ from those of small diameter monopiles usually employed for supporting structures in offshore oil and gas industry. For this reason, design recommendations (API and DNV) are not appropriate for designing foundations for offshore wind turbine structures as they have been established on the basis of full-scale load tests on long, slender and flexible piles. Furthermore, as these facilities are very sensitive to rotations and dynamic changes in the soil-pile system, the accurate prediction of monopile head displacement and rotation constitutes a design criterion of paramount importance. In this paper, the Fourier Series Aided Finite Element Method (FSAFEM) is employed for the determination of static impedance functions of monopiles for OWT subjected to horizontal force and/or to an overturning moment, where a non-homogeneous soil profile has been considered. On the basis of an extensive parametric study, and in order to address the problem of head stiffness of short monopiles, approximate analytical formulae are obtained for lateral stiffness $K_L$, rotational stiffness $K_R$ and cross coupling stiffness $K_{LR}$ for both rough and smooth interfaces. Theses expressions which depend only on the values of the monopile slenderness $L/D_p$ rather than the relative soil/monopile rigidity $E_p/E_s$ usually found in the offshore platforms designing codes (DNV code for example) have been incorporated in the expressions of the OWT natural frequency of four wind farm sites. Excellent agreement has been found between the computed and the measured natural frequencies.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2008

Cotton, wool, cotton/wool blended (80:20) and tencel fabrics were treated with low temperature oxygen plasma, enzymes (cellulase or protease), or oxygen plasma-enzyme and they were examined for dyeing and handling properties for environment friendly finishing. The appropriate conditions for cellulase treatment were enzyme concentration of 3g/l, pH of 5, and $60^{\circ}C$ for one hour, and for protease treatment were enzyme concentration of 4g/l, pH of 8, and $60^{\circ}C$ for one hour. The equilibrium uptake of a direct dye on cotton changed with plasma treatment and plasma-cellulase treatment, and the rate of dyeing slightly decreased. When wool was dyed with acid dye, the equilibrium dye uptake did not change with plasma, protease treatment nor plasma-protease treatment, however, the rate of dyeing had increased with plasma-protease treatment. From these results, it is assumed that plasma attacks the surface of the fiber, and enzyme mainly affects the inner part of the fiber. Plasma treatment did not affect mechanical properties related to the handling of fabrics. The handling test showed increased extension at maxmum load(EM), tensile energy(WT) with decreased tensile resilience (RT), and the fabrics became softer but resilience decreased slightly with enzyme treatment. The bending recidity(B), hysteresis of bending moment(2HB), and hysteresis of shear force at five degrees(2HG5) decreased, however, shear stiffness(G) increased. I knew the plasma pre-treatment made fabrics softer with lower koshi(stiffness). The handling of plasma pre-treated fabrics was better than that of enzyme-treated fabrics. When we pre-treated fabrics, the handling test showed decreased coefficient of friction(MIU), geometrical roughness(SMD), while the surface of fabrics became smoother and numeri increased. Even though compression resilience(RC) increased, fukurami(bulky property) and compressive elasticity, decreased due to the linearity of compression-thickness curve(LC) and compression energy(WC).

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.176-182
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• 2006

Although several artificial disc designs have been developed for the treatment of discogenic low back pain, biomechanical changes with its implantation were rarely studied. To evaluate the effect of artificial disc implantation on the biomechanics of functional spinal unit, a nonlinear three-dimensional finite element model of L4-L5 was developed with 1-mm CT scan data. Biomechanical analysis was performed for two different types of artificial disc having constrained and unconstrained instant center of rotation(ICR), ProDisc and SB Charite III model. The implanted model predictions were compared with that of intact model. Angular motion of vertebral body, forces on the spinal ligaments and facet joint, and stress distribution of vertebral endplate for flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation with a compressive preload of 400N were compared. The implanted model showed increased flexion-extension range of motion compared to that of intact model. Under 6Nm moment, the range of motion were 140%, 170% and 200% of intact in SB Charite III model and 133%, 137%, and 138% in ProDisc model. The increased stress distribution on vertebral endplate for implanted cases could be able to explain the heterotopic ossification around vertebral body in clinical observation. As a result of this study, it is obvious that implanted segment with artificial disc suffers from increased motion and stress that can result in accelerated degenerated change of surrounding structure. Unconstrained ICR model showed increased in motion but less stress in the implanted segment than constrained model.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.373-378
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• 2013

