• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.251-261
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• 1999

The effects of carnosine and related compounds (CRCs) including anserine, homocarnosine, histidine, and ${\beta}-alanine$ on monosaccharide autoxidation and $H_2O_2$ formation were investigated. The incubation of CRCs with D-glucose, D-glucosamine, and D, L-glyceraldehyde at $37^{\circ}C$ increased the absorption maxima at 285 nm, 273 nm, and $290{\sim}330$ nm, respectively. D, L-glyceraldehyde was the most reactive sugar with CRCs. The presence of copper strongly stimulated the reaction of carnosine and anserine with D-glucose or D-glucosamine. Carnosine and anserine stimulated $H_2O_2$ formation from D-glucose autoxidation in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of 10 ${\mu}M$ Cu (II). The presence of human serum albumin (HSA) decreased their effect on $H_2O_2$ formation. Carnosine and anserine has a biphasic effect on ${\alpha}-ketoaldehyde$ formation from glucose autoxidation. CRCs inhibited glycation of HSA as determined by hydroxymethyl furfural, lysine residue with free ${\varepsilon}-amino$ group, and fructosamine assay. These results suggest that CRCs may be protective against diabetic complications by reacting with sugars and protecting glycation of protein.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.69-83
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• 1974

To elucidate the relationship between chemical structure and biological activity of alantolactone, and also to investigate the relationship between the growth of cells and the respiration of Chlorella pyrenoidosa affected by alantolactone, alantolactone and isoalantolactone were isolated from Inula helenium L., and di-, and tetrahydroalantolactones were prepared by the hydrogenation. At a concentration of 5$\times$10-5M alantolactone, the growth rate of Chlorella was greatly reduced. The viability of cells was also reduced over 50% within 2 hr at a concentration of 2.5$\times$10-4M alantolactone. However, oxygen uptake was increased by 20% over 3 hr. And 14CO2 production from glucose-1-14C, glucose-6-14C and 14C-acetate-U.L. was also increased by alantolactone. Biological activityof alantolactone was significantly reduced by cysteine, reduced glutathione or cystine but not by tryptophan or histidine. It was detected by spectrophotometrically and by TLC that alantolactone was also reacted with thiols except cystine. The solution of alantolactone reached with thiol gave the UV absorption spectrum of $\alpha$-saturated ${\gamma}$-lactone, and most of SH groups were disappeared by the addition reaction. From the reaction mixture of alantolactone and cysteine, a lactone adduct was isolated and purified. Isoalantolactone had shown similar activity as alantolactone, however, it was appeared that di-, and tetrahydroalantolactones were not only inactive biologically but also in vitro. It was concluded that there was no correlationship between increased respiration rate and mortality of Chlorella. During the respiration TCA cycle was activated, however it was uncertain that the activation of EMP or HMP was also appeared. Alantolactone and isoalantolactone were biologically active compounds but others were inactive. The reactivity of $\alpha$-methylene ${\gamma}$-lactone moiety toward SH group was principally responsible for its biological activity in sesquiterpene lactones.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2000

In order to investigate the composition, seasonal and regional variation of extractive nitrogenous components in the raw anchovy (Engraulis japonica) harvested from June 1991 to June 1992 at Nam-hae and Ki-jang in the southern coast of Korea, the contents of extractive nitrogen (EN), free amino acids (FAA), oligopeptides (OP), ATP and its related compounds (ARC), quaternary ammonium bases, and guanidino compounds were measured. The EN contents of raw anchovy were $444{\~}773\;mg/100\;g$. Thirty-four kinds of FAA were found and their total amount were $1,049{\~}2,079\;mg/100\;g$. Histidine, taurine, alanine, leucine and glutamic acid were the major free amino acids in the anchovy extracts. The amount of ARC was average $5.02\;{\mu}mol/g$, and IMP was the major compound among them, who and creatine contents in the extracts or raw anchovy were average 164 and 229 mg/100 g, respectively. The contents of glycinebetaine,${\brta}-alaninebetaine,\;{\gamma}-burobetaine$, homarine, TMA, and creatinine were extremely small. As for the regional and seasonal disparities, the Nam-hae samples contained more EN, FAA, OP, betaines and creatine than the Ki-jang samples. On the other hand the Ki-jang samples contained more ARC and TMAO. The spring samples contained more EN, FAA, OP, ARC and betaines than the autumn samples. On the other side the autumn samples contained more TAMO and creatine.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 1995