엔진의 출력증대와 이에 따른 변속기의 크기 증가 등으로 인한 회전체의 관성증가로 변속기의 변속성능은 악조건이 되고 있다. 따라서, 이를 해결하기 위하여 내마모성이 높은 마찰소재의 개발이 요구된다. 디젤차량 수동변속기용 싱크로나이저 링에 요구되는 마찰특성에 적합한 소재를 개발하고, 이에 대한 접합 특성을 평가하였다. 즉, 철합금 모재와 동합금계 마찰재를 접합하는 공정을 개발하고, 접합층에 대하여 BSE분석, EDX분석을 수행하여 접합특성을 평가하였으며, 해당 시험편에 대하여 전단강도를 평가하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.5105-5114
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• 2013

본 논문은 심해저 환경을 고려한 케이블 및 필터 설계에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 심해저 플랜트에서 사용하고 있는 전기 아키텍처는 해상에서 고전압의 전원 공급 장치, 고용량 구동시스템, 장거리 케이블과 전동기로 구성되어있다. 전도 노이즈는 전동기 구동용 인버터의 고속 스위칭 시 발생하는 급속한 전압변화로 인해 발생하며, 케이블의 길이가 길어질수록 전동기에 심각한 과도 전압을 발생시킨다. 따라서 심해저 플랜트에 사용되는 장거리 케이블의 R, L, 선간 C, 선-접지 C를 고려한 선로를 설계하여 구동 전동기에 발생하는 과전압을 확인하였다. 또한, PWM 인버터 구동시스템의 전도 노이즈 저감을 위한 필터를 설계하여 심해저 플랜트 모델의 가이드라인을 제안하고자 한다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.72-81
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• 2014

Even though two-hands lifting/lowering activity of manual materials handling tasks are prevalent at the industrial site, many manual materials handling tasks which require the worker to perform one-hand lifting/lowering are also very common at the industrial site, forestry, farming, and daily life. The objective of this study was to compare one-hand lowering activity to lifting activity in terms of biomechanical stress for the range of lowering heights from knuckle height to 10cm above floor level with two workload 7.5kg and 15.0kg. Eight male subjects with LMM were asked to perform lifting/lowering tasks using both a one-handed (left-hand and right-hand) as well as a two-handed technique. Spinal loading was estimated through an EMG-assisted free-dynamic biomechanical model. The biomechanical stress of one-hand lowering activity was shown to be 43% lower than that of one-hand lifting activity. It was claimed that the biomechanical stress for one-hand lifting/lowering activity is almost twice (194%) of the one for two-hands lifting/lowering activity. It was also found that biomechanical stress by one-hand lowering/lifting activity with the half workload of two-hands lowering/lifting activity was greater than that of the two-hands lowering/lifting activity. Therefore, it might be a risk to consider the RWL of one-hand lowering/lifting activity to simply be a half of the RWL of two-hands lowering/lifting activity recommended by NIOSH.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.469-482
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 지역특성(위도, 경도, 고도)과 기후학적 특성(연최대강우량)을 계층적 Bayesian 모형안에서 연계하여 공간적 분석이 가능한 지역빈도해석 모형을 개발하였다. 기존 지역빈도해석은 강수지점의 지리적/지형적 특성을 반영한 해석이 어려운 단점이 있으며, 지점을 기준으로 해석된 확률강수량을 유역면적강우량으로 변환 시 불확실성이 큰 단점이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 계층적 Bayesian 기법을 이용하여 지역특성 및 기후학적 특성이 고려된 Gumbel 확률분포형의 매개변수를 추정하였으며, 이들 매개변수들을 공간적으로 보간하여 한강유역내 모든 지점에 대해서 확률강수량을 추정할 수 있도록 하였다. 결과적으로 기존 L-모멘트 방법과 유사한 결과를 확인할 수 있었으며 확률강수량의 불확실성 정량화와 더불어 지리적/지형적 영향을 고려한 해석이 가능하였다.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 선박조종시뮬레이터를 이용하여 선박의 크기에 따른 두 선박의 간섭력의 운동특성을 분석하였다. 파나막스급 컨테이너선이 자선보다 크기가 작은 계류선을 근접통항하는 경우에 계류선에서 간섭력의 피크점과 운동패턴의 변화가 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 이땐 선박의 정횡 상태 전후에서 전후력과 회두모멘트가 반대방향으로 바뀌므로 계류선의 움직임에 각별한 주의가 요구된다. 반대로 파나막스급 컨테이너선이 자선보다 큰 계류선을 통과하는 경우에는 근접상황이 발생하는 초기에 통과선에서 간섭력의 피크점이 나타났고, 통과선에는 정횡 이후 약 1L(통과선의 전장)의 구간동안 지속적으로 흡인력이 발생했다. 또한, 통과선과 계류선의 선체간의 수평거리가 2B(통과선의 폭)이하로 줄어들면, 통과선의 초기에 발생하는 간섭력이 급격히 증대된다.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2015