The effect of operating conditions on separation of soybean proteins in a home-made free-flow electrophoresis apparatus was investigated. Measurement of the pH, conductivity, and UV-absorbance(280 nm) were carried out at each run and the purity of the sample was tested with SDS-PAGE analysis. The soybean extract pretreated with Tris and boric acid was mixed with the amino acids composed of glutamic acid, histidine, arginine, glycine(1 mM each) with glycyl-glycine(2mM) and KCl(1mM). When the cellulose acetate was used as a compartment between the electrode and the buffer solution in the cell, pH distribution in the separation cell varied from 3.0 at the anodic side to 8.0 at the cathodic side and had two inflection point. The applied voltage was from 300V to 1000V and the separation was better at a higher voltage but the voltage was limited by the capability of the cooling system due to Joule heat. The proteins focused near the middle of the channel. From the change of pH and conductivity it was found that the ions in the channel moved out to the electrodes through the membrane. In the case when the concentration of the buffer solution was increased 5 times, proteins were focused at 300V. We could not increase up to the ten times of the concentration since the temperature difference between inlet and outlet was more than $25^{\circ}C$ and denaturation of proteins was expected. When ion-exchange membranes were used U-type pH distribution was set up due to the ionic polarization near the membrane. The commercial ampholytes, instead of the mixed amino acids showed not much improvements in purity of the separated sample.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.580-586
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• 1989

Penicillium sp. CB-20 was selected for strong polygalacturonase activity among various strains of molds found in soil. The optimum pH for the enzyme activity was 5.0 and optimum temperature was 4$0^{\circ}C$. The enzyme was relatively stable in acidic condition and unstable by heat treatment. The activation energy, Km and V$_{max}$ for the polygalacturonase were 2.499 Kcal/mol, 2.13$\times$10$^{-2}$mol/l, and 104.17 $\mu$mol/min. The activity of polygalacturonase was inhibited by Ag$^{+}$, Cu$^{++}$, Pb$^{++}$, Fe$^{+++}$, $Ca^{++}$, Na$^+$, Mn$^{++}$. The enzyme can be inactivated by the treatment ethylenediamintetra acetic acid, 2,4-dinitrophenol and $H_2O$$_2$. The results indicate the possible involvement of histidine, chelate and terminal amino group as active site. The enzyme was endo-type polygalacturonase.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.248-258
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• 1979

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase of Leuconostoc mesenteroides which was purifid by an affinity chromatography was studied on the characterization, kinetics and chemical modification. The apparent molecular weight of the enzyme was 112,000 by the gel filtration method of Sephadex G-200 column. The optimum temperature of $NAD^+$-linked reation was 50$^{circ}C$ and the activation energy and the heat of inactivation were 8.36 kcal/mole and -58.2kcal/mole, respectively. The steady state kinetic study showed KG6P, Kemp, and CX KNADP to be 76.9 PM, 7.46${\mu}M$ and 7.14 ${\mu}M$, respectively, and KGGP, KNAD,and aKNm to be 53.7${\mu}M$, 115.2${\mu}M$ and 702.2${\mu}M$ for the $NAD^+$-linked reaction at pH 7.8, optimum pH. The pH dependent kinetic constants suggested that the two ionizing groups whose pKa is 7.2 .and pKb is 9.0-9.6 were involved in the enzyme-substrate interaction. Evidence by photooxidation and carboxymethylation of the enzyme suggested that the imidazole group of histidine with pKa group may participate in the catalytic site.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.666-673
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• 2012