Macroscopic hysteresis loops and microscopic magnetic moment distributions have been determined by a three-dimensional (3D) model for exchange-coupled Sm-Co/${\alpha}-Fe$/Sm-Co trilayers with in-plane collinear easy axes. These results are carefully compared with the popular one-dimensional (1D) micromagnetic models and recent experimental data. It is found that the results obtained from the two methods match very well, especially for the remanence and coercivity, justifying the calculations. Both nucleation and coercive fields decrease monotonically as the soft layer thickness $L^s$ increases while the largest maximum energy product (roughly 50 MGOe) occurs when the thicknesses of hard and soft layers are 5 nm and 15 nm, respectively. Moreover, the calculated angular distributions in the thickness direction for the magnetic moments are similar. Nevertheless, the calculated nucleation and pinning fields as well as the energy products by 3D OOMMF are systematically smaller than those given by the 1D model, due mainly to the stray fields at the corners of the films. These demagnetization fields help the magnetic moments at the corners to deviate from the previous saturation state and facilitate the nucleation. Such an effect enhances as $L^s$ increases. When the thicknesses of hard and soft layers are 10 nm and 20 nm, respectively, the pinning field difference is as large as 30%, while the nucleation fields have opposite signs.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.23-36
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• 2008

본 연구는 측방변형을 일으키는 수평모래지반에 매설된 사각형 수동열말뚝의 모형실험에 대한 것이다. 말뚝의 형상, 열말뚝의 위치, 말뚝의 간격과 지반변형에 따른 열말뚝의 특성을 고찰하고자 하였다. 실험결과는 다음과 같다. 수평응력의 분포양상은 말뚝의 형상과 위치에 따라 삼각형, 사다리꼴, 사각형의 형태로 다양하게 나타났다. 휨모멘트는 B-type의 경우 outer pile이 inner pile보다 크게 나타났으나, H-type의 경우는 inner pile이 outer pile 보다 크게 나타났다. 수평저항력비$(R_f)$는 말뚝의 형상에 관계없이 열말뚝의 수평간격이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향으로 나타났다. 수평저항력의 작용점위치(Y/L)는 지반변위와 수평간격에 따라 큰 변화를 보이지 않으며, H-type이 B-type보다 조금 크게 나타났다.