The effects of bamboo salt on quality of traditional Jeju fermented fish, $Jari-Jeot$ were investigated. Bamboo salt suppressed the activity of microorganism more effectively than salt. pH of $Jari-Jeot$ prepared with both of salt and bamboo salt increased gradually during storage. During fermentation there were little changes in color between salt and bamboo salt fermented $Jari-Jeot$. Salinity did not show obvious differences between samples. Water content increased in salt and bamboo salt fermented $Jari-Jeot$ due to the decrease of salinity. Hypoxanthine was the major component of ATP-related compounds in both salt and bamboo salt fermented $Jari-Jeot$. In $Jari-Jeot$ fermented with salt or bamboo salt, lysine, glutamic acid, proline, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine and histidine were dominant amino acids which marked 69%~74% of total free amino acids, while trace amounts of taurine were detected.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.403-408
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• 2004

We studied active substances like crude cell wall components, crude protein, composing amino acids and free amino acids including orinithine cycle-related amino acids such as asparagine, ornithine and citrullin in fully ripe fruits of Korean native squash, Cucurbita moschata Poir. Crude protein content of 'Jeju 2' was the highest with $2,830\;{\mu}g/g$, while 'Sangju' was the lowest with $1,319\;{\mu}g/g$. Regarding the contents of crude cell wall components, fruit 'Kanghaw' was the highest with 2,961 mg% while 'Namhea' was the lowest with 1,582 mg%. Pectin contents of crude cell wall components were the highest in 'Kanghaw' (2,198 mg%) followed by 'Jeju 2' (2,178 mg%) and 'Jeju l' (1,461 mg%). The main contents of amino acids in squash were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, leucine and valine, which comprised to be more than 50% of total amino acid contents. Especially, in 'Jeju 2' aspartic acid and threonine were not detected. In fully ripe fruits, a total of 34 kinds of free amino acids were detected including 8 kinds of essential amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, threonine and valine). More than 50% of the total free amino acids were aspartic acid and asparagine, and also all varieties were detected in ornithine, citrullin, and arginine, which are related to Ornithine cycle. There was a big difference in the contents of arginine in all varieties whereas the contents of ornithine and citrullin were very similar. 'Teaan' 29.34% was 7 times higher than 'Namhea' 4.30% in regards to arginine contents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1672-1681
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• 2015

Garlic has been consumed for a long time as a food in Korea. Among commercial garlic products, aged black garlic is known to contain bioactive ingredients. Giant garlic is large garlic with a mild and sweet flavor. However, there have been few studies on the bioactive effects of giant garlic. This study analyzed valid substances of giant black garlic (GBG), giant fresh garlic (GFG), normal black garlic (NBG), and normal fresh garlic (NFG). Moisture content of GBG decreased in comparison with that of GFG. Ash, crude protein, crude lipid, total pyruvate, S-allylcysteine, and S-allylmercaptocysteine contents were the highest in GBG. The pH values of GBG, GFG, NBG, and NFG were 3.77, 5.97, 3.94, and 6.10, respectively. Acidity of GBG was higher than that of GFG. Total sugar content of GBG increased while reducing sugar content was the same as that of GFG. Composition of amino acids except for histidine, lysine, and arginine in GBG was higher than that of GFG, and free amino acids excluding arginine, cysteine, lysine, phosphoethanolamine, and urea were higher than those of GFG. In minerals, Cu, Fe, and Mg contents were higher than those of GFG.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1458-1464
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• 1999

The whole body of three species of fishes, raw anchovy (Engraulis japonica), big eyed herring (Harengula zunasi), and northern sand lance (Ammodytes personatus) catched at the south adjacent coast of Korea, were analyzed for extractive nitrogen, free amino acids, combined amino acids, ATP and its related compounds quaternary ammonium bases, and guanidino compounds using specimens collected in May and July 1991, and the composition of these nitrogenous components were compared with each other. The contents of extractive nitrogen in anchovy, big eyed herring, and northern sand lance were 633 mg, 601 mg, and 455 mg/100 g, respectively. Thirty-one or thirty-two kinds of free amino acids were found in the extracts of the three species of fishes. Histidine, taurine, alanine, leucine, carnosine, glutamic acid, and lysine were the major free amino acids in every sample. The composition of the major extractive components such as free amino acids, combined amino acids, ATP and its related compounds, TMAO, and creatine in the extracts were similar to each other, but their contents were some different individually.